Module - 5

Visualization in python
 Matplotlib Pyplot

Most of the Matplotlib utilities lies under the pyplot submodule, and
are usually imported under the plt alias:
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
xpoints = np.array([0, 6])
ypoints = np.array([0, 250])
plt.plot(xpoints, ypoints)
plt.show()
Plotting x and y points
The plot() function is used to draw points (markers) in a diagram.
By default, the plot() function draws a line from point to point.
The function takes parameters for specifying points in the diagram.
Parameter 1 is an array containing the points on the x-axis.
Parameter 2 is an array containing the points on the y-axis.
If we need to plot a line from (1, 3) to (8, 10), we have to pass two arrays [1, 8]
and [3, 10] to the plot function.

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

import numpy as np
xpoints = np.array([1, 8])
ypoints = np.array([3, 10])
plt.plot(xpoints, ypoints)
plt.show()
Plotting Without Line
To plot only the markers, you can use shortcut string notation
parameter 'o', which means 'rings'.
Draw two points in the diagram, one at position (1, 3) and one in
position (8, 10):

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

import numpy as np
xpoints = np.array([1, 8])
ypoints = np.array([3, 10])
plt.plot(xpoints, ypoints, 'o')
plt.show()
Multiple Points
You can plot as many points as you like, just make sure you have the same number of
points in both axis.

Example
Draw a line in a diagram from position (1, 3) to (2, 8) then to (6, 1) and finally to position
(8, 10):

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

import numpy as np

xpoints = np.array([1, 2, 6, 8])

ypoints = np.array([3, 8, 1, 10])

plt.plot(xpoints, ypoints)
plt.show()
Default X-Points
If we do not specify the points in the x-axis, they will get the default
values 0, 1, 2, 3, (etc. depending on the length of the y-points.

So, if we take the same example and leave out the x-points, the
diagram will look like this:
The x-points in the example is [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5].
Plotting without x-points:
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
ypoints = np.array([3, 8, 1, 10, 5, 7])
plt.plot(ypoints)
plt.show()
Markers
You can use the keyword argument marker to emphasize each point
with a specified marker:
Example
Mark each point with a circle:
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
ypoints = np.array([3, 8, 1, 10])
plt.plot(ypoints, marker = 'o')
plt.show()
Format Strings fmt
You can use also use the shortcut string notation parameter to specify
the marker.
This parameter is also called fmt, and is written with this syntax:
marker|line|color
Example
Mark each point with a circle:
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
ypoints = np.array([3, 8, 1, 10])
plt.plot(ypoints, 'o:r')
plt.show()
Line Reference
Line Syntax Description
'-' Solid line
':' Dotted line
'--' Dashed line
'-.' Dashed/dotted line
ms (markersize) mec (markeredge color)

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

import numpy as np
ypoints = np.array([3, 8, 1, 10])
plt.plot(ypoints, marker = 'o', ms = 20, mec = 'r')
plt.show()
You can use the keyword argument markerfacecolor or the shorter mfc
to set the color inside the edge of the markers:
Create Labels for a Plot
With Pyplot, you can use the xlabel() and ylabel() functions to set a
label for the x- and y-axis.
Example
Add labels to the x- and y-axis:
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
x = np.array([80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 105, 110, 115, 120, 125])
y = np.array([240, 250, 260, 270, 280, 290, 300, 310, 320, 330])
plt.plot(x, y)
plt.xlabel("Average Pulse")
plt.ylabel("Calorie Burnt")
plt.show()
Create a Title for a Plot
With Pyplot, you can use the title() function to set a title for the plot.
Example
Add a plot title and labels for the x- and y-axis:
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
x = np.array([80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 105, 110, 115, 120, 125])
y = np.array([240, 250, 260, 270, 280, 290, 300, 310, 320, 330])
plt.plot(x, y)
plt.title("Sports Watch Data")
plt.xlabel("Average Pulse")
plt.ylabel("Calorie Burnage")
plt.show()
 Matplotlib Subplot
Display Multiple Plots
With the subplot() function you can draw multiple plots in one figure:
Draw 2 plots:
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
#plot 1:
x = np.array([0, 1, 2, 3])
y = np.array([3, 8, 1, 10])
plt.subplot(1, 2, 1)
plt.plot(x,y)
#plot 2:
x = np.array([0, 1, 2, 3])
y = np.array([10, 20, 30, 40])
plt.subplot(1, 2, 2)
plt.plot(x,y)
plt.show()
The subplot() Function
The subplot() function takes three arguments that describes the layout of the figure.

The layout is organized in rows and columns, which are represented by the first and
second argument.

The third argument represents the index of the current plot.

plt.subplot(1, 2, 1)
#the figure has 1 row, 2 columns, and this plot is the first plot.

plt.subplot(1, 2, 2)
#the figure has 1 row, 2 columns, and this plot is the second plot.
So, if we want a figure with 2 rows an 1 column (meaning that the two plots will be
displayed on top of each other instead of side-by-side), we can write the syntax like
this:
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
#plot 1:
x = np.array([0, 1, 2, 3])
y = np.array([3, 8, 1, 10])
plt.subplot(2, 1, 1)
plt.plot(x,y)
#plot 2:
x = np.array([0, 1, 2, 3])
y = np.array([10, 20, 30, 40])
plt.subplot(2, 1, 2)
plt.plot(x,y)
plt.show()
 Creating Scatter Plots
With Pyplot, you can use the scatter() function to draw a scatter plot.
The scatter() function plots one dot for each observation. It needs two
arrays of the same length, one for the values of the x-axis, and one for
values on the y-axis:
Example
A simple scatter plot:
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
x = np.array([5,7,8,7,2,17,2,9,4,11,12,9,6])
y = np.array([99,86,87,88,111,86,103,87,94,78,77,85,86])
plt.scatter(x, y)
plt.show()
The observation in the example above is the result of 13 cars passing by.

The X-axis shows how old the car is.

The Y-axis shows the speed of the car when it passes.

Are there any relationships between the observations?

It seems that the newer the car, the faster it drives, but that could be a
coincidence, after all we only registered 13 cars.
Compare Plots
In the example above, there seems to be a relationship between speed
and age, but what if we plot the observations from another day as
well? Will the scatter plot tell us something else?
Draw two plots on the same figure:
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
#day one, the age and speed of 13 cars:
x = np.array([5,7,8,7,2,17,2,9,4,11,12,9,6])
y = np.array([99,86,87,88,111,86,103,87,94,78,77,85,86])
plt.scatter(x, y)
#day two, the age and speed of 15 cars:
x = np.array([2,2,8,1,15,8,12,9,7,3,11,4,7,14,12])
y = np.array([100,105,84,105,90,99,90,95,94,100,79,112,91,80,85])
plt.scatter(x, y)
plt.show()

The two plots are plotted with two different

colors, by default blue and orange
 Creating Bars

With Pyplot, you can use the bar() function to draw bar graphs:
Draw 4 bars:

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

import numpy as np

x = np.array(["A", "B", "C", "D"])

y = np.array([3, 8, 1, 10])

plt.bar(x,y)
plt.show()
Horizontal Bars
If you want the bars to be displayed horizontally instead of vertically, use the
barh() function:

Example
Draw 4 horizontal bars:

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

import numpy as np

x = np.array(["A", "B", "C", "D"])

y = np.array([3, 8, 1, 10])

plt.barh(x, y)
The bar() and barh() takes the keyword argument color to set the color
of the bars:

Draw 4 red bars:

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
x = np.array(["A", "B", "C", "D"])
y = np.array([3, 8, 1, 10])
plt.bar(x, y, color = "red")
plt.show()
 Matplotlib Histograms

Histogram
A histogram is a graph showing frequency distributions.
It is a graph showing the number of observations within each given
interval.
Example: Say you ask for the height of 250 people, you might end up
with a histogram like this:
You can read from the histogram that there are approximately:

2 people from 140 to 145cm

5 people from 145 to 150cm
15 people from 151 to 156cm
31 people from 157 to 162cm
46 people from 163 to 168cm
53 people from 168 to 173cm
45 people from 173 to 178cm
28 people from 179 to 184cm
21 people from 185 to 190cm
4 people from 190 to 195cm
Create Histogram
In Matplotlib, we use the hist() function to create histograms.
The hist() function will use an array of numbers to create a histogram,
the array is sent into the function as an argument.

For simplicity we use NumPy to randomly generate an array with 250

values, where the values will concentrate around 170, and the standard
deviation is 10.
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
x = np.random.normal(170, 10, 250)
plt.hist(x)
plt.show()
 Creating Pie Charts

With Pyplot, you can use the pie() function to draw pie charts:
A simple pie chart:
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
y = np.array([35, 25, 25, 15])
plt.pie(y)
plt.show()
Labels
Add labels to the pie chart with the label parameter.
The label parameter must be an array with one label for each wedge:
A simple pie chart:
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
y = np.array([35, 25, 25, 15])
mylabels = ["Apples", "Bananas", "Cherries", "Dates"]
plt.pie(y, labels = mylabels)
plt.show()