MAJOR PROJECT

THREE PHASE BRIDGE INVERTER FOR 180 DEGREE CONDUCTION

MODE AND 120 DEGREE PHASE SHIFT

Under the Guidance of Project done by:

Dr HV Govinda Raju Ankitha S -1DA21EE004
Associate Professor, Dept of EEE Goutham Y G -1DA21EE018
Madhu H -1DA21EE025
Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology Manthesh -1DA22EE407

Department of Electrical And Electronics Engineering, Dr. AIT

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 PROJECT TITLE:

THREE PHASE BRIDGE INVERTER FOR 180

DEGREE CONDUCTION MODE AND 120 DEGREE
PHASE SHIFT

2
ABSTRACT
The objective of this project is to develop an efficient and reliable inverter capable
of converting direct current (DC) power into three-phase alternating current (AC)
power. The design process involves the selection of appropriate semiconductor
devices and generating gate pulses for the switching devices. The selection and
sizing of semiconductor devices, such as insulated-gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs)
or metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs), are critical to
achieve the desired power rating and efficiency. Various control strategies, both
180-degree and 120-degree conduction modes are explored to regulate the output
voltage and frequency while maintaining proper phase of 120°. Simulations and
mathematical modelling will also be provided to validate the proposed design and
analyse its performance under different operating conditions.
 INTRODUCTION

A THREE-PHASE INVERTER is an essential power electronics device used to

convert direct current (DC) into alternating current (AC) across three phases. This type
of inverter is widely utilized in industrial, commercial, and renewable energy
applications for its ability to deliver balanced and efficient power. The basic principle
of operation involves controlling semiconductor devices, such as insulated gate bipolar
transistors (IGBTs) or metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs),
to create sinusoidal AC waveforms. Advanced control techniques, such as pulse width
modulation (PWM), are commonly employed to improve efficiency and reduce
harmonic distortion in the output.
 PROBLEM STATEMENT

Three-phase inverters are essential components in modern power electronics

systems for applications such as renewable energy integration, industrial motor
drives, and electric vehicles. They are used to convert DC power into balanced
three-phase AC power with desired frequency and voltage levels. However,
challenges such as achieving efficient operation, minimizing harmonic distortion,
and ensuring stability under various load conditions need to be addressed .
PROBLEM FORMULATION

Three-phase inverters can be designed in many ways. One configuration can be

made by using three single phase half (or full)-bridge inverters and connecting
them in parallel. One important thing to consider is that the gating signals of single-
phase inverters should be advanced or delayed by 120° with respect to each other to
obtain three-phase balanced (fundamental) voltages. The three-phase inverter
designed here will use six switching devices and a series of gate pulses (which are

60° apart) to achieve a staircase type three phase voltage at output .

OBJECTIVES

To design, simulate, and analyze a 3-phase inverter system that converts a

given DC input into three-phase AC output with desired specifications,
such as a specific frequency, voltage magnitude, and reduced Total
Harmonic Distortion (THD).
BLOCK DIAGRAM
In this a single phase AC supply of 230V, 50Hz is provided to step down transformer of
voltage ratio 230/12 V, 1A, 50Hz so that it can be converted to DC voltage and
regulated.

The diode rectifier is used to convert the 12V ac to 12V dc voltage. The rectified dc
voltage is provided to 5V and 12V Voltage regulator.

The 5V regulated voltage is provided to Arduino micro controller which generates the
pulses according to the control strategy.

The 12V regulated dc supply is provided to driver circuit so that it can able to drive the
Power Electronic switches of the proposed inverter as per the gate pulses generated
from the controller.

SINGLE PHASE AC SUPPLY

In this a single phase AC supply of 230V, 50Hz is provided as supply for Control
circuit which consists of micro processor to generate the pulses and driver circuit
which drives the gate of power electronic switches using the pulses generated from
the processor.
TRANSFORMER:
A step down transformer is used . By using this,230V AC main supply is step down to 12/24 V
AC is given to the rectifier which convert the AC supply to DC supply.
RECTIFIER:
Basically it convert AC to DC .From the step down transformer a supply of 12 V AC is given
to rectifier which will convert AC to DC supply .At the we get a 12V DC supply.
VOLTAGE REGULATOR:
It is use to maintain a constant voltage level . I will be using two voltage regulator to provide
5V and 12V DC supply from 12V AC supply i.e. 5V for buffer IC and 12V for driver circuit.
ARDUINO CONTROL:
The Arduino controller is used to generate gate pulses for the converter based on the pre
programmed switching pattern. ATmega328P is one of the high performances AVR technology
microcontroller with a large number of pins and features. It is designed by 8-bit CMOS
technology and RSIC CPU which enhance its performance and its power efficiency get
improved by auto sleeps and internal temperature sensor. This ATmega328P IC comes with
internal protections and multiple programming methods which helps the engineers to priorities
this controller for different situations.
DRIVER CIRCUIT:
TLP250 MOSFET driver is optically isolated. Its mean input and output of TLP250 Mosfet
driver is isolated from each other. Its works like a optocoupler. Input stage have a light
emitting diode and output stage have photo diode. Whenever input stage LED light falls on
output stage photo detector diode, output becomes high.
Buffer IC 4050: A buffer is a circuit that produces the same voltage output that is input into it.
The high input impedance allows the full voltage to fall across the buffer. It used between
controller and the driver circuit.

Driver Circuit:TLP250:

The TOSHIBA TLP250 consists of a GaAlAs light emitting diode and a integrated
photodetector. This unit is 8−lead DIP package.TLP250 is suitable for gate driving circuit of
IGBT or power MOS FET.

• Input threshold current: IF=5mA(max.),Supply current (ICC): 11mA(max.),Supply voltage

(VCC): 10−35V and Output current (IO): ±1.5A (max.)
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
 WORKING PROCEDURE

• A 3-phase inverter is a power electronic device that converts direct current (DC)
into three-phase alternating current (AC) at the desired frequency and amplitude. It
is widely used in industrial applications, renewable energy systems, and motor
drives.
• Input DC Supply- The inverter takes a DC input, usually from a battery, rectified
AC source, or renewable energy sources like solar panels. - A DC link capacitor is
often used to smooth out the input DC voltage.
• Power Semiconductor Switches-The inverter consists of six switches (e.g.,
IGBTs, MOSFETs) arranged in a bridge configuration. Each switch pair
corresponds to one of the three output phases (A, B, C).- Diodes are often
connected in parallel with the switches to handle reverse current flow.
• Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) Control- A control circuit generates gate pulses

using Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) techniques such as:

• Sinusoidal PWM (SPWM) -A sinusoidal reference signal is compared with a high-

frequency triangular carrier signal to generate pulses

• Switching Operation- The switches operate in a specific sequence to synthesize

three-phase AC voltages. - Each switch pair (e.g., S1-S4 for Phase A, S3-S6 for

Phase B, S5-S2 for Phase C) alternates between ON and OFF states to generate

phase voltages. - The switching sequence ensures a 120° phase difference between

the three output voltages.

• Generation of Three-Phase Output- The AC output is generated in three phases

with equal amplitude and 120° phase shifts. - The output voltage waveform is

typically a PWM waveform that approximates a sine wave.

• Load Connection- The three-phase output is connected to the load, such as a
motor or other three-phase equipment.- The frequency of the output voltage
determines the speed of the motor in Variable Frequency Drive (VFD)
applications.
LITEATURE SURVEY
AUTHORS
TITLE YEAR PUBLICATION

Multilevel inverter K.K. Gupta, A. Ranjan, P. 2016 IEEE Trans. Power

topologies with reduce Bhatnagar, L.K. Sahu, S Electron
device count

Review of SiC MOSFET O.P. Yadv. D. Cao 2017 IEEE

based three-phase
inverter lifetime
prediction

Multilevel inverter for R. Agrawal. S 2017 IET Renew Power

interfacing renewable Gener 11
energy sources with low/
medium- and high-
voltage grids
Design and C.-H. Hsich, T.-J. Liang, 2016 IEEE Trans. Ind.
implementation of a S.-M. Chen, S.-W. Tsai Appl.
novel multilevel DC-AC
inverter
SIMULATION
OUTPUT WAVEFORM
PHASE VOLTAGE OF 180 DEGREE CONDUCTION MODE
LINE VOLTAGE OF 180 DEGREE CONDUCTION MODE
HARDWARE
PHASE VOLTAGE
LINE VOLTAGE
COMPONETS REQUIRED

ARDUINO UNO
Arduino is an open-source electronics platform based on simple software and
hardware. It consists of a microcontroller that can be programmed to control
sensors, motors, lights, and other devices. The specifications can vary depending on
the specific Arduino board, but here are the general specifications for some of the
most popular models
Microcontroller: ATmega328POperating

Voltage: 5V

Input Voltage (recommended): 7-12V

Input Voltage (limits): 6-20V

Digital I/O Pins: 14 (6 PWM outputs)

Analog Input Pins: 6DC

Current per I/O Pin: 20 Madc

Current for 3.3V Pin: 50 mA

Flash Memory: 32 KB (of which 0.5 KB is used by the bootloader)

SRAM: 2 KB

EEPROM: 1 KB

Clock Speed: 16 MHz

LED_BUILTIN Pin: 13
 MOSFET

MOSFET (Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor) specifications typically

include several key parameters that define its performance. Here are the common
specifications you would find in a MOSFET datasheet
• Drain-Source Voltage (Vds): The maximum voltage that can be applied between
the drain and source terminals. It defines the breakdown voltage and the
operating voltage range for the MOSFET.2.

• Gate-Source Voltage (Vgs): The voltage between the gate and source. This is
critical for controlling the MOSFET and can define the threshold voltage
(Vgs(th)) at which the device starts to turn on.3.

• Threshold Voltage (Vgs(th)): The minimum gate-to-source voltage required to

turn the MOSFET on, allowing current to flow between the drain and source.4.

• Drain Current (Id): The maximum current that the MOSFET can carry between
the drain and source, typically specified at certain conditions like Vgs = 10V or
5V.5.

• Rds(on): The on-resistance between the drain and source when the MOSFET is
fully turned on (i.e., when it is in saturation mode). A lower Rds(on) means
higher efficiency and less power dissipation.6.
• Gate Charge (Qg): The total charge required to switch the MOSFET from off to
on state. This influences the switching speed and power consumption in high-
frequency applications.

• Power Dissipation (Pd): The maximum power the MOSFET can dissipate
without exceeding the maximum junction temperature. It depends on factors like
Rds(on) and Id.

• Capacitances: -

Cgs (Gate-Source Capacitance): The capacitance between the gate and source,
affecting switching speed.

 Cgd (Gate-Drain Capacitance): The capacitance between the gate and drain,
also important for switching behavior.

• Thermal Resistance (Rth): The thermal resistance between the junction (inside
the MOSFET) and the case or ambient. It impacts the ability of the device to
dissipate heat.
• Body Diode: MOSFETs usually have an intrinsic body diode (for reverse current
flow), and its characteristics like forward voltage and reverse recovery time may
be specified.

• Switching Characteristics: These include rise time, fall time, turn-on delay, and
turn-off delay, which define how quickly the MOSFET can switch between its on
and off states.

• Safe Operating Area (SOA): The region of operation (voltage and current)
where the MOSFET can safely operate without damage.

These specifications help to select the appropriate MOSFET for specific

applications like power switching, voltage regulation, or high-
frequency applications.
DIODES

Diodes are semiconductor devices that allow current to flow in one

direction only. The specifications of a diode help define its performance
in a circuit. Here are the common diode specifications you would find in
a datasheet:
• Forward Voltage (Vf): The voltage drop across the diode when it is forward
biased and conducting current. Typically, for silicon diodes, it is around 0.7V,
while for Schottky diodes, it is lower (around 0.2V to 0.45V).Reverse Voltage
(Vr) or Peak Inverse Voltage (PIV).The maximum reverse voltage that the diode
can withstand without breaking down. If the reverse voltage exceeds this value,
the diode may be damaged or destroyed.

• Forward Current (If):The maximum current that the diode can safely carry in
the forward direction without exceeding its thermal limits or causing damage.
This is typically specified as a continuous current rating.

• Reverse Recovery Time (Trr):The time it takes for the diode to switch from
conducting to non-conducting when the voltage polarity is reversed. This is an
important parameter for diodes used in high-speed switching applications (such
as in power supplies and signal circuits
• Reverse Current (Ir):The small amount of current that flows when the diode is
reverse biased. It is also referred to as leakage current and is typically very small
(nanoamperes or microamperes) but becomes important in high-precision
applications.

• Capacitance (C):The junction capacitance of the diode, which affects its

performance in high-frequency applications. The capacitance is typically
measured in the reverse-biased condition and can affect the diode's behavior in
RF circuits.

• Power Dissipation (Pd):The maximum power the diode can dissipate without
overheating. Power dissipation in a diode is typically calculated as the product of
the forward voltage drop and the current flowing through the diode.
HEATSINK

Heatsinks are critical components used to dissipate heat from electronic devices
such as transistors, MOSFETs, diodes, and processors, preventing them from
overheating and failing. The specifications of a heatsink define its effectiveness in
cooling an electronic component. Here are the common specifications you would
find for a heatsink
• Aluminum: Lightweight and cost-effective, with good thermal conductivity.

• Copper: Offers higher thermal conductivity than aluminum but is heavier and
more expensive.

• Combinations: Some heatsinks use a combination of aluminum and copper for

improved heat transfer.

• Dimensions:

Height: The vertical height of the heatsink, affecting the convective heat
dissipation.

Base Size: The area in contact with the electronic component (larger base
provides better heat distribution).

Fin Size and Pitch: The number of fins and the spacing between them (fin
density) influences the surface area and airflow for cooling.
• Fin Density: The number of fins per unit length (e.g., fins per inch or cm). More
fins generally provide more surface area for heat dissipation, but at the cost of
increased resistance to air flow.

• Airflow Requirements: Natural Convection: Some heatsinks rely on natural

airflow to cool the component.

• Forced Convection: Heatsinks designed for use with fans or active cooling
systems, where airflow is directed by a fan to improve heat dissipation.

• Weight: Affects the stability of the heatsink and the overall design of the system.
Heavier heatsinks, particularly those made of copper, may require additional
support.

• Mounting Style: Heatsinks can be mounted using clips, screws, or adhesive pads,
depending on the design and intended use. The type of mounting mechanism
affects ease of installation and thermal contact quality.
ADVANTAGES
• Efficiency: 3-phase inverters are generally more efficient than single-phase
inverters due to the smoother and more continuous power supply, reducing power
losses.

• Balanced Load Distribution: With three phases, the load is evenly distributed,
minimizing the risk of overloading or voltage imbalances, which ensures stable
operation.

• Higher Power Output: 3-phase inverters can handle higher power demands
compared to single-phase inverters, making them suitable for industrial,
commercial, and large-scale residential applications.

• Lower Operating Costs: Because of their efficiency, 3-phase inverters often result
in lower electricity bills for users with higher power needs.
• Smaller Equipment Size for High Power: In industrial settings, 3-phase systems
can provide more power using smaller and lighter equipment compared to single-
phase systems.

• Improved Reliability: The failure of one phase does not result in a total
shutdown, as the other two phases continue to provide power, offering increased
system reliability.
DISADVANTAGE

• Complexity: 3-phase inverters are more complex than single-phase inverters,

requiring more sophisticated control systems and power electronic switches .

• Higher Cost of Control Systems: The control systems required for 3-phase
inverters are more expensive than those required for single-phase inverters.

• Maintenance Requirements: 3-phase inverters require regular maintenance to

ensure reliable operation, which can be time-consuming and expensive.

• Limited Overload Capacity: 3-phase inverters have limited overload capacity,

which can make them less suitable for applications where the load is highly
variable. . Complexity: 3-phase inverters are more complex than single-phase
APPLICATIONS
• Industrial Equipment: Many industrial machines and equipment, such as
motors, pumps, compressors, and conveyor belts, operate on three-phase AC
power. A 3-phase inverter is used to convert DC power (from sources like solar
panels or batteries) to three-phase AC to drive these machines.

• Renewable Energy Systems: In solar power systems, 3-phase inverters are used
to convert DC power from solar panels into three-phase AC, which can be fed
into the grid or used to power three-phase loads. It ensures optimal energy
conversion and can handle high power outputs.

• Electric Vehicles (EVs): In some electric vehicles, a 3-phase inverter is used to

control the electric motor that drives the vehicle. It helps to convert the DC power
from the vehicle’s battery to AC for driving the motor.
• HVAC Systems: In heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems, 3-
phase inverters help control the speed of motors in fans, compressors, and pumps,
improving energy efficiency and providing more precise control.

• Data Centers: Large data centers require a constant, reliable power supply. 3-
phase inverters are used in uninterruptible power supply (UPS) systems to
provide backup power during outages, ensuring smooth operation of servers and
critical infrastructure.

• Power Backup Systems: For large-scale power backup applications, such as in

hospitals, manufacturing plants, and commercial buildings, 3-phase inverters
convert the DC power from batteries into the required three-phase AC power.

• Power Distribution: In certain power distribution systems, 3-phase inverters are

used to stabilize the flow of electricity and ensure that it is evenly distributed
across phases.
CONCLUSION

3-phase inverter plays a critical role in converting DC (Direct Current) into AC

(Alternating Current) for various applications, particularly in industrial and
renewable energy systems. By converting power into a 3-phase AC output, it
ensures efficient and stable operation for devices and equipment that require 3-
phase power. These inverters are essential in applications such as solar power
systems, motor drives, and uninterruptible power supplies (UPS).
 REFERENCE

1. K.K. Gupta, A. Ranjan, P. Bhatnagar, L.K. Sahu, S. Jain, Multilevel inverter topologies
with reduce device count: a review. IEEE Trans. Power Electron. 31(1) (2016)
2. Z. Ni, X. Lyu, O.P. Yadv. D. Cao, Review of SiC MOSFET based three-phase inverter
lifetime prediction. IEEE (2017)
3. R. Agrawal. S. Jain, Multilevel inverter for interfacing renewable energy sources
with low/ medium- and high-voltage grids. IET Renew Power Gener 11 (2017)
4. C.-H. Hsich, T.-J. Liang, S.-M. Chen, S.-W. Tsai, Design and implementation of a novel
multilevel DC-AC inverter. IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl. (2016)
THANK YOU