DIGITAL SWITCHING SYSTEMS

Subject code: 17EC654

Pavithra A C, Assistant Professor, Dept. of ECE, ATMECE, Mysuru 1

 MODULE 4
TIME DIVISION SWITCHING AND SWITCHING SYSTEM
SOFTWARE

Pavithra A C, Assistant Professor, 2

Dept. of ECE, ATMECE, Mysuru
Introduction:

Time division switching makes use of time division multiplexing in

order to perform switching. TDM is a digital multiplexing technique which is
used to combine signals.
There are two popular methods used in TDS
• Space switch
• Time switch

Pavithra A C, Assistant Professor, 3

Dept. of ECE, ATMECE, Mysuru
Fig: System X Local Exchange

Pavithra A C, Assistant Professor, 4

Dept. of ECE, ATMECE, Mysuru
 Space Switch:
A space switch is shown in figure. It
consists of M incoming and N outgoing
PCM highways.
The connection store for each column of
cross points is a memory with an address
location for each time slot which stores
the number of cross points to be operated
in that time slot
In each time slot, the number stored at
the corresponding store address is read
out and decoding logic converts this into
a pulse on a single lead to operate the
relevant crosspoint Fig: Space Switch

Pavithra A C, Assistant Professor, 5

Dept. of ECE, ATMECE, Mysuru
 Space Switch

Pavithra A C, Assistant Professor, 6

Dept. of ECE, ATMECE, Mysuru
Figure below illustrates the working of a space switch

Pavithra A C, Assistant Professor, 7

Dept. of ECE, ATMECE, Mysuru
Time Switch:
A time switch is also called as time slot interchange(TSI).

A limitation of space switch is that a

particular time slot t0 can be moved to t0 of a
different trunk that is order of channels
cannot be changed.
A time switch can interchange the time
slots as shown in fig. To perform its
operation, a time switch contains a speech
store apart from connection store.
The limitation of a time switch is it can
allow change of channels only on the same
line or trunk but not between different
trunks.

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Dept. of ECE, ATMECE, Mysuru
 Time switches

Time Switching: a)Time Switch b)Space division eqt .

Pavithra A C, Assistant Professor, 9

Dept. of ECE, ATMECE, Mysuru
Figure below illustrates the working of a time switch

Pavithra A C, Assistant Professor, 10

Dept. of ECE, ATMECE, Mysuru
S-T-S Switching network:
To overcome the limitations of time switch and space switch, we go for
combination switches.
•S-T-S switching network
•T-S-T switching network

To establish a connection between X time

Fig: S-T-S Switching Network
slot of an incoming PCM highway and Y
time slot of an outgoing PCM highway, it is
necessary to select a link having address X
free in its speech store and address Y free in
its connection store.

Pavithra A C, Assistant Professor, Dept. of ECE, ATMECE, Mysuru 11

Space-Time-Space(S-T-S) Switching network.m=no.of PCM highways,n= no. of time slots.

Pavithra A C, Assistant Professor, Dept. of ECE, ATMECE, Mysuru 12

T- S -T Switching network:

Fig shows a TST switching network.

Each of the m incoming and m
outgoing highways is connected to a
time switch. To establish a connection
between X and Y time slots, it is
necessary to choose a time slot Z
which is free in the connection store of
the incoming highway and the speech
store of the outgoing highway. The
connection is established by setting the
incoming time switch to shift from X
to Z switch to shift from Z to Y and
appropriate crosspoint at time Z in
each frame.

Fig: TST Switching Network

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Dept. of ECE, ATMECE, Mysuru
Time division switching networks

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Dept. of ECE, ATMECE, Mysuru
Bidirectional Paths

Pavithra A C, Assistant Professor, 15

Dept. of ECE, ATMECE, Mysuru
More complex Switching Networks
• Increasing the size of stores in the time switch
• Operating the space switch at a higher bit rate
than incoming and outgoing PCM Systems
• Using parallel instead of serial transmission of
PCM words through the space switch.
• Duplicating or even triplicating the switching
networks to increase security of operation in
the presence of faults.

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Dept. of ECE, ATMECE, Mysuru
 Concentrators

Fig: Mark 1 digital switching subsystem of system X

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Dept. of ECE, ATMECE, Mysuru
PBX Switches

Fig: Trunking of a digital PBX

Pavithra A C, Assistant Professor, 18

Dept. of ECE, ATMECE, Mysuru
Grade of service of Time Division Switching Networks:

GOS is calculated in two ways

Mode 1: Connection is required to a particular free channel on a selected
outgoing highway
Mode2: Connection is required to a particular outgoing highway, but any free
channel on it may be used.

STS switching Network

B1 =[1-(1-b)2] k
B2 = [ B1 + c(1-B1)] n

TST switching Network

B1 =[1-(1-b)2] n
B2 = B 1

Pavithra A C, Assistant Professor, 19

Dept. of ECE, ATMECE, Mysuru
 Frame synchronization:
• Synchronization is one of the most critical functions performed at the receiver of a
synchronous communication system. To some extent, it is the basis of a
synchronous communication system.
• Carrier synchronization and symbol synchronization needs to estimate the phase of
synchronous signal which can be realized by using a PLL.
• Frame synchronization is realized in a different way inserting frame alignment
signal (distinctive bit sequence). Therefore, the basic task of frame synchronization
is how to detect the alignment symbol. Besides add frame alignment bits, some
code such as self-synchronizing code can be synchronized without add extra bits. In
this section, we only focus on the first method inserting frame alignment signal.

Pavithra A C, Assistant Professor, 20

Dept. of ECE, ATMECE, Mysuru
Frame Alignment:
To solve the problem of frame misalignment, the line terminating unit of
a PCM junction stores the incoming digits in a frame alignment buffer as
shown in figure.
Digits are read into this buffer at rate f a of the incoming line and read
out at the rate fb of the exchange clock.
The minimum size of the buffer should be at least equal to one frame.

Fig: Frame Alignment of PCM signals

Pavithra A C, Assistant Professor, 21

Dept. of ECE, ATMECE, Mysuru
Synchronization Networks:
To maintain the same clock frequency in all the exchange, a
synchronization network is used in all the exchanges.
We have two types of networks
•Unilateral
•Bilateral

In unilateral network, one exchange acts as master and one exchange acts as a
Slave whereas in bilateral there is mutual relationship ,each exchange
influences the frequency of the other

And in each type, we further have Single ended and Double ended networks.

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Dept. of ECE, ATMECE, Mysuru
Synchronization Networks:

Pavithra A C, Assistant Professor, 23

Dept. of ECE, ATMECE, Mysuru
 Synchronization hierarchy of an integrated digital
network:

A synchronizing network for an IDN is shown in fig . The sync links are provided by
PCM systems that carry normal traffic between exchanges.

Frequency control is exerted downwards from the national reference standard by

unilateral links from each exchange to those in the next lower level.

However bilateral links are used for exchanges in the same level of the hierarchy.

Pavithra A C, Assistant Professor, 24

Dept. of ECE, ATMECE, Mysuru
Pavithra A C, Assistant Professor, 25
Dept. of ECE, ATMECE, Mysuru
 Module-4(Submodule)
Switching system software

Pavithra A C, Assistant Professor, 26

Dept. of ECE, ATMECE, Mysuru
Introduction:

The basic software architecture of a typical digital

switch, classifies various types of software, describes
a basic call model and software linkages that are
required during a call, and discusses some basic call
features.

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Dept. of ECE, ATMECE, Mysuru
 Operating Systems
• Every digital switching system has an operating system as a
part of its software architecture.
• An operating system (OS) may be defined as software that
manages the resources of a computer system or controls and
tasks other pro- grams.
• . In theory there are different types of operating systems,
classified as serial batch systems, multiprogramming systems,
timesharing systems, and the real-time systems. The operating
systems employed by digital switching systems are real-time
operating systems.

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Dept. of ECE, ATMECE, Mysuru
Basic software architecture of a typical digital switching system

Pavithra A C, Assistant Professor, 29

Dept. of ECE, ATMECE, Mysuru
• Basic software architecture of a typical digital switching
system Therefore, it is conceivable for a digital switching
system to employ more than one OS.
• Kernel. The kernel or the nucleus of an operating system
comprises those functions of an OS that are most primitive to
the environment. It usually supports the following functions.
• - Process control and scheduling - Main memory management
• - Input/output control of requests for terminals and buffers
• - Domain protection of main memory read/write operations
etc.

Pavithra A C, Assistant Professor, 30

Dept. of ECE, ATMECE, Mysuru
 Database Management

• The databases that are employed in digital switching systems

are usually relational and sometimes distributed.
• A record in a relational database is flat, i.e., a simple two-
dimensional arrangement of data elements.
• A good example of a relational database system in a digital
switching system is a database system that keeps cross-
references of all directory numbers that are assigned to the line
equipment of subscribers.

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Dept. of ECE, ATMECE, Mysuru
• Each NCP has a replica of the subscriber database for
all other NCPs. Depending on the type of call, a NCP
may be required to route calls through other NCPs.
To accomplish this, the database information for all
NCPs needs to be distributed and always kept
synchronized.

Pavithra A C, Assistant Professor, 32

Dept. of ECE, ATMECE, Mysuru
 Software Architecture for Level 1 Control
Level 1 is the lowest level of control. This level is usually
associated with lines, trunks, or other low-level functions.
Most of the software at this level is part of the switching
software.
Software Architecture for Level 2 Control
The intermediate or level 2 controls are usually associated with
network controllers that may contain distributed databases,
customer data, and service circuit routines. Obviously these
functions are digital switching architecture- dependent; many
switching functions could be assigned at this level of control.

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Dept. of ECE, ATMECE, Mysuru
 Software Architecture for Level 3 Control
The highest or level 3 control is usually associated with
the central processor of a digital switching system.
Normally these processors are mainframe type
computers. Usually, the CP of a digital switching system
provides all high- level functions. These high-level
functions include the management of the data- base
system for office data, high-level subscriber data,
software patch levels, feature control

Pavithra A C, Assistant Professor, 34

Dept. of ECE, ATMECE, Mysuru
 Digital Switching System Software Classification

• The basic software functionality of a digital switching system

can be divided into five basic elements, and other functions
can be derived from these basic elements:
• - Switching software
• - Maintenance software - Office data
• - Translation data - Feature software
• Switching Software. The most important layer of software for
a digital switching system usually comprises
• - Call processing software
• - Switching fabric control software - Network control software
• - Periphery control software

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Dept. of ECE, ATMECE, Mysuru
Classification of digital switch software

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Dept. of ECE, ATMECE, Mysuru
A basic call model

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Dept. of ECE, ATMECE, Mysuru
 Connect sequence

• The connect sequence consists of software routines that scan the line and
detect request for originations.
• Once the line equipment informs the line scanning program that a line has
gone off-hook this is a request for dial tone.
• It will pass the control to the test line program. The function of this
program is to test the presence of false ground, high voltage, line cross
and other conditions.
• After these tests dial tone is returned to the subscriber, signaling the
customer to start dialing.
• Once the switch detects the start of dialing , the dial tone is removed and
a digit receiver is attached to the line equipment.
• After receiving correct number, Switching fabric establish the talking path.
After this the ringing service circuits attached to the called party. When
the called party answers the call automatic message accounting for billing
the call is started

Pavithra A C, Assistant Professor, 38

Dept. of ECE, ATMECE, Mysuru
Software linkages required during a typical
call

Pavithra A C, Assistant Professor, 39

Dept. of ECE, ATMECE, Mysuru
 Software linkages required during a typical call
• The line control programs scan the status of lines via the LMs and report
the status to the network status program, Which in turn works with the
network control programs.
• The line control program also works with line service circuit programs is
providing the dial tone, digit receivers and ringing circuits.
• The network control program orders network connection through the
switching fabric when a subscriber goes off-hook.and completes the
dialing of all digits for a call.
• The call processing programs are responsible for call processing functions
and interface with the feature programs, translation and office data,
automatic message accounting and maintenance pgms.
• The maintenance programs are responsible for system recovery ,system
diagnostics, back up and other maintenance related functions.

Pavithra A C, Assistant Professor, 40

Dept. of ECE, ATMECE, Mysuru
Simplified flow diagram for call-forwarding (CF) feature

Pavithra A C, Assistant Professor, 41

Dept. of ECE, ATMECE, Mysuru
 Simplified flow diagram for call-forwarding (CF) feature

• The feature is activated when the customer goes off-hook and dials an
activation code.
• The software checks for the correct validation code. If the code is wrong
the subscriber does not get the second dial tone.
• If the code is correct the subscriber will get second dial tone and is allowed
to dial the call forwarding number.
• The number is rung once, and the number is stored in the system memory
for future use.
• The feature operation : If the subscriber receives a call on the line that has
the CF feature activated.
• The systems rings the called subscriber once and then forwards the call to a
number previously stored.
• The feature can be deactivated by dialing the deactivation code. If it is
correct CF is deactivated. Otherwise request is ignored.

Pavithra A C, Assistant Professor, 42

Dept. of ECE, ATMECE, Mysuru
THANK YOU

Pavithra A C, Assistant Professor, 43

Dept. of ECE, ATMECE, Mysuru