Prostate gland
The prostate gland is a small, round gland in males, located below the urinary
bladder and surrounds the beginning part of the urethra.
The main function of the prostate gland is:
• Produces a fluid that mixes with sperm to form semen.
• The fluid protects and nourishes sperm for better movement.
(Tortora & Derrickson, 2014,
p. 1023).
Prostate cancer
Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in men, excluding
nonmelanoma skin cancers.
It is typically a slow-growing tumor that
originates in the prostate gland and may remain confined for
years
before spreading.”
Etiology/Causes of prostate cancer
Age :( Common in men over 50 years)
2. Family History: Genetic predisposition (BRCA1, BRCA2 genes)
3. Race : (More common in African-American men)
4. Hormonal Imbalance : (Elevated testosterone levels)
5. Diet & Lifestyle : (High-fat diet, obesity)
1. 6. Exposure to Toxins : (smoking 🚬)
Brunner & Suddarth,
2018, pp. 1517–1518
Pathophysiology of prostate
cancer
1. Genetic or Environmental Trigger
↓
2. Abnormal Cell Growth in Prostate
↓
3. Uncontrolled Cell Multiplication
↓
4. Formation of Tumor in Prostate Gland
Cont...
5. Tumor Compresses the Urethra
↓
6. Urinary Obstruction (Retention, Hesitancy)
↓
7. Tumor Invades Nearby Tissues
↓
8. Advanced Stage: Metastasis
→ Lymph Nodes
→ Bones (Spine, Pelvis)
McDougal et al.,
2016
Clinical Manifestations
Early Stage:( Often asymptomatic)
Advanced Stage Symptoms:
Urinary issues: (frequency, retention, and weak stream)
Painful ejaculation
Hematuria (blood in urine or semen)
Sexual dysfunction
• Metastatic symptoms: backache, hip or perineal pain
McDougal et al.,
2016)
Assessment and Diagnostic Findings
1️⃣DRE (Digital Rectal Exam)
→ Physical check for hardness or irregular shape.
2️⃣PSA Test(Prostate specific antigen)
→ Blood test; high PSA may indicate cancer.
3️⃣TRUS (Transrectal Ultrasound)
→ Imaging + guides
Brunners and
Suddarths Pg no 1222
Conti...
4️⃣Gleason Score
→ Grades tumor 2–10; higher = more aggressive.
5️⃣Bone Scan / Skeletal X-ray
→ Detects bone metastasis.
6️⃣ MRI / CT Scan
→ Shows local spread and lymph node involvement
Brunners and
Suddarths Pg no 1222
Medical Management of Prostate
Cancer
1.Individualized treatment planning: based on PSA,,
cancer stage, and patient preferenc.
2. Active surveillance :for low-risk or elderly patients.
3. Hormonal therapy :used to reduce testosterone in
advanced or non-surgical cases.
4. Therapeutic cancer vaccines: like Sipuleucel-T to boost
immune response
5. Advanced drug therapy: (e.g., Abiraterone, Cabazitaxel)
for resistant prostate cancer.
Brunners and
Suddarths Pg no 1222
Nursing management
1. Assessment and Monitoring
2. Patient Education
3. Emotional and Psychological Support
4. Post-Surgical Care
5. Support During Radiation and Hormonal Therapy
Brunners and
Suddarths Pg no 1223
Surgical management
1. Radical Prostatectomy
2. Laparoscopic Prostatectomy
3. Robotic-Assisted Prostatectomy
4. Transurethral Resection of the Prostate (TURP)
5. Pelvic Lymph Node Dissection
Brunners and
Suddarths Pg no 1175
Complications
Urinary retention
Urinary incontinence
Erectile dysfunction
Kidney damage
Metastasis
• Hematuria
Brunners and
Suddarths ,14
Eddition
Testes
The testes (singular: testis), also known as testicles, are a pair
of oval-shaped organs located inside the scrotum, which hangs
behind the penis.
They perform two main functions:
1. Production of sperm
2. Secretion of testosterone
Brunners and
Suddarths Pg no
1176
Testicular Cancer
• Testicular cancer is a type of cancer that starts in the testicles (testes),
the male reproductive glands located inside the scrotum. It occurs when
abnormal cells in the testicles grow out of control and form a tumor.
• Types:
• Germinal Tumors(Seminomas,Nonseminomas)
• Nongerminal Tumors
• Secondary Testicular Tumors
(Brunner &
Suddarth, 2018)
Nongerminal Tumors
Less common (under 10%).
Start in the supportive or hormone-producing cells (stroma)
• Include Leydig cell and Sertoli cell tumors.
Brunners and
Suddarths Pg no 1178
Secondary Testicular Tumors
Cancer that spreads to the testis from other body organs.
• Most commonly from lymphoma, prostate, lung, or skin
cancer.
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79
Clinical Manifestations
1. Painless testicular lump
2. Scrotal swelling
3. Heaviness in scrotum
4. Testicular discomfort
5. Gynecomastia
6. Back pain
7. Fatigue
8. Weight loss
(Brunner &
Assessment and Diagnostic Methods
1. Physical Examination
2. Scrotal Ultrasound
3. Tumor Marker Tests (AFP)
4. Imaging (X-ray, CT scan etc)
Brunner & Suddarth,
2018)
Medical Management
1.Orchiectomy (surgical removal of testis)
2. Radiation therapy (commonly for seminomas)
3. Chemotherapy (especially for non-seminomas or advanced
cases)
4. Tumor marker monitoring
(Brunner & Suddarth,
2018)
Nursing Interventions
1. Preoperative and postoperative care
2. Pain and symptom management
3. Psychological and emotional support
4. Health education and counselling
5. Monitoring and follow-up care
Brunner & Suddarth,
2018)
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