DIRECT AND INDIRECT
SPEECH
1. What do you think of my new phone?' he asked me.
He ..............................................................his new phone.
2. ‘I will call you tomorrow morning,' John promised.
John promised that ................................................… day in the morning.
3. 'I have finished reading this book.' said the boy.
The boy ............................................. finished reading that book.
4. 'You can finish the report tomorrow,' he told her.
He ………………………………....... finish the report the following day.
6. ‘What time do you finish work today?’ he asked John.
He ……………………………………………….work that day.
PASSIVE AND ACTIVE
VOICE
Active and passive voice dictate how a sentence is
structured based on whether the subject performs the
action (active) or receives the action (passive).
Active voice is generally preferred for clarity and
directness, while passive voice is useful when the
action or the recipient of the action is more important
than the actor.
Active Voice:
Structure: Subject + Verb + Object
Focus: The subject performs the action.
Example: "The dog chased the ball."
(The dog is the subject and performs the action of chasing.)
Passive Voice:
Structure: Object (becomes the subject) + Form of "to be" +
Past Participle + (by + Agent - optional)
Focus: The subject receives the action.
Example: "The ball was chased by the dog."
(The ball is now the subject and receives the action of being
chased.)
Tense Active Voice Passive Voice
Simple Present Subject + Verb (base form or -s/-es) + Object Object + is/am/are + Past Participle + (by +
Subject)
:
Example: The chef cooks the meal. Example: The meal is cooked by the chef.
Present Continuous Subject + is/am/are + Verb(-ing) + Object Object + is/am/are + being + Past Participle + (by
+ Subject)
Example: She is writing a letter. Example: A letter is being written by her.
Simple Past Subject + Verb (past form) + Object Object + was/were + Past Participle + (by
+ Subject)
Example: He fixed the car. Example: The car was fixed by him.
Past Continuous Subject + was/were + Verb(-ing) + Object Object + was/were + being + Past
Participle + (by + Subject)
Example: They were playing the game. Example: The game was being played by
them.
Present Perfect Subject + has/have + Past Participle + Object Object + has/have + been + Past Participle + (by +
Subject)
Example: They have finished the work. Example: The work has been finished by them.
Future Simple Subject + will + Verb (base form) + Object Object + will be + Past Participle + (by + Subject)
Example: She will bake a cake. Example: A cake will be baked by her.
Future Perfect Subject + will have + Past Participle + Object Object + will have been + Past Participle + (by +
Subject)
Example: They will have completed the project. Example: The project will have been completed by
them.
