PIPING & FITTING
July 5, 2025 PIPING & FITTING 1
Threading Techniques
• Used to connect parts or for joining.
• To transmit motion on machine
July 5, 2025 PIPING & FITTING 2
Mechanical Fasteners & Hardware
• Components used to fasten or secure one part to
another, such as screw threads, pins, keys and
clips are dealt with in this chapter.
• These types of fasteners with screw threads are
used for different purposes.
• Screw threads, like bolts, nuts, studs and cap
screws are made by cutting.
• The most common screw thread form is the one
with a symmetrical V-Profile.
• The included angle is 60 degrees.
• This form is prevalent in the Unified Screw Thread
(UN, UNC, UNF, UNRC, UNRF) form as well as the
ISO/Metric thread.
• Other symmetrical threads are the Whitworth with
an angle of 55 degrees between the thread flanks.
July 5, 2025 PIPING & FITTING 3
Screw Thread Types
• Nuts and bolts have male and female threads
July 5, 2025 PIPING & FITTING 4
Threading Techniques
• Use of Screw Threads
• To connect parts or for joining (nut & bolt)
• To transmit motion on machine (lathe machine)
• For accurate measurement use (micrometer)
• Types of Screw Threads:
• Male thread: e.g., bolts, screw, studs.
• Female thread: e.g., nuts
July 5, 2025 PIPING & FITTING 5
Common Thread Forms
• Vee, Acme and Square-form threads
Vee
July 5, 2025 PIPING & FITTING 6
Basic Thread Terms
July 5, 2025 PIPING & FITTING 7
Thread Types
Right-hand thread Left-hand thread
July 5, 2025 PIPING & FITTING 8
Classification of Threaded Fasteners
Bolt Cap screw
Stud Bolt Stud and Nuts
July 5, 2025 PIPING & FITTING 9
Common Screw Head Designs
A B C D
A: Flathead cap screw
B: Socket cap screw
C: Button head cap screw
D: Hex cap screw
July 5, 2025 PIPING & FITTING 10
Common Nut Designs
Castellated nut is locking nut
Square Nut that also
Hexagonal nut Nylon insert lock nut
uses a cotter pin is a self-locking nut
Jam nut is thinner than Wing nut, a hand-tight
Keps nut used as a regular and used as Acorn or dome nut nut
locking nut locking device
protects the bolt from
corrosion
July 5, 2025 PIPING & FITTING 11
Common Washer Designs
Serrated washer
External tooth lock
Flat washer Spring washer
Cone washer
Internal tooth lock Combination tooth lock Tab washer
July 5, 2025 PIPING & FITTING 12
Locking Wire Techniques
July 5, 2025 PIPING & FITTING 13
Common Pin Designs
Cotter (split) pin
Taper pin Spring pin Spring locking pin Roll pin
July 5, 2025 PIPING & FITTING 14
Circlips
Internal circlip Straight internal circlip pliers
External circlip
90º bent external circlip pliers
July 5, 2025 PIPING & FITTING 15
Commonly Used Keys
Flat key
Woodruff Key Gib head key
Round ends key
July 5, 2025 PIPING & FITTING 16
Types of Flanges
Welding neck flange
Slip-on flange
July 5, 2025 PIPING & FITTING 17
Types of Flanges
Socket welding flange
Socket (screwed) flange
July 5, 2025 PIPING & FITTING 18
Types of Flanges
Lap-joint flange
Spectacle blind
July 5, 2025 PIPING & FITTING 19
Coupling Faces
Raised face flange (RF)
July 5, 2025 PIPING & FITTING 20
Coupling Faces
Flat face blind (FF)
July 5, 2025 PIPING & FITTING 21
Coupling Faces
Large male and female flange
July 5, 2025 PIPING & FITTING 22
Coupling Faces
Large tongue and groove flange
July 5, 2025 PIPING & FITTING 23
Coupling Faces
Kit installed in mismatched flanges
Ring-joint flanges (RTJ)
July 5, 2025 PIPING & FITTING 24
Rating
• A further distinction among the various types of flanges is based, according to
ANSI (American National Standards Institute), on the primary pressure rating
(PPR). This is a classification of maximum allowable pressures at variable
temperatures depending on the materials as established by ANSI standard
B16.5. It is valid for flanged valves and for steel flanged fittings.
The ratings defined by the said classification are
• 150 pounds: corresponds to a maximum allowable pressure of 150 psig (pound
per square inch gauge) at 500°F (260°C) for all materials
• 300 pounds: max allowable pressure 300 psig at 850°F (454°C) for carbon
steel
• 600 pounds: max pressure (P=600psig) at the same temperature as the 300
lbs rating
• 900 pounds: max pressure (P=900psig) at the same temperature as the 300
lbs rating
• 1500 pounds: max pressure (P=1500psig) at the same temperature as the 300
lbs rating
• 2500 pounds: max pressure (P=2500psig) at the same temperature as the 300
lbs rating
July 5, 2025 PIPING & FITTING 25
Flange Rating
• Class 150# • Class 300#
July 5, 2025 PIPING & FITTING 26
Surface Finishes
• An important element of the gasket seal is the
state of the surfaces it is in contact with.
• In the machining of circular surfaces, the tool
impresses a visible mark similar to that
observed on the surface of discs.
July 5, 2025 PIPING & FITTING 27
Choice of Gasket
The factors influencing the choice
of gasket are as follows:
• Nature of the fluid
• Pressure and temperature
• Forces acting on the junction
location
Gasket Softness
July 5, 2025 PIPING & FITTING 28
Gasket Use
Spiral wound with and Metal ring gasket (Reinforced) graphite gasket Non-metallic gasket
without Inner ring
Type of gasket Type of face System pressure
C.A.F (Compressed Flat face (full face) Low
Asbestos Fiber) Raised face (Disc type)
Spiral wound Raised face Moderate
Metal ring R.T.J (Ring tore joint) High
July 5, 2025 PIPING & FITTING 29
FITTINGS
Fittings are used to connect small size pipes
July 5, 2025 PIPING & FITTING 30
Types of Fittings
900 male elbows 450 male elbows
Tee Union cross
July 5, 2025 PIPING & FITTING 31
Threaded Pipe Plug
• The threaded portion is tapered and so
touches the calipers at only two points.
July 5, 2025 PIPING & FITTING 32
Nipples and Couplings
Reducer hex nipple Male and female union
Hex plug
Coupling
July 5, 2025 PIPING & FITTING 33
