Evolution Of Wireless

Communication
Systems
0G
• 0G refers to pre cellular mobile telephony technology in 1970’s., such
as Radio telephones that some had in cars before the advent of cell
phones. Mobile radio telephonic system produced modern cellular
mobile-telephony technology.
• The primary users were loggers, construction foremen, realtors and
celebrities. They were used for them for basic voice communication.
0.5G
• These mobile telephones were usually mounted in cars or trucks,
though briefcase models were also made. Typically, the transceiver
(transmitter receiver) was mounted in the vehicle trunk and attached
to the "head" (dial, display, and handset) mounted near the driver
seat.
1G
• They were analog cell phones and were introduced in 1980. In 1979,
the first cellular system in the world became operational by Nippon
Telephone and Telegraph (NTT) in Tokyo, Japan. In Europe two most
popular analog systems were Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT) and
(TACS) other analog systems were also introduced in 1980’s across the
Europe
• In USA AMPS was first 1G standard launched in 1982. AMPS system
was allocated a 40 MHZ bandwidth within the 800-900 MHZ
frequency range by the federal Communication Commission (FCC).
2G
 In 1991 2G was launched in Finland. 2G provided services such as text
message, picture messages and MMS. 2G has greater security for
both sender and receiver. All text messages are digitally encrypted,
which allows for the transfer of data in such a way that only intended
receiver can receive and read it.
 Technology such as TDMA and CDMA are used. TDMA divides signal in
time slots while as CDMA allocates each user a special code to
communicate over a multiplex physical channel. Different TDMA
technologies are GSM, PDC, iDEN , iS-136. GSM was first 2G System.
CDMA technology is IS-95. GSM ( Global system for mobile
communication) has origin from Europe.
GSM uses TDMA to multiplex upto 8 calls per channel in the 900 and 1800 MHZ bands. GSM can’t only deliver voice but
also circuit switched data at sped upto 14.4kbps. In US FCC also auctioned a new block of spectrum in the 1900MHZ
band

2.5 G GPRS (General Packet Radio Service)

2.75 – EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution)

GPRS network s evolved to EDGE networks with the introduction of 8PSK encoding. Enhanced Data rates for GSM
Evolution, Enhanced GPRS (EGPRS) , or IMT Single Carrier (IMT-SC) is a backward-compatible digital mobile phone
technology that allows improved data transmission rates, as an extension on top of standard GSM.
The specification achieves higher data –rates (up to 236.8 Kbits/s) by switching to more sophisticated methods of coding
(8PSK), within existing GSM timeslots.
3G
This paln is called International Mobile Telephone 2000 (IMT-2000), Standard.3G evolution for CDMA systems lead to
Cdma 2000. Several variants of CDMA 2000 are based on IS-95 and IS- 95B technologies. 3G evolution for GSM is IS-136
and PDC System lead to wideband CDMA (WCDMA), also called Universal Mobile Telecommunication Service (UMTS) ,
3G has the following enhancements over 2.5G and previous networks:
Enhanced audio and video streaming.
Several Times higher data speed.
Video-conferencing support.
Web and WAP browsing at higher speeds.
IPTV (TV through the Internet) support.
3.5 G – HSDPA (High-Speed Downlink Packet Access) High-Speed Downlink Packet Access(HSDPA) is a mobile telephony
protocol, also called 3.5G (or "3½ G"), which provides a smooth evolutionary path for UMTS-based 3G networks allowing
for higher data transfer speeds. HSDPA is a packet-based data service in W-CDMA downlink with data transmission up to 8-
10 Mbit/s (and 20 Mbit/s for MIMO systems) over a 5MHz bandwidth in WCDMA downlink
3.75G – HSUPA (High-Speed Uplink Packet Access) The 3.75G refer to the technologies beyond the well defined 3G
wireless/mobile technologies. High Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA) is a UMTS / WCDMA uplink evolution technology.
The HSUPA mobile telecommunications technology is directly related to HSDPA and the two are complimentary to one
another.
4G

4G provides a download speed of 100Mbps, 4G offers the same features as 3G and new services such as Multi-Media
Newspapers, the ability to watch TV programs with more outstanding quality, and transport data significantly quicker than
previous generations.
➢ LTE Long Term Evolution technology is classified as 4G technology. 4G is being developed to meet the QoS and rate
requirements of future applications such as wireless broadband access, Multimedia Messaging Service MMS, video chat,
mobile TV, HDTV content, Digital Video Broadcasting DVB, minimal services such as voice and data, and other bandwidth-
intensive services.

The significant characteristics of 4G are as follows: 1. Ability to give speeds ranging from 10Mbps to 1Gbps, high quality
streaming video, a combination of Wi-Fi and Wi-Max and increased security. 2. Provide any type of service at any time and
from any location as needed by the user. 3. Expansion of multimedia services. 4. Low cost per bit, increased battery usage.
5. Implementation is complex, intricate technology is required, and expensive equipment is necessary to build a next-
generation network

➢ In 2012, 4G services were launched, with speeds of up to 12 Mbps. 4G is an all-IP (Internet Protocol) network and it
resulted in massive changes to the radio network and the core network architecture.
5G
Key Features and Benefits of 5G:
High Speed:
5G provides theoretical peak speeds of up to 20 Gbps, significantly faster than the 1 Gbps of 4G.
Low Latency:
5G offers much lower latency, with potential for latency as low as 1 millisecond, enabling real-time data access and
responsiveness.
Increased Capacity:
5G is designed to support a 100-fold increase in network capacity and efficiency, allowing for more devices to connect and
more data to be transmitted.
Flexibility:
5G operates on a broader range of bandwidths, including low, mid, and high-band frequencies, providing flexibility in network
deployment and service offerings.
Spectrum Usage:
5G utilizes a broader spectrum, including millimeter-wave frequencies, to increase bandwidth and speed.
New Applications:
5G enables new applications and services, such as autonomous driving, virtual reality, augmented reality, and remote surgery,
which require fast speeds and low latency.
Internet of Things (IoT):
5G is crucial for the widespread adoption of IoT devices, enabling them to connect, communicate, and exchange data at high
speeds.
Enhanced User Experience:
5G provides a more consistent and reliable connection, leading to a better overall user experience.
5G Network Architecture:
Small Cells:
5G networks often employ small cells, which are smaller than those used in 4G, to improve coverage
and increase capacity in dense urban areas.
Beamforming:
5G uses beamforming technology to focus radio signals, improving coverage and data transfer speeds,
especially in millimeter-wave frequencies.
Massive MIMO:
5G utilizes massive MIMO technology, which uses multiple antennas to increase network capacity and
data transfer rates