1

SCMS TRAINING (Power Section)

15th and 16th May 2025

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INTRODUCTION
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What is A Substation?
 A substation is a part of an electrical generation, transmission, and distribution system.
 Substations transform voltage from high to low, or the reverse, or perform any of several
other important functions.
 Between the generating station and the consumer, electric power may flow through several
substations at different voltage levels.
 A substation may include transformers to change voltage levels between high transmission
voltages and lower distribution voltages, or at the interconnection of two different
transmission voltages.
 They are a common component of the infrastructure.
4
Main Components of a Substation
5
Incoming Line :Power supply from the transmission network
Main Transformer :Steps up/down voltage for transmission or distribution.
Outgoing Feeders :Power distribution to industries, homes, or other substations
Disconnecting Switch :Used for isolation, no load breaking
Circuit Breaker :Protects equipment by interrupting fault currents
Earth Switch :To ground electrical equipment and transmission lines
Protection System :To protect short circuit.
Metering System :To measure electrical quantities.
Current Transformer (CT) :Measures current, used for protection and metering
Voltage Transformer (VT/PT) :Measures voltage, used for metering and protection
Battery Bank and DC System :Provides backup power for protection systems
Bus Bar :Conductors that distribute power within the substation
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 7

FUNCTIONS OF A SUBSTATION
Functions of A Substation
Voltage Measurement
8

Power Incoming
Current Measurement
Meters Relays
PT measure Voltage

CT
measure
Current

Send the Trip Signal

Circuit
Breaker
Equipment Function
230 kV

PT/VT/CVT Voltage measurement

CT Current measurement
Circuit Breaker Trip the circuit and isolate from faulty section when received
230 kV commend from relay.
11 kV Power Out (11 kV) Power Transformer Transform the voltage (from 230 kV to 66 kV and 11 kV in this
66 kV
example)
Meters Received voltage and current from CT and PT. And display the result.
66 kV

Relays Received voltage and current from CT and PT. Give the trip commend
to circuit breaker to trip the circuit when measure values are over the
setting value.
Functions of A Substation 9
230 kV

11 kV

66 kV Equipment Function
Bus Bar Distribute Power to feeders

66 kV
66 kV Busbar

PT measure Voltage
Voltage Measurement
CT
measure Current Measurement Meters Relays
Current
66 kV

66 kV

66 kV

66 kV
Circuit
Breaker
Send the Trip Signal
Feeder 1

Feeder 2

Feeder 3

Feeder 4
10
 11

MAIN COMPONENTS
 12
Current Transformer (CT)
Current Transformer (CT) is an instrument transformer used to measure high currents and provide a scaled-down, proportional current
for metering and protection purposes. It plays a crucial role in electrical power systems.
1. Purpose of CT
Measurement: Used with ammeters, energy meters, and power meters.
Protection: Supplies current to protective relays for fault detection

Meter
/
Relay
2. Multiple Secondary Windings 13
A CT may have one or more secondary windings to serve different purposes.
Example: A CT with a 50-100/1-5A rating means:
The primary side can be tapped for 50A or 100A.
The secondary side can provide either 1A or 5A depending on the connected winding.
Usage:
One secondary winding may be used for metering (e.g., 5A output).
Another secondary winding may be used for protection relays (e.g., 1A output).
 14
3. CT Ratio & Burden
CT Ratio: Defines the scaling factor, e.g., 1000/5A (1000A primary → 5A secondary).
Burden: The connected load (meters, relays). Exceeding the rated burden affects accuracy.
4. Safety Considerations
Never Open CT Secondary: If the secondary is open while the primary carries current, a dangerously high voltage can develop, causing
insulation failure or electric shock.
Grounding One Side of Secondary: Prevents floating voltages and ensures safety.
5. Accuracy Classes
Metering CTs (e.g., Class 0.5, 1.0): High accuracy for energy measurement.
Protection CTs (e.g., Class 5P10, 10P20): Designed for relay operation during faults.
 15
Current Transformer (CT) Classes
Current Transformers (CTs) are classified into metering and protection classes based on their application.
Metering CTs (e.g., Class 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, and 1.0) are designed for accuracy in normal operating conditions, ensuring precise
measurement of current for billing and monitoring.
They have a limited saturation point to protect meters from high fault currents.
Protection CTs (e.g., 5P10, 10P20) are built to remain accurate even during fault conditions, ensuring reliable relay operation.
The "P" denotes protection, and the number (e.g., 10P20) indicates the accuracy limit and factor (e.g., 10% error up to 20
times rated current).
For specialized protection applications, PS-Class CTs (Protection Special) are used in schemes like differential, distance,
and high-impedance protection.
Instead of a fixed accuracy class, PS-class CTs are defined by parameters such as knee point voltage (Vk), excitation current
(Ie), and secondary resistance (Rs) to prevent saturation and ensure precise relay operation.
The selection of CT class depends on the required accuracy, fault tolerance, and the type of protection or metering system used
in the power network.
Voltage Transformer (VT)
16
A Voltage Transformer (VT), also known as a Potential Transformer (PT), is an instrument transformer used to step down
high voltages to safe, measurable levels for metering and protection. It ensures accurate voltage measurement and relay
operation in electrical power systems.
1. Purpose of VT
Measurement: Provides a proportional low voltage for voltmeters, energy meters, and power meters.
Protection: Supplies voltage signals to protective relays for detecting faults like overvoltage and
Undervoltage conditions
2. Working Principle
A VT operates like a step-down transformer, consisting of:
Primary Winding: Connected in parallel to the high-voltage circuit.
Core: Made of laminated steel to efficiently transfer magnetic flux.
Secondary Winding(s): Provides a reduced voltage output, typically 110V or 100V, proportional to the primary
voltage.
3. Multiple Secondary Windings
17
A VT may have one or more secondary windings for different functions. Example: A 6.6 kV / 110V VT may have: One
secondary winding for metering (high accuracy).Another secondary winding for protection relays (can handle transient
conditions).Some VTs also have an additional winding for special applications, such as synchronizing circuits.
4. VT Ratio & Burden
VT Ratio: Defines the scaling factor, e.g., 11 kV / 110V (11,000V primary → 110V secondary).
Burden: The connected load (meters, relays). Exceeding the rated burden affects accuracy.
5. Safety Considerations
Secondary Grounding: One side of the secondary is typically grounded to ensure safety and prevent floating voltages.
Accuracy Class: Important for precise voltage measurement.
6. Accuracy Classes
Metering VTs (e.g., Class 0.5, 1.0): High accuracy for energy billing and monitoring.
Protection VTs (e.g., Class 3P, 6P): Used for relay operation, with less accuracy but designed for transient conditions.
 List of Protection-Class VT Accuracy Classes (IEC 61869-3) 18
Class Max Voltage Max Phase Application
Error Displacement

3P ±3% ±120 min (±2°) Precise protection relays (e.g., distance protection, voltage
differential protection)

6P ±6% ±240 min (±4°) General protection relays (e.g., undervoltage, overvoltage)

5P ±5% Not defined Current transformer protection schemes using VT inputs

10 P ±10% Not defined Basic protection (e.g., alarms, non-critical protection

circuits)
 19

Capacitance Voltage Transformer (CVT)

 20
Lightning Arrester VS Surge Arrester
In substations, Lightning Arresters (LA) and Surge Arresters (SA) are often used interchangeably, but there can be
subtle differences depending on the context.
Similarities
•Both are used to protect electrical equipment from overvoltages.
•Both typically consist of metal oxide varistors (MOVs) or other non-linear resistor materials that limit voltage by
diverting excessive surge energy to the ground.
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Feature Lightning Arrester (LA) Surge Arrester (SA)

Purpose Protects against direct lightning strikes and Protects against various transient over voltages,
lightning-induced overvoltages including lightning and switching surges.

Placement Installed at the entrance of substation (near Installed closer to sensitive equipment like
transmission lines) or at critical equipment transformers, circuit breakers and control panels.
terminals.

Protection Focus Mainly against high-energy lightning surges. Against both lightning and switching surges from
operations like circuit breaker switching.

Voltage Level Typically designed for high-voltage transmission Used in both MV and HV applications (typically
systems (66 kV and above). from 6.6 kV up to 500 kV).
Parameter Value 22
Nominal System Voltage (Vn) 230 kV
Highest System Voltage (Vmax) 245 kV
Arrester Rated Voltage (Ur) 198 kV
System Grounding

Solidly Grounded 1.3 – 1.4

Resonant Grounded (Petersen Coil) 1.7 – 2.0

Ungrounded / Impedance Grounded 1.73 – 1.9

Highest System Voltage (L-L) 245 kV
Highest System Voltage (L-N) 245/ = 141.5 kV
Arrester Rated Voltage 1.4 x 141.5 kV = 198 kV
What is an Earth Switch? 23
An Earth Switch (ES) is a safety device used in high-voltage substations to ground electrical
equipment and transmission lines. It ensures that there is no residual voltage or induced voltage
present when maintenance or repairs are carried out.
Purpose of an Earth Switch
Personnel Safety – Prevents accidental electrocution by providing a low-resistance path to
ground.
Discharging Residual Voltage – Equipment such as capacitors, cables, and transformers may
retain charge even after being disconnected from the main circuit.
Induced Voltage Protection – Long transmission lines can pick up induced voltages from nearby
live conductors; an earth switch prevents this from posing a hazard.
Short Circuit Protection – Some high-speed earthing switches are used to create an intentional
short circuit for system protection.
Types of Earth Switches 24
Manual Earth Switch
Operated manually using a lever or handle.
Commonly used in medium-voltage switchgear.
Motorized (Remote-Controlled) Earth Switch
Operated electrically from a control room.
Used in high-voltage substations for safety and efficiency.
High-Speed Earth Switch
Used in Gas-Insulated Substations (GIS) and overhead lines.
Capable of closing within milliseconds to protect the system from overvoltages or faults.
 25
Working Principle
•The earth switch is normally open when the circuit is in operation.
•Before performing maintenance, the disconnector (DS) or circuit breaker (CB) is opened to isolate the
circuit.
•The earth switch is then closed to ground the circuit safely.
•Once maintenance is completed, the earth switch is opened before re-energizing the system.
Where is an Earth Switch Installed?
On Busbars – To ground busbars before maintenance.
On Transmission Lines – To discharge any residual or induced voltage.
Inside Switchgear Panels – Found in metal-enclosed switchgear, connected to circuit breakers or
disconnectors.
At Transformer Terminals – To provide grounding at the HV terminals of transformers.
 26
Important Considerations
1.Interlocking System
1. Earth switches are often interlocked with disconnectors and circuit breakers to prevent accidental energization.
2. A typical interlock ensures that:
1. The earth switch cannot be closed if the circuit is live.
2. The breaker/disconnector cannot be closed if the earth switch is engaged.
2.Short-Time Current Rating
1. Earth switches must handle high fault currents for a short duration (e.g., 31.5 kA for 3 seconds).
3.Visible Open/Close Position
1. In outdoor substations, a mechanical indicator shows whether the switch is open or closed.
How Does a High-Speed Earthing Switch Work? 27
High-speed earthing switches are designed to close very quickly, usually within milliseconds.
HSES Operating Range : 5 to 20 ms
CB Operating Range : 40 to 100 ms
Working Process
1.Circuit Isolation – The system's circuit breaker (CB) or disconnector (DS) is typically open to isolate the equipment
or section of the system.
2.Fault or Overvoltage Detection – The system detects a fault or overvoltage, or a need to discharge residual voltage
before maintenance. In GIS, this can also be triggered by signals indicating voltage levels.
3.High-Speed Action – Upon activation, the HSES quickly closes and connects the circuit to ground, providing a low-
resistance path to earth.
4.Discharge Fault Energy – By grounding the system, the high-speed earthing switch allows the fault or residual energy
to dissipate safely.
5.System Reset – Once the system is grounded and the energy is dissipated, the high-speed earthing switch may remain
closed until it is safe to proceed with further operations or maintenance.
Why is High-Speed Important? 28
In high-voltage systems, the duration of the fault current or induced voltage can be critical. If the
system does not act fast enough, it can lead to damage to sensitive components, like transformers and
circuit breakers, or electric shock hazards.
A regular earthing switch may take too long to act, especially if the system experiences fast transient
voltages. A high-speed earthing switch closes much more quickly (in milliseconds) to protect both the
system and personnel.

Short circuit occur at the

Upstream Substation terminals of transformer

CB CB

HSES
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Differences Between HSES and Standard Earth Switch

Feature High Speed Earthing Switch (HSES) Standard Earthing Switch

Speed of Operation Very Fast (milliseconds) Slow (typically Seconds)

Function Rapid grounding to discharge fault/overvoltage Grounding for safety duing maintenance

Type of Protection Protects from short-circuit and overvoltages Used for general maintenance safety

Design Typically motorized, with advanced control Manual or motorized, slower operation

Application GIS, overhead lines, transformer terminals, high- General-purpose in AIS or GIS systems
speed systems
Difference Between Circuit Breaker and Disconnecting Switch
30
Feature Circuit Breaker (CB) Disconnecting Switch (DS)
Function Protects the circuit by interrupting fault currents. Provide isolation but does not break fault or load current.

Operation Opens and closes under normal and fault conditions Used only for isolation when the circuit is de-energized.
Load Breaking Can break normal and short-circuit currents. Cannot break load current, must be operated when no
Capability current is flowing.
Arc Quenching Uses arc extinguishing medium. (air, oil, SF6, vacuum) No arc extinguishing capability.
Control Mechanism Operated manually, electrically, or automatically (relay Usually manual operation (Some motorized options
protection) available)
Speed of Operation Fast (milliseconds) Slow compared to CB
Safety Feature Provides protection by automatically tipping during Only isolated circuits, requires CB or another device for
faults fault protection.
Application Used in high and low voltage systems for circuit Used for isolation in substations, transformers, and lines
protection. for maintenance.
Cost Higher due to complex components and protection Lower since it has a simpler design.
features.
Maintenance Requires periodic maintenance due to moving parts and Requires less maintenance as it has fewer components.
Requirement arc-quenching mechanisms.
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BUS CONFIGURATION
 Single Bus System 32

CB

CB CB CB CB
 Single Bus System With Bus Sectionalizer 33

CB Bus Coupler CB

CB

CB CB CB CB
 Double Bus System 34
Transformer 1 Transformer 2

CB CB

Bus Sectionalizer

Bus A
CB Bus coupler

Bus B

CB CB CB CB
 Double Bus Double Breaker System 35
Transformer 1 Transformer 2

Bus Sectionalizer
CB CB CB CB

Bus A

CB Bus coupler

Bus B

CB CB CB CB CB CB CB CB
 Main and Transfer Bus System 36
Transformer 1 Transformer 2

Bus coupler
CB CB

CB

Main Bus

Transfer Bus

CB CB CB CB
 One and A Half Breaker System 37
Incoming 1 Incoming 2 Incoming 3

Bus A

CB CB CB
1 4 7

CB CB CB
2 5 8

CB CB CB
3 6 9

Bus B

Outgoing 1 Outgoing 2 Outgoing 3

 One and A Half Breaker System 38
Bus A

Bus B

CB CB

CB

Feeders
 Mesh Bus System 39
Line 1 Line 2

CB 2
Feeder 1 Feeder 3

CB1
CB CB
CB 3

Feeder 2 Feeder 4

CB 4

Transformer 1 Transformer 2
 40
Ring Bus System
Incoming 1
Outgoing 2

CB 1

CB 2 CB 3 CB 4

Outgoing 1 Incoming 2
Bus Configuration Comparison Table 41
Bus System Cost Reliability Flexibility Common Use Case

Single Bus Low Low Low Small substation industrial plants

Double Bus High High High Medium to large substation

One and a Half Very High Very High Very High Extra-high voltage substation (230
Breaker kV, 500 kV, 765 kV)

Main and Transfer Medium Medium Medium Medium Voltage Substation

Bus
Ring Bus Medium Good Limited expansion Medium Voltage Substation

Mesh Bus High Very High Good Large power station, critical
substations

Double Bus Double Very High Maximum Maximum Very critical substations
Breaker
 42

PROTECTION
Relay Code Numbers 43
ANSI/IEEE Standard Device Numbers In North America protective relays are generally referred to by standard device numbers. Letters are sometimes added to
specify the application (IEEE Standard C37.2-2008). Device Numbers (the more commonly used ones are in bold)
1 - Master Element 2 - Time Delay Starting or Closing Relay 3 - Checking or Interlocking Relay 4 - Master Contactor 5 - Stopping Device 6 - Starting Circuit
Breaker 7 – Rate of Change Relay 8 - Control Power Disconnecting Device 9 - Reversing Device 10 - Unit Sequence Switch 11 – Multifunction Device 12 -
Overspeed Device 13 - Synchronous-speed Device 14 - Underspeed Device 15 - Speed or Frequency-Matching Device 16 – Data Communications Device 20 -

Elect. operated valve (solenoid valve) 21 - Distance Relay 23 - Temperature Control Device 24 – Volts per Hertz Relay 25 - Synchronizing or

Synchronism-Check Device 26 - Apparatus Thermal Device 27 - Undervoltage Relay 30 - Annunciator Relay 32 - Directional Power Relay 36 -
Polarity or Polarizing Voltage Devices 37 - Undercurrent or Underpower Relay 38 - Bearing Protective Device 39 - Mechanical Condition Monitor 40 –Field

(over/under excitation) Relay 41 - Field Circuit Breaker 42 - Running Circuit Breaker 43 - Manual Transfer or Selector Device 46 – Rev. phase or Phase-
Bal. Current Relay 47 - Phase-Seq. or Phase-Bal. Voltage Relay 48 - Incomplete-Sequence Relay 49 - Machine or Transformer Thermal Relay 50 -

Instantaneous Overcurrent 51 - AC Inverse Time Overcurrent Relay 53 – Field Excitation Relay 55 - Power Factor Relay 56 - Field Application
Relay 59 - Overvoltage Relay 60 - Voltage or Current Balance Relay 62 - Time-Delay Stopping or Opening Relay 63 - Pressure Switch 64 - Ground

Detector Relay 65 - Governor 66 – Notching or jogging device 67 - AC Directional Overcurrent Relay 68 - Blocking or “out of step” Relay 69 -
Permissive Control Device 74 - Alarm Relay 75 - Position Changing Mechanism 76 - DC Overcurrent Relay 78 - Phase-Angle Measuring Relay 79 - AC-
Reclosing Relay 81 - Frequency Relay 83 - Automatic Selective Control or Transfer Relay 84 - Operating Mechanism 85 – Pilot Communications, Carrier or

Pilot Wire Relay 86 - Lockout Relay 87 - Differential Protective Relay 89 - Line Switch 90 - Regulating Device 91 - Voltage Directional Relay 92 -
Voltage and Power Directional Relay 94 - Tripping or Trip-Free Relay
Suffixes indicating zone of protection B –Bus G – Ground or generator L—Line N –Neutral T – Transformer U—Unit 52 - AC Circuit Breaker
Overcurrent Relay (OCR) & Earth Fault Relay (EFR)
44
Relays are essential components in power system protection. Overcurrent Relays (OCR) and Earth Fault Relays (EFR) are
used to detect abnormal current conditions and isolate faulty sections to prevent damage.
1. Overcurrent Relay (OCR)
Purpose
An Overcurrent Relay (OCR) protects electrical equipment by detecting excessive current flow, which may be caused by
short circuits, overloads, or system faults.
Working Principle
The relay continuously monitors the current flowing through a circuit using a Current Transformer (CT).If the current
exceeds a preset limit (pickup value), the relay operates after a set time delay (if applicable).It sends a trip signal to the circuit
breaker (CB), disconnecting the faulty section.
 45
Types of Overcurrent Relays
Instantaneous Overcurrent Relay (IOC)
Operates without intentional time delay when the current exceeds the set limit.
Used for detecting high fault currents close to the source.
Time-Delay Overcurrent Relay
Operates after a pre-set time delay, reducing unnecessary trips due to temporary current surges.
Subtypes:
Definite Time Overcurrent Relay (DTOC): Fixed time delay after exceeding the pickup current.
Inverse Time Overcurrent Relay (IDMT - Inverse Definite Minimum Time): Faster operation for higher fault
currents (widely used in power systems).
Applications
Protects transformers, feeders, motors, and transmission lines.Used in both medium-voltage (MV) and high-voltage (HV)
systems.
2. Earth Fault Relay (EFR) 46
Purpose
An Earth Fault Relay (EFR) detects leakage or fault currents flowing to earth (ground) due to insulation failure or
accidental contact.
Working Principle
Earth fault current is detected using a Zero Sequence CT (Core Balance CT) or residual connection of phase CTs.
If the earth fault current exceeds the set threshold, the relay operates and sends a trip signal to the circuit breaker
(CB).
Types of Earth Fault Relays
Definite Time Earth Fault Relay
Operates after a fixed delay when earth fault current exceeds the set value.
Inverse Time Earth Fault Relay
The operating time decreases as the fault current increases, ensuring quick disconnection for severe faults.
Sensitive Earth Fault Relay (SEF)
Used for detecting low-magnitude earth faults, typically in high-resistance grounded or isolated systems.
Applications
Protects cables, transformers, generators, and motors from ground faults.
Used in distribution and industrial power systems to prevent damage and fire hazards.
 47
Relay Curves in IEC and IEEE Standards
Protective relays, particularly Overcurrent Relays (OCR) and Earth Fault Relays (EFR), operate based on time-
current characteristics (relay curves). These curves define how fast a relay responds to overcurrent conditions based
on fault magnitude.
There are two widely used standards for defining relay curves:
1.IEC 60255 Curves (International Electrotechnical Commission)
2.IEEE C37.112 Curves (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers)
IEC defines four main types of Inverse Definite Minimum Time (IDMT) curves for relays:

Curve Type Characteristics

Standard Inverse (SI) Used for general overcurrent protection.

Very Inverse (VI) Faster response for heavy faults.

Extremely Inverse (EI) Preferred for transformer and motor protection.

Long Time Inverse (LTI) Used for thermal overload protection.

 48
2. IEEE Relay Curves
IEEE defines three major inverse time overcurrent relay curves, which are slightly different from IEC
curves:

Curve Types Characteristics

Moderately Inverse Standard protection for distribution systems

Very Inverse Faster response for heavy faults

Extremely Inverse Highly sensitive for transformer/motor

protection
49
100 Coordination Curves of 50/51 Functions
H2 (Station Transformer)
50
H3 (YMR Line)
H1 (Generator)
H5 (Bus Coupler)
H7,H8,H9,H10 and H11
H6 (YESC Incoming)
66 kV (L-CB)
Transformer 1 Inrush Cur-
rent
Transformer 3 Inrush Cur-
rent
10 Transformer 4
Maximum Short Circuit at
6.6 kV (YESC)
Minimum Short Circuit at
6.6 kV (YESC)
Maximum Short Circuit at
6.6 kV (Generator)
Operating Time (s) Minimum Short Circuit at
6.6 kV (Generator)

0.1

0.01
1 10 100on 6.6 kV
Current (A) 1000 10000
Bus
 51
Differential Relay
A differential relay is a protective device that detects faults by comparing the difference in current entering and leaving a
protected zone (like a transformer or generator or bus bar) and triggers a circuit breaker if a significant difference
(indicating a fault) is detected.

Current Entering Current Outgoing

66 33
kV KV
10 A 20 A

Differential Relay

A Differential Relay Protecting Transformer

 Bus Differential Relay 52

Total Current Entering

8A
Total Current Outgoing

Total Current Outgoing

Total Current Outgoing

Total Current Outgoing

2A 2A 2A 2A

Bus Differential Relay compares the total current entering into the bus and total current outgoing from the bus.
 53
What is a Breaker Failure Relay (50BF)?
A 50BF relay is a protection relay designed to detect when a circuit breaker fails to clear a fault and initiate backup
tripping. It ensures that if the primary breaker fails, another breaker or system clears the fault to prevent equipment
damage and system instability.

OC/ 50
EF BF
 54
DC System in a Substation
The DC system in a substation provides a reliable and uninterrupted power supply for critical operations,
especially during faults or AC supply failures.
It is mainly used for protection, control, and emergency operations.
The DC system powers protective relays, circuit breaker trip coils, high-speed earthing switches (HSES), and
emergency lighting.
Since DC power is independent of the main AC supply, it ensures that protective devices can still operate to
isolate faults even if the substation loses its primary power source.
The DC system is typically backed by battery banks and chargers, providing a stable and continuous power
source for essential operations.
 55

LCP AND RCP

56
 57
Control Building
The RCP and LCP send command signals to the GIS to open or
close a specific switch.
The trip command, determined by the protection relays installed
RCP only in the RCP, is also sent to the GIS.

PT

Bus DS
Cable CT & Line DS
Compa
CB
Control rtment
LCP Bus DS
 58
Control Building

Switch status, current values, and voltage values are transmitted from
RCP
the GIS to both the LCP and RCP.

PT

Bus DS
Cable CT & Line DS
Compa
CB
Data rtment
LCP Bus DS
59
 60
Local/Remote Selector Circuit
Simple Example

Local
Positive

Remote

Negative
 61

INTERLOCK
 Construction Of Magnetic Contactor 62
N/O Auxiliary
Contacts
N/O
N/C

N/C
Main Contact

-
 63
How Magnetic Contactor is Used in Control Circuit

N/O
N/C

+
+
M
-
-
 Interlock Circuit 64
Magnetic
Motor A Start Switch Motor B Contactor

Motor B Start Switch

B
Motor
A

M
 Motor A Magnetic
Contactor
65
Motor A

+
M

Motor B Start Switch

Motor B
+ +
M

-
Motor B Magnetic
Contactor
 Position Switch Concept 66

Normally
Open

Normally
Closed Circuit Breaker Moving
Contact

Circuit Breaker
Fixed Contact
67
 Position Switch Concept 68
CB Close Indicator Lamp

+ -

+
-

CB Open Indicator Lamp

The protective relays detects whether a switch (circuit

breaker or earth switch or ds) is closed or open by means
of above concept.
 69

ANNOUNCIATOR
 70
ANNOUNCIATOR
 71
ANNOUNCIATOR
 72
ANNOUNCIATOR
 73

SYMBOLS
 74
CB

CT

DSE
ES

PT

Cable
Connection
Point

SA
 75

Power In
Power Out

230/66/11 kV, 125 MVA

230/0.11/0.11/0.11 kV
Power Out

Three Winding Transformer Power Incoming Line With SA, and CVT
Primary Winding 230 kV CVT Capacitance Voltage Transformer
Secondary Winding 66 kV
Tertiary Winding 11 kV
 76
230 kV Incoming Line

Potential
Transformer

CT Symbol

PT Symbol
 77

MW,
Core 1 A MVAR, PF
KWhr KVARhr DPM1 DPM2 F V

Core 2
67/67N, 50/51, 50N/51N, 27/59, 25/79,
Core 3 BCU

Core 4 87B, 50
BF
 78

COMMUNICATION
 79
Substation Communication Protocols
 Substation communication protocols enable seamless data exchange and interoperability between different
devices within a substation automation system.
 IEC 61850 is a widely adopted international standard that defines these protocols.
 Other commonly used protocols include Modbus, DNP3, and IEC 60870.
 80
Substation Communication Protocols

 IEC 60870-5-101, often referred to as IEC 101, is a standard for communication between substations and
control centers, primarily using serial communication, is used for telecontrol, teleprotection, and associated
telecommunications in electric power systems.
 Specifically, it's designed for point-to-point communication, often using serial interfaces like RS-232 or RS-
485, allowing the master station to exchange data and commands with RTUs in substations.
 81
Substation Communication Protocols
 IEC 60870-5-104 (IEC 104) is a communication protocol standard used for telecontrol, particularly in the
energy sector for monitoring and controlling geographically widespread processes.
 It's designed for data transmission between systems connected via TCP/IP networks.
 IEC 104 transmits data between a control station and a substation over a TCP/IP network.
 It uses TCP for connection-oriented, reliable data transmission.
 Essentially, IEC 104 builds upon the IEC 101 protocol but utilizes TCP/IP for network communication,
offering advantages like higher baud rates and error-free data streams.
 82
Substation Teleprotection Signaling Equipment
1. Fiber Optic Cable
2. OPGW Cable, Joint Box, Clamp, Jumper, Cord and Connector
3. Wave Trap/Line Trap
4. Coupling Filter
5. Power Line Carrier
6. Coaxial Wire
7. Optical Terminal Equipment (SDH)
 83
Substation Communication Protocols
 In substations, wave traps, also known as line traps, function as high-frequency chokes, effectively blocking
high-frequency signals from entering the substation's sensitive equipment.
 They are particularly important in Power Line Carrier Communication (PLCC) systems where high-frequency
signals are superimposed on power lines for various purposes like communication and control.
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