Total station (EDM) and GNSS

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 Total station (EDM)
 Total stations are operated using a multi-function keyboard which is connected to a
microprocessor built into the instrument.
 The microprocessor not only controls both the angle and distance measuring systems
but is also used as a small computer that can calculate slope corrections, vertical
components, rectangular coordinates and, in some cases, can also store observations
directly using an internal memory.
 A total station also contains an onboard microprocessor that automatically monitors
the instrument’s operating status and manages built-in surveying programs, and a
data collector (built-in or interfaced) that stores and processes measurements and
attributed.
 It is operated using a multi – function key board which is connected

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Field operation for (e.g. Leica total station)
 The first thing you should do is configuring the instrument
 Menu
 Program Setting EDM File
 F1 F2 F3 F4
Select F2(setting)
Page 1
Contrast display=50%
Trigger key = All
User key = DEL SLC
Htl correction = on (2axis)
Hz collm = ON
Reflect = medium
 Cont’d
page 2 Page 3
Display heater = off Angle unit = gon or
Sector = off degree minute second
Beep = normal Horizontal
reading=0.00000
V setting= zenith
Dist unit = meter
Hz/nely= Right
Dist digit = 3
Char input= method 1
Temp unit= °c
Pressure unit= mmhg
Auto off = enable
 Cont’d
 Page 4  F1 program page 1
Data outa = internal  F2=setting
memory
 F3 =EDM
Gsi format= Gsi3
  F4= file
Gsi moss= mossx
 F3 EDM  Page 1 F1 surveying
 EDM mode = IR fine  F2 stake out
 Prism type = round  F3 free station
 Prism constant = 0.0mm
 F4 reference line
 The instrument read the
work of set up
 Level = FNC+F1 At the
same time light menu
 Cont’d
  F1 set the job create the job)
Page 2 F1 tie distance
 job Debre Berhan university
 F2=Area(3D) is volume
 New click on the number /ok
 F3 =remote height  Letter /ok
 F4= cogo  F2 set station
 Program (F1)  Enter station number 001
  This station num (x,y,z) input
Then choose surveying
 Input B/S station number001
 F1 set the job
 Input X
 F2 set station
 Y
 F3 set orientation  Z
 A manual setting  Then enter the instrument target B/S then
 B coordinate you choose record/ reading
one of them F4 start  Do you want Additional measurement
 Yes (No) Select
 F4= start
 No
 Cont’d
 F4= start and check B/S
 Input 001
 X = .
 Y= .
 Z= .
 Choose they the work stating point id input
 Function of Total Station
Angle Measurement
Total station can record angles with a resolution of
between 1" and 20“
all instruments incorporate some form of compensator,
 the more expensive using dual-axis and the less
sophisticated,
 single-axis compensation

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 Cont’d
 Distance Measurement
 The fundamental unit of electromagnetic radiation is the photon;
the photon, which has energy but no mass, moves at the speed
of light.
 most total stations use a GaAs infra-red carrier source and phase
comparison techniques to measure distances.
 Infrared radiation (IR) ranges from about 0.7 to 100 μm
 The speed of light is generally approximately 300,000 km/s or
186,000 miles/s
 c=fλ

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 Cont’d
 wavelength (λ): measured in microns (μm), is the distance from one
peak, or crest, of a wave of energy to the next corresponding peak
or crest;

 frequency (ν): is the measure of the number of occurrences of

repeating EM waves per unit of time.

 This is described as the number of waves made per second,

measured in cycles per second or hertz

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 Cont’d
 all total stations use coaxial optics in which the EDM transmitter
and receiver are combined with the theodolite telescope

 a total station will measure a slope distance and the

microprocessor uses the vertical angle recorded by the
theodolite along the line of sight (line of distance measurement)
to calculate the horizontal distance.

 In addition, the height difference between the trunnion axis and

prism center is also calculated and displayed (elevation).

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 Cont’d
 All electromagnetic waves, when travelling in a
vacuum, travel at the speed of light, a universal
constant, but when travelling in the atmosphere the
speed v of an electromagnetic wave is reduced from
the free
 Consequently, v will be a variable depending on
atmospheric conditions and the modulation wavelength
will vary for all EDM measurements since Am = v /f.
 Atmospheric effects are normally defined in terms of
the refractive index ratio of the atmosphere n, where v
= c/n (n > 1).
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 Timed-pulse Distance Measurement
 distances are obtained by measuring the time taken for a pulse of
laser radiation to travel from an instrument to a reflector (or target)
and back.
 D= vt /2

EDM Corrections

When measurements are taken using an EDM instrument, atmospheric and

instrumental effects may give rise to errors in the distances displayed and

corrections are required to account for these.

Total station correct all systematic errors by sensing the condition of

environment with its standard

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 EDM Calibration
 Calibration is the systematic comparison of measurements.
 Measurements are taken and then compared back to the reference data
 The determination of scale, zero and cyclic errors of EDM
instruments is known as calibration

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On board Software
 As well as controlling the angle and distance functions
of a total station, the microprocessor is also
programmed to perform coordinate and other
calculations.
 Total
station can perform many of the calculations often
done manually on site

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Slope Corrections and Reduced
Levels
 From raw data (slope distance, vertical angle and horizontal distance), a total

station will calculate and display horizontal distance and vertical distance.

 If the reduced level of the instrument station, the height of the instrument and
the height of the prism are entered, the reduced level of the prism station can
also be calculated and displayed

 6.6.6.6.6.

hi here refers to the distance from point A up to the optical center of the
totalstation, measured with a steel tape or rod

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Horizontal Circle Orientation
 The horizontal circle of a total station can be set to read a known
bearing by entering the easting (E) and northing (N) coordinates of the
station occupied followed by the E and N of a reference station.

 The reference station is then sighted and the orientation program is

activated to calculate the bearing from the station occupied to the
reference station and to set the horizontal circle to display this bearing.

 Can you Compare total station with theodolite to calculate bearing from
the station occupied?

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 Coordinate Measurement
 Having orientated the horizontal circle of a
total station, the coordinates of other points
can be determined fairly easily

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 Cont’d
 Three modes are usually available for distance measurement.
 Standard (or coarse) mode which has a resolution of 1 mm and
a measurement time of 1-2 seconds.
 Precise (or fine) mode which again has a resolution of 1 mm but a
measurement time of 3-4 seconds since the instrument repeats
the measurement and refines the arithmetic mean value.
 Tracking (or fast) mode in which the distance measurement is
repeated automatically at intervals of less than one second.
 Normally, this mode has a resolution of 10 mm and is used
extensively when setting out since readings are updated very
quickly and vary in response to movements of the prism which is
usually pole-mounted.
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 Cont’d

 the precision of a typical total station is about 5

mm
 Most instruments allow for the input of
temperature and pressure which enables the
distance readings to be automatically corrected
for atmospheric effects.

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 Cont’d

 GPS is a positioning system based on a network of

satellites that continuously transmit coded
information.
 The information transmitted from the satellites can
be interpreted by receivers to precisely identify
locations on earth by measuring distances from the
satellites
 GPS provides continuous positioning and timing
information, anywhere in the world under any
weather conditions.
GPS
 GPS
 Fundamentally, the global positioning system operates by observing distances from
receivers located on ground stations of unknown locations to orbiting GPS satellites
whose positions are known precisely.
 GPS surveying is similar to conventional resection, in which distances are observed
with an EDM instrument from an unknown station to several control points.
 control stations used in GPS work are satellites.
 All of the 24 satellites in the GPS constellation orbit Earth at nominal altitudes of
20,200 km
 The basic GPS observables are code pseudo ranges and carrier phases as well as
Doppler measurements.
 GPS is a shortened form of NAVSTARGPS, where NAV stands for Navigation; S for
System; T for Time; A for And; and R for Ranging.

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 Components to GPS

.The orbits have an inclination angle of

about 55° to the equator
• Space Segment:- the The semi major axis of a GPS orbit is
satellites orbiting the about 26,560 km (i.e., the satellite
altitude of about 20,200 km
earth and transmitting
GPS orbital period is about 12 sidereal
timing and ranging
hours (approximately 11
messages hours and 58 minutes).
 Cont’d
• Control Segment:-  Master Control Station
monitors the health and  located near Colorado Springs, Colorado
position of the satellites in  performs the primary control segment functions,
the space segment and providing command and control of the GPS
constellation.
transmits correction  MCS is the central processing facility of the control
information back up to the segment
satellites  Monitoring Stations these are unmanned
• GPS control segment  Each monitor station is equipped with high-quality
consists of Master GPS receivers
Control Station,  Monitor stations track the GPS satellites as they pass
Monitoring Stations, overhead and channel their observations back to the
and Ground Control master control station.
Stations (Ground  Monitor stations collect atmospheric data,
range/carrier measurements, and navigation signals
antennas) located at
strategic spots around
the world
 Cont’d
 Ground antennas:
The GPS observations
collected at the
monitor stations are
transmitted to the MCS
for processing then the
outcome of the
processing is sent to
one of the ground
control stations to
upload it to the GPS
satellites
 Cont’d 
 The A GPS receiver must collect and then
User Segment convert signals from GPS satellites into
 ground measurements of position, velocity, and
based GPS time.
receiver units that
process the NAVSTAR
satellite signals and
compute the position
and/or velocity of the
user.
 the handheld or other receivers
used to interpret the messages
broadcast from the satellites
Components of GPS Receiver
 Basic principles of GPS
 If the distances from a point on
the Earth (a GPS receiver) to
three GPS satellites are known
along with the satellite
locations, then the location of
the point (or receiver) can be
determined by simply applying
a technique common to
terrestrial surveying called
resection.
 The user's position (3D) is
determined by the resected
intersection of the observed
ranges to the three satellites.
 At least 4 satellite observations
are required in order to resolve
timing variations (receiver
clock offset)
 GPS Signal Structure
 Each NAVSTAR satellite  The code modulation, however, is different for each
transmits ranging signals on satellite, which significantly minimizes the signal
two different L band interference.
frequencies, designated as L1  The L1 signal is modulated with a 1.023 MHz
and L2. Coarse/Acquisition Code (C/A-code) sometimes
 These frequencies are called the “Civilian Code and a 10.23 MHz Precision
coherent with 10.23 MHz clock Code (P-code).
fundamental frequency.  The L2 signal is modulated with only the 10.23 MHz
 The L1 carrier frequency is P-code.
1575.42 megahertz (MHz) and  The P-code is normally encrypted and is available
has a wavelength of only to authorized users.
approximately 19 centimeters
 When encrypted, it is termed the Y-code.
(cm).
  This modulation is called biphase modulation,
The L2 carrier frequency is
1227.60 MHz and has a because the carrier phase is shifted by 180° when
wavelength of approximately the code value changes from zero to one or from
24 cm, which result from the one to zero.
relation between the carrier
frequency and the speed of
light in space
 Each code consists of a stream of  Fundamental frequency o fo = 10.23MHz 
binary digits, zeros and ones, known
as bits or chips.
Carriers o L1 = 1575.42 MHz = 154 ×fo o L2 =
1227.6 MHz = 120 ×fo  Codes o C/A code =
 The codes are commonly known as 1.023 MHz = fo/10 o P code = 10.23MHz = fo
pseudo-random noise (PRN) codes
because they look like random  The C/A code is a stream of 1,023 binary digits
signals. (i.e., 1,023 zeros and ones) that repeats itself
 But in reality, the codes are generated every millisecond.
using a mathematical algorithm.  This means that the chipping rate of the C/A-
 Each satellite carries precise atomic code is 1.023 Mbps.
clocks to generate the timing
information needed for precise  In other words, the duration of one bit is
positioning. approximately 1microsecond, or equivalently
 A 50 Hz navigation message is also 300 meters.
transmitted on both the P(Y)-code and  Each satellite is assigned a unique C/A code,
C/A-code.
which enables the GPS receivers to identify
 The navigation message contains, which satellite is transmitting a particular
along with other information, the code. The C/A code range measurement is
coordinates of the GPS satellites as a relatively less precise compared with that of
function of time, the satellite health
status, the satellite clock correction,
the P code.
 Carrier waves are designed to
carry the binary C/A and P
codes in a process known as
modulation i.e., modulation is
therefore the process in which
the codes are superimposed on
the carrier waves
 Cont’d
 Each satellite continuously broadcasts unique electronic signals
on two carrier frequencies.
 These carriers are modulated with pseudorandom noise (PRN)
codes. The PRN codes consist of unique sequences of binary
values (zeros and ones) that are superimposed on the carriers.
 These codes appear to be random, but in fact they are
generated according to a known mathematical algorithm.
 The frequencies of the carriers and PRN codes are controlled
very precisely at known values

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 Cont’d
 Distances are determined in GPS surveying by taking observations on these
transmitted satellite signals.
 Two different observational procedures are used: positioning by pseudoranging, and
positioning by carrier-phase measurements.
 Pseudoranging involves determining distances (ranges) between satellites and
receivers by observing precisely the time it takes transmitted signals to travel from
satellites to ground receivers.
 This is done by determining changes in the PRN codes that occur during the time it
takes signals to travel from the satellite transmitter to the antenna of the receiver.
 from the known frequency of the PRN codes, very precise travel times are
determined.
 With the velocity and travel times of the signals known, the pseudoranges can be
computed.
 Finally, based on these ranges, the positions of the ground stations can be calculated

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 When a GPS receiver is switched on, it will passively receive each
visible satellite’s radio signal and measures the time that it takes for
the signal to travel to the receiver.
 Distance is then a simple matter of computing: D = V * T Where, D is
the distance between the user’s receiver and GPS satellite T is the
time in transit of the signal V is velocity of the signal
 Types of GPS Receivers
There are two general types of GPS receivers: Code Phase and Carrier Phase. Geodetic
quality receivers process both code and carrier phases.
A code receiver is also called a code correlating receiver because it requires access to the
satellite navigation message of the P or C/A code signal to function.
A carrier phase receiver utilizes the actual GPS signal itself to calculate a position.
 Single frequency receiver tracks the L1 frequency signal.
A single frequency receiver can be used effectively to develop relative positions that are
accurate over baselines of less than 20 km or where ionospheric effects can generally be
ignored.
The dual frequency receiver tracks both the L1 and L2 frequency signal.
A dual frequency receiver will more effectively resolve baselines longer than 20 km where
ionospheric effects have a larger impact on calculations
Single frequency code receiver: measures the pseudoranges with the C/A code only
 GPS Receivers Components

  Antenna and Preamplifier

  Radio frequency section (RF)
  Channel
 l  Microprocessor
  Terminal or control and display unit
  Recording device  Power supply
 ANTENNA
 Antenna detects the electromagnetic wave signal transmitted by GPS satellites and
converts the wave energy to electric current
 Amplifies the signal strength and sends them to receiver electronics
 Types of GPS Antenna
 Mono pole or dipole
 Quadrifilar helix (Volute)
 Spiral helix
 Micro strip (patch)
 Choke ring
 Choke ring they are protected against multipath by extra ground planes or by using choke rings. A choke ring
consists of strips of conductor which are concentric with the vertical axis of the antenna and connected to the
ground plate which in turns reduces the multipath effect.
 Antenna used for GPS receivers can be attached either internally or externally and have
broad beam characteristics, thus they do not have to be pointed to the signal source like
satellite TV dishes
 Radio Frequency section: The RF section contains the signal
processing electronics in a combination of digital and analog
circuits.
 Different receiver types use somewhat different techniques to
process the signal.
 The different approaches are:
  Code correlation
  Code phase and frequency
 Carrier signal squaring
The RF section consists of channels using either of these three
approaches to track a received GPS signal.
 Channel: The antenna itself does not sort the information gathered.
 The signals from different satellites enter the receiver simultaneously, in the
channels of the RF section the signals are identified and differentiated from one
another.
 It is a combination of hardware and software, and different receivers can have
different number of physical channels.
 At any given time only one frequency from one satellite can be on one channel.
Microprocessor: Processed signals are displayed on display unit and or at the
same time recorded at storing device using microprocessor.
 Control unit: The control unit enables the operator to interact with the
microprocessor. Its size and type varies greatly for different receivers, ranging from a
hand held unit to a video monitor with full sized keypad. Recording device: Either
tape recorders or floppy disks are utilized to record the observations and other useful
information extracted from the received signal. Power supply: Most receivers need
low voltage DC power; only a few require AC power.
 The carrier-phase method
 the quantities observed are phase changes that occur as a result of the carrier wave traveling
from the satellites to the receivers.
 The principle is similar to the phase-shift method employed by electronic distance-measuring
instruments.
 However, a major difference is that the satellites are moving, so that the signals cannot be
returned to the transmitters for ‘‘true’’ phase-shift measurements. Instead, the phase shifts
must be observed at the receivers.
 But to make true phase-shift observations, the clocks in the satellites and receivers would
have to be perfectly synchronized, which of course cannot be achieved.
 To overcome this timing problem and to eliminate other errors in the system, differencing
techniques (taking differences between phase observations) are used.
 Various differencing procedures can be applied.
 Single differencing is achieved by simultaneously observing two satellites with one receiver.
Single differencing eliminates satellite clock biases.
 Double differencing (subtracting the results of single differences from two receivers)
eliminates receiver clock biases and other systematic errors
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 cont’d
 Another problem in making carrier-phase measurements is that only the phase shift of
the last cycle of the carrier wave is observed, and the number of full cycles in the
travel distance is unknown.
 In EDM work this problem is overcome by progressively transmitting longer
wavelengths and observing their phase shifts.
 Again, because the satellites are moving, this cannot be done in GPS work.
 However, by extending the differencing technique to what is called triple differencing,
this ambiguity in the number of cycles cancels out of the solution.
 Triple differencing consists of differencing the results of two double differences and
thus involves making observations at two different times to two satellites from two
stations.

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 The pseudo range is a measure of the distance between the satellite
and the receiver’s antenna.
 The distance is measured by measuring the GPS signal transmission
time from the satellite to the GPS receiver’s antenna
 Machine guidance

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Deformation monitoring

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Missile guidance

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Accurate of GPS

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