Implications for Sampling Distributions

and Population Inferences

GUEVARRA,ROMMEL BANTAYAN
Sampling distributions - represent the distribution of a statistic based
on repeated sampling from a population.

Purpose:
The main purpose of sampling distributions is to make inferences about population
parameters based on sample data. Since obtaining data from an entire population is often
impractical, sampling distributions allow us to estimate population characteristics
efficiently.

Importance:
Sampling distributions form the foundation of statistical inference and
hypothesis testing. They enable us to:
1.Estimate Population Parameters: Such as the mean, variance, or
proportion.
2.Conduct Hypothesis Tests: To determine whether observed effects are
statistically significant.
3.Build Confidence Intervals: To estimate the range within which the
population parameter lies.
4.Apply the Central Limit Theorem (CLT): Which states that the sampling
 KEY CONCEPT
01 02 03
SAMPLING POPULATION CENTRAL LIMIT
DISTRIBUTION INFERENCE THEOREM
(CLT)

•A sampling distribution is the •Population inference The Central Limit Theorem

involves making conclusions states that the sampling
probability distribution of a
or predictions about an distribution of the sample
statistic (like the mean, variance, entire population based on mean will approach a normal
or proportion) obtained from data obtained from a sample. distribution as the sample
repeated samples drawn from a size (n) increases, regardless
population. •Sampling distributions are of the shape of the population
•It shows how the statistic varies essential for estimating distribution.
This theorem is crucial for
from sample to sample, giving population parameters and
evaluating the reliability of
hypothesis testing and
insights into sampling constructing confidence
those estimates.
variability. intervals.
Example:
Example: Estimating the
Sampling Distribution of the
Mean Distribution of sample means from multiple samples of the
Characteristics:same size.
1.Mean of Sampling Distribution:
• The mean of the sampling distribution of the mean is equal to the
population mean (μ).
• This means that, on average, the sample means accurately estimate the
population mean.
2.Standard Deviation (Standard Error):
• The standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the mean (also
known as the standard error) is given by
• Where:
1. σ = Population standard deviation
2. n = Sample size
• The larger the sample size, the smaller the standard error, indicating
that larger samples produce more precise estimates of the population
mean.
3.Shape (Normality):
• According to the Central Limit Theorem (CLT), the sampling distribution of
 Applications of Sampling
Distributions
1. Hypothesis Testing:
•Purpose: To evaluate claims about a population parameter based on
sample data.
•How It Works:
• Use the sampling distribution of the mean to calculate the test
statistic (e.g., Z-score or t-score).
• Determine the p-value to assess the statistical significance of the
observed result.
• Make a decision
2. Confidence to reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis.
Intervals:
•Example:
Purpose: Testing whether
To estimate the average
the range withinweight
which theof a population
product batch meets
the specified(e.g.,
parameter standard.
mean or proportion) likely falls.
•How It Works:
• Calculate the sampling distribution of the statistic (e.g., mean).
• Construct a confidence interval around the sample mean using the
standard error and a critical value from the distribution (like Z or t).
Example: Estimating the average income of a city’s residents within a
3. Quality Control:
•Purpose:
To monitor process variability and ensure that production
processes remain within acceptable limits.
•How It Works:
• Collect sample data from the production line at regular intervals.
• Calculate sample means and compare them to the target mean
using the sampling distribution.
• Identify out-of-control processes when the sample mean
deviates significantly from the expected mean.
Example:
Monitoring the average diameter of manufactured ball
bearings to ensure consistency.
opulation Inferences
1. Estimation:
•Purpose: To use sample statistics to estimate population parameters (like the m
variance, or proportion).
•How It Works:
• Calculate the sample mean (Xˉ\bar{X}Xˉ) as an estimate of the population me
muμ).
• Use the sample standard deviation (sss) to estimate the population standar
deviation (σ\sigmaσ).
• Construct confidence intervals to quantify the uncertainty of the estimate.
Example:
2. Prediction:
Estimating
•Purpose: the average monthly expenditure of households in a city based on a ran
To forecast future values or predict outcomes based on sampled data.
sample.
•How It Works:
• Build predictive models using sample data (e.g., regression models).
• Use the sampling distribution to assess the variability of predictions.
• Incorporate confidence intervals or prediction intervals to estimate the rang
future values.
Example:
Predicting next year's sales based on past sales data and economic indicators.
3. Decision Making:
•Purpose: To apply statistical conclusions to real-world
scenarios and make data-driven decisions.
•How It Works:
• Analyze the sampling distribution to understand the
reliability of estimates.
• Use hypothesis testing to validate assumptions before
making decisions.
• Make informed choices with risk assessment and
probabilistic reasoning.
Example:
A company deciding whether to launch a new product based
on consumer preference surveys
 Real-World Example: Inferring
Average Income
Scenario:
A government agency wants to estimate the
average income of residents in a city. Conducting a full
census would be time-consuming and expensive, so they
opt to survey a random sample of 500 residents
instead.
Step 1: Collect Sample Data
•A random sample of 500 residents is surveyed, and the average income is
calculated to be $50,000 with a standard deviation of $8,000.
Step 2: Construct a Confidence
To estimate the population mean income, they calculate a
Interval
95% confidence interval
Step 3: Interpret the Result
The 95% confidence interval suggests that the true average income of the
population is likely between $49,300 and $50,700.
Challenges and Limitations of Sampling
1. Sampling Bias:
Distributions
•Definition: Errors that arise
when the sample is not
2. Variability:
•Definition: Uncertainty in
3. Assumption Violations:
•Definition: Issues arise when
representative of the estimates due to small data do not meet the
population. sample sizes or high assumptions underlying statistical
•Causes: variability in the data. models.
• Selection Bias: Choosing •Causes: •Common Violations:
a sample that favors a • Non-Normality: Violating
• Small Sample Sizes:
particular group. the assumption of a normal
Increase sampling distribution when using
• Nonresponse Bias:
error and reduce parametric tests.
When a significant portion
of the sampled individuals
precision. • Independence Violations:
do not respond. • High Variance: Samples that are not
• Undercoverage: Some Results in wider independent (e.g.,
population groups are confidence intervals clustered data).
systematically and less reliable • Homoscedasticity
excluded. estimates. Violations: Unequal
Impact: variances among groups.
Impact:
•Leads to inaccurate or Impact:
•Estimates may fluctuate
misleading conclusions. •Leads to biased estimators,
significantly from sample invalid inferences, and
•Reduces the generalizability
of the results.
to sample. misleading statistical tests.
•Reduces the confidence in •
 Conclusion
Summary of Key Concepts and Applications:
In this discussion, we explored the fundamental concepts of sampling
distributions and their crucial role in statistical inference. Key
concepts include:
•Bivariate Distributions: Understanding relationships between two
variables.
•Sampling Distribution of the Mean: Distribution of sample means
from multiple samples of the same size.
•Central Limit Theorem: Ensuring normality of sampling distributions
as sample size increases.
•Population Inference: Estimating and predicting population
parameters based on sample data.
•Applications:
• Hypothesis Testing: Evaluating claims about population
parameters.