CELL THEORY

• All living things are

made of cells
• Cells are the basic unit
of structure and
function in an organism
(basic unit of life)
• Cells come from the
reproduction of
existing cells (cell
division)
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2
Basic Structure of a
Cell

3
 OBJECTIVES
•Identify the parts of a cell
(plant/animal/bacteria)
•Describe the function of
each.
•Illustrate the structure of a
cell.

4
 Prokaryotes – The first
Cells
• Cells that lack a nucleus or
membrane-bound organelles
• Includes bacteria
• Simplest type of cell
• Single, circular chromosome

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 Prokaryotes
• Nucleoid region
(center) contains
the DNA
• Surrounded by cell
membrane & cell
wall
(peptidoglycan)
• Contain ribosomes
(no membrane) in
their cytoplasm to
make proteins

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 Eukaryotes
• Cells that HAVE a
nucleus and
membrane-bound
organelles
• Includes protists,
fungi, plants, and
animals
• More complex type of
cells

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 Eukaryotic Cell
Contain 3 basic
cell structures:
• Nucleus
• Cell Membrane
• Cytoplasm with
organelles

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Two Main Types of
Eukaryotic Cells

Animal
Plant Cell Cell
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Let me Tell
you!

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Organelles

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 Organelles
• Very small (Microscopic)
• Perform various functions for
a cell
• Found in the cytoplasm
• May or may not be
membrane-bound

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  Cell or Plasma Membrane
• Composed of double layer of
phospholipids and proteins
• Surrounds outside of ALL cells
• Controls what enters or leaves the cell
• Living layer
Outside
of cell
Carbohydrate
chains
Proteins
Cell
membrane

Inside
of cell Protein
(cytoplasm) channel Lipid bilayer 13
 Phospholipids
• Heads contain glycerol &
phosphate and are hydrophilic
(attract water)
• Tails are made of fatty acids
and are hydrophobic (repel
water)
• Make up a bilayer where tails
point inward toward each
other
• Can move laterally to allow
small molecules (O2, CO2, &
H2O to enter)
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 The Cell Membrane is
Fluid

Molecules in cell membranes are constantly

moving and changing
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Cell Membrane in Plants
Cell
membrane
• Lies immediately
against the cell
wall in plant cells
• Pushes out
against the cell
wall to maintain
cell shape

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  Cell Wall Cell wall

• Found outside of the

cell membrane
• Nonliving layer
• Supports and
protects cell
• Found in plants,
fungi, & bacteria

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  Cytoplasm of a Cell
cytoplasm

•Jelly-like
substance
enclosed by cell
membrane
•Provides a
medium for
chemical reactions
to take place
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 More on Cytoplasm
cytoplasm

•Contains
organelles to
carry out
specific jobs

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  The Control Organelle -
Nucleus
• Controls the normal

activities of the cell

• Contains the DNA in
chromosomes
• Bounded by a

nuclear envelope
(membrane) with pores
• Usually the largest
organelle
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 More on the
Nucleus
Nucleus

• Each cell has fixed

number of
chromosomes that
carry genes
• Genes control cell
characteristics 21
 Nuclear Envelope
• Double membrane
surrounding nucleus
• Also called nuclear
membrane
• Contains nuclear pores
for materials to enter &
leave nucleus

Nuclear
pores

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 Inside the Nucleus -
The genetic material (DNA) is
found

DNA is spread out DNA is condensed &

And appears as wrapped around
CHROMATIN proteins forming
in non-dividing cells as CHROMOSOMES
in dividing cells
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 What Does DNA do?
DNA is the hereditary
material of the cell

Genes that make up the

DNA molecule code for
different proteins

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  Nucleolus
• Inside nucleus
• Disappears
when cell
divides
• Makes
ribosomes that
make proteins

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  Cytoskeleton
• Helps cell maintain
cell shape
• Also help move
organelles around
• Made of proteins
• Microfilaments are
threadlike & made of
ACTIN
• Microtubules are
tubelike & made of
TUBULIN
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 Cytoskeleton

MICROTUBULES

MICROFILAMENTS

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 Centrioles
• Found only in animal
cells
• Paired structures
near nucleus
• Made of bundle of
microtubules
• Appear during cell
division forming
mitotic spindle
• Help to pull
chromosome pairs
apart to opposite
ends of the cell
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  Mitochondrion
(plural = mitochondria)
• “Powerhouse” of the
cell
• Generate cellular
energy (ATP)
• More active cells like
muscle cells have MORE
mitochondria
• Both plants & animal
cells have mitochondria
• Site of CELLULAR
RESPIRATION (burning
glucose) 29
MITOCHONDRIA
Surrounded by a
DOUBLE membrane
Has its own DNA
Folded inner
membrane called
CRISTAE (increases
surface area
for more chemical
Reactions)
Interior called MATRIX
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Interesting Fact ---
• Mitochondria
Come from
cytoplasm in
the EGG cell
during
fertilization
Therefore …
• You inherit your
mitochondria
from your
mother! 31
 Endoplasmic Reticulum -
ER
• Network of hollow membrane tubules
• Connects to nuclear envelope & cell
membrane
• Functions in Synthesis of cell products
& Transport

Two kinds of ER ---ROUGH & SMOOTH 32

 Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
(Rough ER)
• Has ribosomes on its
surface
• Makes membrane
proteins and proteins
for export out of cell

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 Rough Endoplasmic
Reticulum (Rough ER)
• Proteins are made
by ribosomes on
ER surface
• They are then
threaded into the
interior of the
Rough ER to be
modified and
transported

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 Functions of the
Smooth ER
• Makes membrane
lipids (steroids)
• Regulates calcium
(muscle cells)
• Destroys toxic
substances (Liver)

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 Endomembrane System

Includes nuclear membrane connected to ER

connected to cell membrane (transport)
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  Ribosomes
• Made of PROTEINS and rRNA
• “Protein factories” for cell
• Join amino acids to make proteins
through protein synthesis


37
Ribosomes
Can be attached to
Rough ER

OR

Be free
(unattached
) in the
cytoplasm
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  Golgi Bodies
• Stacks of flattened
sacs CIS
• Have a shipping
side (cis face) & a
receiving side
(trans face)
• Receive proteins TRAN
made by ER S
• Transport vesicles
with modified Transpo
proteins pinch off rt
the ends vesicle
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 Golgi Bodies
Look like a stack of pancakes

Modify, sort, & package

molecules from ER
for storage OR
transport out of cell
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 Golgi Animation

Materials are transported from Rough

ER to Golgi to the cell membrane by
VESICLES 41
  Lysosomes
• Contain digestive
enzymes
• Break down food,
bacteria, and worn out
cell parts for cells
• Programmed for cell
death (APOPTOSIS)
• Lyse & release
enzymes to break down
& recycle cell parts)

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 Lysosome Digestion

• Cells take
in food by
phagocytosis
• Lysosomes
digest the
food & get
rid of wastes

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  Cilia & Flagella
• Function in moving
cells, in moving
fluids, or in small
particles across the
cell surface

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 Cilia & Flagella
• Cilia are
shorter and
more
numerous on
cells
• Flagella are
longer and
fewer (usually
1-3) on cells

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Cell Movement with Cilia
& Flagella

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Cilia Moving Away Dust
Particles from the Lungs

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  Vacuoles
• Fluid filled sacks for storage
• Small or absent in animal cells
• Plant cells have a large Central Vacuole

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 Vacuoles
• In plants, they
store Cell Sap
• Includes storage of
sugars, proteins,
minerals, lipids,
wastes, salts,
water, and
enzymes

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  Chloroplasts
• Found only in producers (organisms
containing chlorophyll)
• Use energy from sunlight to make
own food (glucose)
• Energy from sun stored in the
Chemical Bonds of Sugars

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 Chloroplasts
• Surrounded by DOUBLE
membrane
• Outer membrane smooth
• Inner membrane
modified into sacs called
Thylakoids
• Thylakoids in stacks
called Grana &
interconnected
• Stroma – gel like material
surrounding thylakoids

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End Chapter 5
 What are the
distinguishing
features of
prokaryotic and
eukaryotic cells?
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