PAWAR PUBLIC SCHOOL CHANDIVALI

PHYSCIAL EDUCATION PROJECT 2022 – 2023

FOOTBALL AND VOLLEYBALL

ALESHA JASNSIK
10 A
06
 INDEX

TOPIC PAGE NO. REMARK

1. FOOTBALL • 1
2. VOLLEYBALL
3. BIBLIOGRAPHY
 FOOTBALL

 The Chinese competitive game cuju resembles modern association football

(soccer), descriptions appear in a military manual dated to the second and
third centuries BC.
 There are a number of references to traditional, ancient, or prehistoric ball
games played in many different parts of the world. Contemporary codes of
football can be traced back to
the codification of these games at English public schools during the 19th
century. The expansion and cultural influence of the British Empire allowed
these rules of football to spread to areas of British influence outside the
directly controlled Empire. By the end of the 19th century, distinct regional
codes were already developing.
 The Football League was founded in England, becoming the first of many
professional football associations. During the 20th century, several of the
various kinds of football grew to become some of the most popular team
sports in the world.

FIFA-
 FIFA was founded in 1904 to oversee
international competition among the nat-
ional associations of Belgium, Denmark,
France, Germany, the Netherlands, Spain,
Sweden and Switzerland. Headquatered in
Zürich, Switzerland. The need for a single body to oversee association
football became apparent at the beginning of the 20th century with the
increasing popularity of international fixtures. The Fédération Internationale
de Football Association (FIFA) was founded in the rear of the headquarters of
the Union des Sociétés Françaises de Sports Athlétiques (USFSA) at the Rue
Saint Honoré 229 in Paris on 21 May 1904. The first president of FIFA was
Robert Guérin. Guérin was replaced in 1906 by Daniel Burley Woolfall from
England, by then a member of the association. The first tournament FIFA
staged, the association football competition for the 1908 Olympics in London
was more successful than its Olympic predecessors, despite the presence of
professional footballers, contrary to the founding principles of FIFA.
 PLAYING PATTERN-

BALL SPECIFICATIONS-

 TEAM COMPOSITION-
A football team is typically made up of 11 members: 1 goalkeeper and 10
outfield players who take on defensive, midfield and attacking positions.
 RULES-
A match consists of two 45 minutes halves with a 15 minute rest
period in between.
Each team can have a minimum off 11 players (including 1
goalkeeper who is the only player allowed to handle the ball within
the 18 yard box) and a minimum of 7 players are needed to
constitute a match.
The field must be made of either artificial or natural grass. The size
of pitches is allowed to vary but must be within 100-130 yards long
and 50-100 yards wide. The pitch must also be marked with a
rectangular shape around the outside showing out of bounds, two six
yard boxes, two 18 yard boxes and a center circle. A spot for a
penalty placed 12 yards out of both goals and center circle must also
be visible.
The ball must have a circumference of 58-61cm and be of a circular
shape.
Each team can name up to 7 substitute players. Substitutions can be
made at any time of the match with each team being able to make a
maximum of 3 substitutions per side. In the event of all three
substitutes being made and a player having to leave the field for
injury the team will be forced to play without a replacement for that
player.
Each game must include one referee and two assistant referee’s
(linesmen). It’s the job of the referee to act as time keeper and make
any decisions which may need to be made such as fouls, free kicks,
throw ins, penalties and added on time at the end of each half. The
referee may consult the assistant referees at any time in the match
regarding a decision. It’s the assistant referee’s job to spot offside’s
in the match (see below), throw ins for either team and also assist the
referee in all decision making processes where appropriate.
If the game needs to head to extra time as a result of both teams
being level in a match then 30 minutes will be added in the form of
two 15 minute halves after the allotted 90 minutes.
If teams are still level after extra time then a penalty shootout must
take place.
The whole ball must cross the goal line for it to constitute as a goal.
For fouls committed a player could receive either a yellow or red
card depending on the severity of the foul; this comes down to the
referee’s discretion. The yellow is a warning and a red card is a
dismissal of that player. Two yellow cards will equal one red. Once a
player is sent off then they cannot be replaced.
If a ball goes out of play off an opponent in either of the side lines
then it is given as a throw in. If it goes out of play off an attacking
player on the base line then it is a goal kick. If it comes off a
defending player it is a corner kick.
FOULS AND MISCONDUCT-

 If a player kicks or attempts to kick an opponent.

 If a player trips or attempts to trip an opponent.
 If a player strikes or attempts to strike on the opponent.

 Yellow card: This card is used to communicate that a player, substitute or

substituted player has been cautioned.

 Red card: This card is used to communicate that a player, substitute or

substituted player has been sent off.

 TERMS USED-
 All ball –
This is said when a player attempts to tackle the ball, and connects with the
ball rather than the player.

 Back of the net-

A commentator favorite to describe the ball crossing the line and hugging the
net, in other words, a goal.

 Ball-to-hand-
The claim that the contact between the hand and the ball is inadvertent,
therefore it shouldn’t warrant a free kick.
 Bicycle kick
The movement by a player where they jump up, throw both feet in the air and
hit the ball in a pedaling motion to send the ball in the opposite direction
they’re facing. Also known as the overhead kick.

Boot it
An instruction given by the teammates of a player for them to kick the ball
with full power to get it away.

 Box-to-box player
A player that can successfully play both sides (defensive and offensive) of the
game.

 Brace
A word to describe the achievement of a player that scores two goals in one
game. “Scoring a brace” is the way to go when using it in a sentence
 Chip shot
A shot that is kicked from underneath the ball to provide some arc for it to go
over the opponent.

 Class act
A player/manager that deserves praise especially with their attitude and
manners off the field.

 Clean sheet
The accolade a team/goalkeeper earns when a full game is played without
conceding a goal

 Cleats
The plastic or metallic bumps on the sole of football shoes. Also used for the
shoes themselves.

 Clinical finish
A top notch shot that leads to a goal. The scorer of this goal is called the
clinical finisher.
 Cracker
A breathtaking football match or an outstanding goal, mainly from a long
distance.

 Dive
The exaggerated falling move of a player to deceive the referee in order to
win their team a foul call.

 Dummy run
An off-the-ball run made by an offensive player to create space for his
teammate with the ball. Used to trick opponents by pretending to move
towards the ball.

 Feint / Flip Flap

The dribbling of the ball in one direction after faking the dribble in the other
direction with a bogus body movement. Also known as the snakebite for
being resembling a snake’s agile attack on its prey.

 First-time ball
Transferring the ball to a teammate with one single touch when a pass is
received.
 Flick On

A move where the offensive player hits a moving ball with their foot or head
when it’s passing by them without controlling it first.

 Game of two halves

A cliché that commentators resort to when a match has consisted of two
halves with huge disparities in character and score.

 Hairdryer treatment
The hard scolding of players by their manager, usually taking place in the
changing room. Popularized by the former Manchester United Manager Alex
Ferguson.

 Hard man
A player notorious for their tough, physical, and assertive style of football.

 Hoof
Purposelessly kicking the ball towards the opposite goal with power
 Hospital ball
A reckless pass that’s within reach of two players from opposing teams that
can give rise to injuries.

 Howler
An inexplicable mistake by a player that generally proves costly.

 Hug the line

The instruction given to wing players to stay closer to sidelines, especially
when dribbling forward

 In his/her pocket
Refers to one player having dominated an opposition player.

 Line-o
One of the nicknames for the assistant referees that work on the sidelines.

 Lost the dressing room

A phrase to describe a situation in which the manager has lost control over
and the respect of the players.
 Man on
The loud cry to inform a teammate with the ball that an opponent is
approaching or dangerously close by.

 Midfield anchor
A reliable defensive midfielder with the primary assignment of staying close
to the defensive line and nipping attacks in the bud

 Minnows
A small team from a lower-level league with limited resources.

 Nutmeg
Kicking or putting the ball through an opponent’s legs.

 Off the line

The act of saving the ball from crossing the line, clearing the ball.

 On paper
Indicates how the events should play out in theory, the expected scenario
based on pre-existing statistics and conditions.
 Park the bus
Playing ultra-defensive not to concede any goals, chiefly applied by team
with the edge on the scoreboard.
 Play on
A potentially controversial possession where the referee does not blow their
whistle after concluding there’s no reason to stop the game
 Pea roller
A feeble shot attempt that doesn’t present any threat to the defensive team.
 Poacher / Fox in the box
A cunning and skilled striker that’s extremely dangerous in the penalty area

 Put in a shift
The situation where a player fulfills their given tasks but fails to make a
strong impression on the pundits or put their fingerprints on the game.

 Row Z
The row in the stands that’s the farthest from the pitch. Usually said when a
player tries to shoot and they hit the ball so hard and off target that it goes
high into the stands. Predominantly used as hyperbole to underscore how far
the ball’s traveled.

 Run it off
An instruction for a player that’s suffered a minor injury to carry on playing

 .Sacked
It means fired. Used for managers that lose their jobs.

 Showboat
Showing off for fans after cementing a safe score, accompanied by
unnecessary displays of frivolous pieces of skill.

.
 Sitter
A shocking miss by an attacker that was considered to be immensely easy to
convert.

 Switch play
Moving the ball from one flank to the other in an abrupt fashion, mostly by a
long pass.

 Target man
A tall striker that’s often targeted by crosses, long balls, and high passes for
their aerial superiority and prowess as a finisher. See: Zlatan Ibrahimovic,
Didier Drogba, Romelu Lukaku.

 Theatrical
An adjective to describe a player’s tendency for over the top reactions.

 Treble
Winning three major competitions in a single season.

 (Hit the) woodwork

Having the ball strike one of the sidebars of the goal.
 OFFICIALS AND THEIR DUTIES-

 The Referee:
The referee is the most important of the four officials on the pitch. Only he
carries a whistle and he uses it to signal the starts and stops of play. Those
include kickoff, half-time, full-time, goals, and fouls. But beyond that, the
referee can show the player a yellow card and take his name — this is
frequently known as a “booking” because the referee writes the name down in
a little book. Besides the yellow card, the referee also carries a red card
which he can use to punish especially serious infractions. The red card means
an immediate dismissal. The referee also has the power to dismiss a manager
from the sideline.

 Linesman
There are two linesemen in an officiating crew, each assigned to one half of
the field. As their name indicates, they patrol the length of the touchline
between the halfway line and one goal line. They each carry a brightly-
colored flag and use it to signal when the ball has left the pitch either for a
throw-in, a goal kick, or a corner kick.
Linesmen will also wave their flags to catch the referee’s attention if they
believe they have spotted a foul.
Finally, it is also the linesman’s responsibility to signal when an attacking
player is in an offside position by raising his flag. In order to have the best
possible view to make that call, the linesman stays level with the last defender
of the team in his half of the field at all times. You can read more about the
offside rule.
No matter what, however, a linesman’s call does not take effect unless the
referee blows the whistle.
 The Fourth Official
The fourth official, positioned on the touchline between the two opposing
benches has three primary functions. First, he keeps track of all the stoppages
during the game. And, at the end of each half, he informs the players how
much time will be added on to make up for them by flashing a number on a
board.
The fourth official is also in charge of verifying substitutions. He checks a
substitute’s equipment before recording the change and posting the numbers
of the players involved on the board.
Finally, the fourth official is also the managers’ primary liason to the referee.
All too often, they bear the brunt of a manager’s dissatisfaction with the
referee’s decisions.

 OFFICIAL HAND SIGNALS-

 FUNDAMENTAL SKILLS-
Passing
Passing is one of the most fundamental skills in soccer, as it is how
you move the ball from yourself to another teammate. For a short
basic pass, you will turn your foot 90 degrees to the outside and
swing your leg so that the inside of your leg makes contact. If you
want to send the ball farther, you will swing your leg with more
power and aim for the lower half of the ball, to pop it into the air and
use the inside of your toes.
Receiving a Pass
Whether you are receiving a pass that is on the ground or traveling
through the air, you will want to square your shoulders to the
direction the ball is coming from. If it is on the ground, turn your
foot toward the outside as if you were passing, and with your knees
bent, cushion the ball so it stops right at your feet. For a ball
traveling through the air, you will most likely want to receive the
ball with your chest. Stand with your back arched slightly
backwards so when the ball hits your chest, it will pop gently into
the air and then land at your feet, rather than bounce off out of your
control.
Shooting
There are a number of unconventional ways to score a goal, but the
fundamental way to try to score is by taking a shot. When shooting,
your plant foot, follow through and where you contact the ball are all
important. You will want to place your non-shooting foot just
outside the ball, with your toe pointing at the direction you are
aiming to shoot. Swing your leg through the ball, aiming higher on
the ball if you want to keep it low or lower on the ball if you want to
send it through the air. Follow through with your shooting leg, in a
hopping motion that brings your plant foot off the ground, and land
on the foot you shot with for the most power.
Dribbling
Outside of passing, dribbling is the primary method of moving the
ball up the field. This works best when you have open field in front
of you without pressing defenders. Most players find success using
the top of their foot to push the ball along the ground when passing,
and the more advanced you get the more parts of your foot you will
be able to use when dribbling. The goal of dribbling is to move the
ball quickly while keeping the ball close to your body, so that you
can make a quick decision to pass, shoot or change direction
whenever needed.
Goalkeeping
The goalkeeper is the last line of defense, in charge of doing
whatever possible to keep the ball out of the net. As goalie, you can
use your entire body, including your hands and arms, to stop the
ball. The best way for a goalie to catch the ball is to form a "W" with
your thumbs and index fingers, with your hands open and palms
facing away from you. This will help you catch a ball traveling at a
high speed without it going through your hands. The other
fundamental skill for goalies is punting, which is how you distribute
the ball upfield after making a save. Hold the ball over your
dominant foot, and then drop the ball as you swing your foot,
making contact and sending the ball through the air. Land on your
"shooting" foot on your follow through like you are taking a shot.
 VOLLEYBALL

 HISTORY OF VOLLEYBALL AND FIVB-

 Volleyball has come a long way from the dusty-old YMCA gymnasium of
Holyoke, Massachusetts, USA, where the visionary William G. Morgan
invented the sport back in 1895. It has seen the start of two centuries and the
dawn of a new millennium. Volleyball is now one of the big five international
sports, and the FIVB, with its 220 affiliated national federations, is the largest
international sporting federation in the world.

Volleyball has witnessed unprecedented growth over the last two decades.
With the great success of world competitions such as the FIVB World
Championships, the FIVB World League, the FIVB World Grand Prix, the
FIVB World Cup and the FIVB Grand Champions Cup as well as the
Olympic Games, the level of participation at all levels internationally
continues to grow exponentially.

The beach volleyball phenomenon also continues to amaze. The

overwhelming spectator and television success of beach volleyball since its
introduction to the Olympic Games at Atlanta 1996 and the stunning success
of the FIVB World Tour, the World Championships and the Continental Cup
has opened up volleyball to a completely new market.
 SURFACE AND EQUIPMENT-
 The playing surface is flat and a light colour. For FIVB, world and official
competitions, only a wooden or synthetic surface is allowed.

White colours are required for the lines. Other different colours are required
for the playing court and free zone.
 The basic equipment is simple: a net, two poles and a ball. However, there
are several choices and options available, plus additional safety equipment.
The right choice in equipment and gear can make the volleyball match more
enjoyable and safe

 THREE BALL SYSTEM-


Sequence
The game follows a sequence of three rallies (service, free ball and free ball
2).
 1st rally – introduced by the server
 2nd rally – introduced by a free ball tossed to the receiving team
 3rd rally – introduced by a free ball tossed to the serving team
 The service alternates between teams after each three-ball sequence.
 After each rally is complete, the ball must quickly be removed from the court
so the next sequence can be started.
 Both teams must allow enough time for the ball to be removed from the court
before starting the next sequence.

 Scoring
Since this is during our "exhibition component" of the match, scoring is optional
(coaches decide).
Games do not end at a certain score, they end at 4:30.
If score is being kept, every ball introduced is worth one (1) point.

 Time Out
Requests for time-outs during the three-ball sequence will be considered
improper requests; time-outs must be made before the introduction of a serve.
 Toss
A coach, assistant coach or a competent volunteer can toss the free ball to the
other team (this way our coaches can stay on their team's side of the net and
coach) and can step into the court to do so. The tosser will immediately move
off the court after the toss.
Free balls are tossed underhand, with two hands and little to no spin, above
the height of the antennae to allow athletes time to play the ball.
The free ball will always be tossed directly to the athlete in position six (6),
otherwise a replay will occur.
The free ball will be tossed once the front row players are at the net (ready to
transition) and all athletes have been verbally told that the ball is being
introduced, “Free Ball!”.
Athletes can take “free balls” introduced by the tosser with an overhead pass
(volley).
The ball can be sent over the net, however the intent of having a tosser is to
make pass, volley, spike rallies easier to achieve
 Rotation and Substitution

The intent of Triple Ball is to have all players rotate through, however, if a
coach wants to use their weaker/younger players during this exhibition time
and save the stronger/older players for the "Best of 3" component of the
match, then they may do so.

Once rotation order has been established, that order must be maintained

After the three-ball sequence, players on the serving team will rotate
clockwise. Player from position one (1) will move to the bench, the first
player “in line” on the bench will move to position six

Players are not allowed to switch positions during the rally. For example, a
player who is in position four (4) will play left front for the entire rally.

The coach should identify where the designated setter will be

positioned. Either in Position 2 (right front) or Position 3 (middle front).
 ZONES AND PATTERN-
 Serve a Volleyball Zone 1
Serving zone 1 is real effective at ages 13 and under. It's effective especially
at the younger ages because the setter has trouble setting the ball to the
outside, when the ball is coming from zone 1.

This is something to watch for when scouting your opponent. Watch how
comfortable the setter is setting a ball coming from zone 1. Often the setter
won't turn and face the outside hitter and they'll likely set middle or right side
instead.

 Serve a Volleyball Zone 2

It's easier to run a slide off of a pass coming from zone 4 or 5, so I prefer to
serve the left side of the court if I know for sure the opponent is wanting to
run a slide in that particular rotation.

This is the advantage of scouting your opponents hitters. Most teams have
a primary hitter in each rotation, so if you watch what they like to run in each
rotation, you can develop your serving strategy around what your opponent
will most likely try to do.

 Serve a Volleyball Zone 3

I like to signal zone 3 to servers that aren't comfortable with serving to zone 2
or 4, and I want them to serve short.

Zone 3 is good if you can keep the libero from passing it. If the libero doesn't
pass it in this situation, it's very likely that a front row player will, and this
will disrupt the offense.
 Serve a Volleyball Zone 4

When the outside hitter is in zone 4 and is backed up to pass, this can make it
very difficult for them. First, often the outside hitters are in the game to hit
and not pass. Not only could the outside hitter have trouble passing, but it can
be very difficult to first pass then go approach and hit.

 Serve A volleyball zone 5

I like serving zone 5 when the outside hitter is backed up to pass. If you can
move them backwards and make them pass, this will make it difficult for
them to get to the net to hit.

Also, it's important to mention anytime you make a front row player pass,
you've likely taken them out of the offensive play. So if your blockers are
paying attention, they can see that the front row player that passed the ball is
out of the play, and so now they can just focus on the other two
attackers. This can be a big advantage for getting in position to block.

 Serve A Volleyball Zone 6

I like to signal zone 6 when I have a server that isn't comfortable

serving. Also, if a team is just flat out bad at passing deep serves, I'll likely
signal zone 6. Put the ball within 8 feet of the end line and most teams will
have trouble passing.
 PLAYING PATTERN-
The focus of pattern setting is on the setter remembering
attacking patterns. In volleyball, play from skill to skill happens
very quickly. For example, the ball is put into play with a serve. The
ball is then passed to the setter and the setter then sets an attacker.
And if the ball is kept in play, the sequence of pass, set, hit occurs
again very quickly. This sequence all happens within a matter of just
a few seconds. From the perspective of the setter, there is a lot going
on. The setter must be constantly thinking and analyzing the
situation.

 TEAM COMPOSITION-
Volleyball is a team sport in which two teams of six players are separated by
a net. Each team tries to score points by grounding a ball on the other team's
court under organized rules.[1] It has been a part of the official program of the
Summer Olympic Games since Tokyo 1964. Beach Volleyball was introduced
to the programme at the Atlanta 1996. The adapted version of volleyball at
the Summer Paralympic Games is Sitting Volleyball.
 PLAYING POSITIONS AND ROTATION-
 Rotation
The court split into 6 equal parts - 3 front row players and 3 back row players.
Position 1 is the server’s position. When you rotate to that spot, it’s your turn
to serve. (Note: you can actually serve from anywhere behind the endline.
You don’t have to serve from that region of the court). Players rotate
“clockwise” through each of these positions. Another way to remember it is
the player in 1 serves first, the player in 2 serves next, the player in 3 serves
third, and so on. The order of rotation is set at the beginning of the game and
maintained throughout the game (excepting substitutions). You rotate after
you win a point off of the opposing team’s serve.

 Position:
Player Positions, Part I
The numbering system used to describe where you are in the service rotation
can also be used to describe where you are playing on the court during the play
and not just during the serve. So if you play the front row, middle position, you
would play the “3”. So if a person described herself as a “4”, you could tell
where she usually plays by matching it up to the position on the court. This
method is less common for describing player positions, but is very commonly
used to reference areas of the court.
 Player Positions, Part II
So you can describe where a player is in the service rotation using the
numbering system described. You can use the same numbering system to
describe where the player plays during the point or you can use a physical
description of the player’s location to describe where the player plays during
the point. Yet another way of describing where a player plays during the point
is to describe the player’s primary responsibilities. The name is by no means a
complete job description!
Setter, Outside hitter (also called left side), Middle blocker (sometimes called
middle hitter)

 Player Positions, Part III

Opposite (also called right side)- The opposite usually starts opposite the
setter in the service rotation (hence the name)

Libero- A specialized defensive player who substitutes for another player in

the back row

Defensive specialist (also called a DS). - A defensive player that substitutes

for other players in the back row.
LIBERO PLAYER-
The libero player was introduced internationally in 1998, [28] and made its
debut for NCAA competition in 2002.[29] The libero is a player
specialized in defensive skills: the libero must wear a contrasting jersey
color from their teammates and cannot block or attack the ball when it is
entirely above net height. When the ball is not in play, the libero can
replace any back-row player, without prior notice to the officials. This
replacement does not count against the substitution limit each team is
allowed per set, although the libero may be replaced only by the player
whom he or she replaced. Most U.S. high schools added the libero
position from 2003 to 2005.
The modern-day libero often takes on the role of a second setter. When
the setter digs the ball, the libero is typically responsible for the second
ball and sets to the front row attacker. The libero may function as a setter
only under certain restrictions. To make an overhand set, the libero must
be standing behind (and not stepping on) the 3-meter line; otherwise, the
ball cannot be attacked above the net in front of the 3-meter line. An
underhand pass is allowed from any part of the court.
The libero is, generally, the most skilled defensive player on the team.
There is also a libero tracking sheet, where the referees or officiating
team must keep track of whom the libero subs in and out for. Under
FIVB rules, two liberos are designated at the beginning of the play, only
one of whom can be on the court at any time.
Furthermore, a libero is not allowed to serve, according to international
rules. NCAA rules for both men and women differ on this point; a 2004
rule change allows the libero to serve, but only in a specific rotation.
That is, the libero can only serve for one person, not for all of the people
for whom he or she goes in. That rule change was also applied to high
school and junior high play soon after.
 FOULS-
When serving, stepping on or across the service line as you make
contact with the serve

Failure to serve the ball over the net successfully

Contacting the ball illegally (lifting, carrying, throwing, etc. )

Touching the net with any part of the body while the ball is in
play. Exception: If the ball is driven into the net with such force that it
causes the net to contact an opposing player, no foul will be called, and
the ball shall continue to be in play.

When blocking a ball coming from the opponents court, contacting the
ball when reaching over the net is a violation if both:
1) your opponent hasn't used 3 contacts AND
2) they have a player there to make a play on the ball
When attacking a ball coming from the opponents court, contacting
the ball whenreaching over the net is a violation if the ball hasn't
yet broken the vertical plane of the net.

Crossing the court centerline with any part of your
body. Exception: if it's the hand or foot, the entire hand or entire foot
must cross for it to be a violation.

Serving out of order.

Back row player blocking (deflecting a ball coming from their
opponent), when at the moment of contact the back row player is
near the net and has part of his/her body above the top of the net (an
illegal block).

Back row player attacking a ball inside the front zone ( the area
inside the 10 foot line), when at the moment of contact the ball is
completely above the net (an illegal attack).
• SCORING-
 A point is scored when the ball contacts the floor within the court boundaries
or when an error is made: when the ball strikes one team's side of the court,
the other team gains a point; and when an error is made, the team that did not
make the error is awarded a point, in either case paying no regard to whether
they served the ball or not. If any part of the ball hits the line, the ball is
counted as in the court. The team that won the point serves for the next point.
If the team that won the point served in the previous point, the same player
serves again. If the team that won the point did not serve the previous point,
the players of the team acquiring the serve rotate their position on the court in
a clockwise manner. The game continues, with the first team to score 25
points by a two-point margin awarded the set. Matches are best-of-five sets
and the fifth set, if necessary, is usually played to 15 points. (Scoring differs
between leagues, tournaments, and levels; high schools sometimes play best-
of-three to 25; in the NCAA matches are played best-of-five to 25 as of the
2008 season.)
 Before 1999, points could be scored only when a team had the serve (side-out
scoring) and all sets went up to only 15 points. The FIVB changed the rules in
1999 (with the changes being compulsory in 2000) to use the current scoring
system (formerly known as rally point system), primarily to make the length
of the match more predictable and to make the game more spectator- and
television-friendly.
 The final year of side-out scoring at the
NCAA Division I Women's Volleyball Championship was 2000. Rally point
scoring debuted in 2001,[23] and games were played to 30 points through 2007.
For the 2008 season, games were renamed "sets" and reduced to 25 points to
win. Most high schools in the U.S. changed to rally scoring in 2003, and
several states implemented it the previous year on an experimental basis.
 SUBSTITUITION AND TIMEOUT-
Time Outs - Basic Rules of Volleyball All time-outs that are
requested last 30 seconds. During time-outs the players in the game
must go to the free zone near their bench. Players may remain on the
court or go to the free zone near their team bench. ... Substitution of
one or more players is permitted at the same time.
TERMS-
Pass
The first contact after a serve is considered a “pass”. The
player who passes the ball is called the “passer”. Usually a
pass is made with a player’s forearms but can also be made
overhead with two open hands.
Set
The second contact (after a pass or dig) is considered a “set”.
The player who sets is called the “setter”. Usually a set is
made with two hands overhead. A bump set is made with a
player’s forearms. A player can also set the ball over the net
on the first, second or third contact with the same motion.
Hit/attack/spike
Typically the third contact when a player uses one open hand
and swings at the ball to send it over the net is called a
“hit/attack/spike”. The player who hits the ball is called the
“hitter/attacker/spiker”. These three terms are used
interchangeable. The whole hand is loosely cupped in the
shape of the ball and the entire hand (palm and fingers)
should contact the ball. In some situations a player may
choose to attack on the second contact instead of the third.
Serve
The first contact that starts every rally is called a “serve”. The player
who serves is called the “server”. Usually a server uses one, open
hand to swing overhead and send the ball over the net from behind
the end line. Less experienced players may serve underhand with
one closed fist. Sometimes younger age groups are allowed to serve
from within the court so be sure to check local league rules. There
are 3 main types of serves that are defined below.
Dig
The first contact made after an attacker from the other team sends
the ball over to the defensive team is said to be a “dig”. Digs can be
made with the forearms, open or closed hands or any other part of
the body. The first contact made after an attacker from the other
team sends the ball over to the defensive team is said to be a “dig”.
Digs can be made with the forearms, open or closed hands or any
other part of the body.
Block
This move/contact is made by a player at the net to prevent the ball
from coming over when an opposing player is sending the ball over
the net. This move is made with two extended arms with open hands
above their head. This contact does not count as one of the three
contacts a team is allowed to make. The same player that blocks the
ball may contact the ball again as the first of their team’s three
contacts. When two players block at the same time it is called a
“double block”. When three players block at the same time it is
called a “triple block”.
Stuff Block
When a defensive team stops the ball from crossing the net as an
opposing player tries to send it over. The ball then falls back to the
floor in side the court on the side of the team that was attempting to
hit it over.
When players from opposing teams play the ball simultaneously, it
is called a “joust”.
Cover
The attack is blocked back onto the attacker’s side but a member of
the same team digs the ball and the rally continues. A textbook rally
would follow this pattern of contacts: Serve, pass, set, hit, dig, set,
hit, dig, etc. with the possibility of having a stuff block, covered
block or deflection as well.
Platform
Refers to the forearms when they are put together by holding both
hands together to create one larger surface for the ball to bounce off
of.
Sprawl/Dive
When a player lands on the floor with their body in an attempt to
save the ball with their arm or arms before it hits the floor it is called
a “sprawl” or “dive”. This is considered an emergency move.
Pancake
When a player lands on the floor with their body in an attempt to
save the ball with one open hand on the floor to allow the ball to
bounce off of it is called a “pancake”. This is considered an
emergency move.
Free Ball
When a team sends the ball over the net to their opponents with their
forearms they are said to be giving a “free ball”. Considered an
easier play for the defensive team.

Tool
The ball is deflected by a blocker but falls to the floor either outside
the court on either side or onto the court on the same side as the
blocker. This earns a point for the attacker’s team.
 Roll Shot
When a player slows down the speed of their arm swing while attacking to
send the ball shorter in the court and in front of the defenders, it is called a
“roll shot”. The arm still makes the same motion as a full speed attack and the
whole hand makes contact with the ball.
 Dump
When a setter sends the ball over the net on their team’s second contact
instead of setting a player on their own team to hit it over the net it is called a
“dump” or “setter attack”. A setter can do so tipping or hitting the ball over
with one open hand or setting it over with two open hands. They may do so
while standing on the floor or jumping in the air.
 Tip
When a player uses one open hand to send the ball over the net it is called a
“tip”. The player uses the pads of their fingers to contact the ball and control
the direction it is sent. Tips are usually sent short in the court but can also be
sent deep. A tip is in contrast to swinging the arm to hit the ball over the net.
Ace
A serve that is un-returnable in which it either hits the floor or a
controlled second contact cannot be made off of the pass. This type
of pass is often called a “shank”. An ace results in a point for the
serving team.
Under-Hand Serve
A serve that is sent over by keeping the serving arm down and
hitting the stationary ball in the opposite hand with a fist. This serve
is often taught to beginner players.
Over Pass
The pass by the team receiving the serve that is sent immediately
back over the net to the serving team on accident is called an
“overpass”.
Ace
A serve that is un-returnable in which it either hits the floor or a
controlled second contact cannot be made off of the pass. This type
of pass is often called a “shank”. An ace results in a point for the
serving team.
Under-Hand Serve
A serve that is sent over by keeping the serving arm down and
hitting the stationary ball in the opposite hand with a fist. This serve
is often taught to beginner players.
Over Pass
The pass by the team receiving the serve that is sent immediately
back over the net to the serving team on accident is called an
“overpass”.

Float Serve Serve

A serve in which the server approaches and jumps to hit the ball
while in the air to send the ball over the net with no spin is called a
“jump float serve”.
• Down Ball
When a player who is standing on the floor and swinging with an
open hand to hit the ball over the net, it is usually called a “down
ball”. Traditionally a “down ball” means the blockers at the net
should not jump and instead stay down on the floor when an
opposing player is sending the ball over the net.

Serve
A serve in which the ball does not spin is considered a “float serve”.
This serve often changes direction and floats in unexpected
trajectories.
Jump Serve
A serve in which the server approaches and jumps to hit the ball
while in the air to send the ball over the net with spin with the top of
the ball rotating down towards the floor from the passers
perspective. This serve is also referred to as a “Spike serve”.
Float Serve Serve
A serve in which the server approaches and jumps to hit the ball
while in the air to send the ball over the net with no spin is called a
“jump float serve”.
Rally
While the ball is in play it is said to be a “rally”.
Side-out
When a team is on serve receive and wins the rally, it is called a
“side-out”.
Approach
The footwork an attacker uses to time the set, gain momentum and
jump before contacting the ball to hit it over the net is called an
“approach”.
Arm Swing
The movement a hitter or server’s arm makes to generate force
before contacting the ball.
Hitting Error
When a player hits the ball either into the net or the antenna, or
outside of the court or antenna it is called an “attack/hitting error”.
INTERRUPTION AND DELAYS-
The time period between a completed rally and the whistle
for the next service is considered an interruption. Time-outs
and substitutions are considered “Regular Game
Interruptions”. Each team may only request a maximum of 2
time-outs and 6 substitutions in each set. A team may request
for a single or consecutive time-out and a substitution within
the same interruption.

A delay is any improper action of any player that prevents a

game from resuming. These actions may include delaying or
prolonging the entering of the court during interruptions
after the referee has instructed both teams to return and
resume the game, requesting illegal substitutions or
repeating for an improper or invalid request.
• TEAM CAPTAIN AND COACH-
 Captains are usually responsible for unofficial duties also. This varies from
team to team. Some captains get to make decisions on travel arrangements,
where you stay, where you eat. Some captains will help pick jerseys or other
team swag.

There are times when captains are going to run warmups, or maybe even take
over pre-season practices. All of this is heavily dependent on your age,
ability level and coach. The captain role is one of organization and decision
making more than anything else. You can absolutely be a captain and a leader,
but being elected a captain, does not automatically mean that people will
follow you.

The role of the coach is to enhance a player's volleyball IQ

and volleyball skill. Period. The player's ability will determine his/her
opportunity. The role of the player, is to listen and apply what the coach is
teaching to become a better player.
 BIBLIOGRAPGY

FOOTBALL
Information- Wikipedia
Photos- Bing
Football chapter notes
Dream League Soccer Kits 2022
myactivesg.com
Brief history of football : footballistory.org

History of fifa : ussoccer.com

court and goal post diagram with dimensions:

sportzcraazy.com
playing pattern with picture : soccercoachweekly.net

ball specifications : en.wikipedia.org

ball specification picture: dimensions.com

team composition : the irish sun

rules to conduct the game: rulesofsport.com

fouls and misconduct : en.wikipedia.org

terms used in the game: ef.com

officials and their duties : liveabout.com

officials hand signals: soccer drills for players and coaches

VOLLEYBALL-
history of volleyball and fivb : fivb.com

volleyball court with dimensions : sarthaks econnect

volleyball surface and equipments: volleyball USA,

dlgsc.wa.gov.au
three ball system: horizon-athletics.weebly.com

zones and pattern: strength-and-power-for-volleyball.com

playing pattern: strength-and-power-for-volleyball

team composition : en.wikipedia.org

player positions and rotation : wvc.mit.edu

libero player: en.wikipedia.org

fouls: strength-and-power-for-volleyball.com

scoring: en.wikipedia.org

interruption and delays: yesvolley.org

team captain and coach: theathleteco.com, google.com

fundamental skills: strength-and-power-for-volleyball.com