CELL CYCLE &

CELL DIVISION
Most • Characterize the phases of the cell cycle and
Essential their control points.
• Describe the stages of mitosis/ meiosis given
Learning 2n=6.
Compete • Explain the significance or applications of
mitosis / meiosis
ncy
Living organisms can produce more
of their own kind. Humans give
birth to babies and eventually will
turn into a matured human being.
A mango seed which is nurtured
with right and good environmental
factors will gradually develop into a
tree and will bear mango fruits.
Moreover, living organisms can
repair damaged tissues. That is
why when we experience a cut on
our skin, it eventually heals as time
goes by. All of these happen
because of cell division, the
reproduction of cells.
 CELL DIVISION
• The process in which a
parent cell divides into
two or more cells called
daughter cells. 2 ways
that cell divides:
• Mitosis- a single cell
divides into two cells
that are replicas of each
other and have the
same number of
chromosomes.
• Meiosis- cell divides
into four cells that have
half number of
chromosomes.
Cell Cycle
• The Cell Cycle is an ordered series
of events involving cell growth and
cell division that produces two new
daughter cells.
• Cells on the path to cell division
proceed through a series of
precisely timed and carefully
regulated stages of growth, DNA
replication, and division that
produces two new cells.
 Grow
Cell Repair
Division:
Reasons Replace
Reproduce
Stages of the
Cell Cycle

1.
Interphase
2. Mitotic
phase
INTERPHASE

The phase in which the cell prepares itself for cell division
and which the cell grow and makes a copy of DNA.

Divided into subphases:

First Gap Phase (G1 Synthesis Phase (S Second Gap Phase (G2
Phase) Phase) Phase)
 INTERPHASE:
G1 Phase
(1st gap phase)
Cells undergo a
period of growth
at a very fast rate
where the cell
grows physically
larger.
INTERPHAS
E: S Phase
The DNA is
replicated; each
chromosome has
two sister
chromatids
 INTERPHASE:
G2 Phase
(2nd gap phase)

Cells grows more;

make proteins
and organelles in
preparation for
the mitotic
phase.
M Phase- Mitotic
phase
(mitosis-cell division)
• A type of cell division in which a
daughter cell has the same
number of chromosomes as the
parent cells; also defined as the
equational division.
• It occurs in body cells, for
growth and replace worn out
cells.
• A phase where nuclear division
occurs known as karyokineses.
 2 Distinct
Division of M
Phase
1. Mitosis
2. Cytokinesis
 M Phase
Mitosis

The nuclear DNA of

the cell condenses
into visible
chromosomes and is
pulled apart by
mitotic spindle- a
specialized structure
made out of
microtubules.
STAGES OF MITOSIS
Prophase

• The chromatin condenses to form

chromosomes
• Two identical copies of each
chromosome (sister chromatids )
are attached to centromere)
• Centromere moves to opposite
poles.
• Formation of mitotic spindle.
• During LATE PROPHASE,
Endoplasmic reticulum and
nucleolus begin to disappear.
Metaphas
e
• Chromosomes
lined up at the
equatorial plate.
• Nuclear envelope
completely
dissolves.
Anaphase
• Replicated
chromosome
separates.
• Daughter
chromatids move
to opposite
poles.
• Chromosomes
are very
condensed at
the late
anaphase.
 Telophase

• The last phase of

mitosis.
• Two daughter
nuclei are
formed.
• Spindle Fibers
disappear
• Nuclear envelope
forms around the
chromosomes.
CYTOKINESI
S
• Division of Cytoplasm
• A plate forms from
vesicles fused together
in the center of the cell
and divides the cell
into two daughter cells
which are identical to
the parent cell.
 CELL CYLE
CHECKPOINT
CELL CYCLE CHECKPOINTS
S
The cell cycles control system is
driven by a built-in clock that can be
adjusted by external stimuli. A
critical control point in the Cell cycle
where “stop” and “go-ahead” signals
that regulate the cell cycle is called
Checkpoint. Animals cells have
built-in stop signals that halt the cell
cycle and checkpoints until
overridden by go-ahead signals.
 3 MAJOR CHECKPOINTS
1. The G1 Checkpoint- The Restriction Point
 The G1 checkpoint ensures that the cell is CELL CYCLE CHECKPOINTS
large enough to divide, the nutrients are
enough to support the resulting daughter
cells and the DNA is not damaged.
 If the cell received a Go-ahead signals, it will
usually continue with the cell cycle.
 If the cell does not receive the go-ahead
signal, it will exit the cell cycle and switch to a
non-dividing state called G0. In G0, a cell is not
actively preparing to divide, its just doing its
job.
 Most cell in the human body are in the G0
 3 MAJOR CHECKPOINTS
2. The G2 Checkpoint
CELL CYCLE CHECKPOINTS
-ensures that DNA replication
in S phase has been succesfully
completed. If the DNA is damaged, the
cell cycle is haltered for repair.

3. The Metaphase Checkpoint

-ensures that all of the
chromosomes are attached to the mitotic
spindle by a kinetochore.
 3 MAJOR CHECKPOINTS
Kinases- a protein which activates or
CELL CYCLE CHECKPOINTS
deactivates another protein by
phosphorylating them. Kinases gives the
“go-ahead’ signals at the G1 and G2
checkpoints. The Kinases that drive these
checkpoints must themselves be
activated. The activating molecule is a
Cyclin, a protein that derives its name
from its cyclically fluctuating
concentration in the cell. Because of
these requirements, these kinases are
called cyclin-dependent kinases or CDKs.
 MEIOSIS
A type of cell division in which a daughter cell has half
the number of chromosomes of the parent cell; also
defined as the reductional division.

It is involved in the formation of sex cells or gametes

(sperm and egg cell).

The number of chromosomes in a gamete is called the

haploid chromosome number, or n; the number of
chromosomes in all other cells having a nucleus is twice
the haploid number and is called the diploid number, or
2n
A human cell which consists of 46 chromosomes will undergo
meiosis and produce gametes that have 23 chromosomes

Human offspring (zygote which is diploid, 2n=46) is a

combination of genetic information from parents, 23
chromosomes (haploid, n=23) from the father (sperm cell) and
23 chromosomes (haploid, n=23) from the mother (egg cell)
• Homologous
chromosomes are paired
chromosomes which is
similar in shape, size, and
gene arrangement has two
nuclear divisions that
produce four haploid cells
• For reproduction of species.
Stages of Meiosis
MEIOSIS 1: First
Division
• It reduces the number of
chromosomes from diploid
(2n) to haploid (n).
• Meiosis 1 has this following
phases:
a. Prophase I
b. Metaphase I
c. Anaphase I
d. Telophase I
Prophase I

The longest subphase of meiosis has five distinct substages.

Leptotene (Condensation)- chromosomes duplicate, condense and coil.

Zygotene (Pairing)- chromosomes start to [air up with other chromosomes that

carry the same set of genes in the process called synapsis; the thin space
between the two chromosomes is called synaptonemal complex; paired
chromosomes are called as homologous chromosomes and the whole structure
is called tetrad or bivalent because each pair is made up of four chromatids.
• Pachytene (Recombination)- genetic information is exchanged
between chromosome pairs in the process of crossing over which
results to the formation of chiasma (plural: chiasmata) that serves as
attachment of two non- sister chromatids.
Diplotene (Coiling) – synapsis
ends and the synaptonemal
complex disappears; homologous
pairs of chromosomes remain
attached at chiasmata.

Diakinesis ( Recondensation) –
chromosomes are fully
condensed and nuclear
membrane disappears.
Metaphase I
Homologous chromosomes
are attached to the spindle
fibers and line up along the
equatorial plate. Only ONE
number of chromatids.
Anaphase I
Homologous
chromosomes
separate and move
toward the opposite
poles; one member of
the homologous pair
will be distributed in
each new cell
 Telophase I
Nuclear membrane starts
to form around each
nucleus; chromosomes in
the two nuclei are not the
same because each of the
daughter cells contains
one member of the
homologous chromosome
pair and has half the
number of chromosomes
of the parent cell
 MEIOSIS II:
Second Division
• Like mitosis but genetically
unidentical; results in the
formation of four haploid
cells from the two haploid
cells produced in Meiosis I.
• No replication of
chromosomes.
 • It signals the start of the second
meiotic division; nuclear
Prophase II membrane disappears, and spindle
fibers gradually form.
Metaphase II

Chromatids pinned
together by centromeres
with two kinetochores are
attached to the spindle
fibers from centrosomes
at opposite poles;
chromosomes aligned at
the equatorial plate.
• Centromere- holds two sister
chromatids in a chromosome
• Kinetochore – disc shaped protein
complex found in centromere region
of the chromosome where spindle
fibers are attached
 Sister chromatids of each
Anaphase chromosome separate and move to
II opposite poles; nuclear membrane
starts to form around the chromatids
Telophase II

Final stage of
meiosis; second
division of
cytoplasm; four
haploid cells
are produced.
Comparison between Meiosis I and Meiosis II
Meiosis I Stages Meiosis II
Synapsis and Synapsis and
crossing over occur. Prophase crossing over do not
occur.
Side by side Random alignment of
alignment of chromosomes at the
homologous Metaphase equatorial plane.
chromosomes at the
equatorial plane.
Migration of Migration of sister
homologous chromatids towards
chromosomes Anaphase each spindle fiber.
towards each spindle
pole.
 Comparison between Mitosis and Meiosis
Mitosis Meiosis
Once DNA replication Once
To repair damaged or
Objective To produce gametes
replace dead cells
No Promote variation Yes
One Number of division Two
No Synapsis Yes
Chromosomal
No Yes
crossing over
Homologous
chromosome Side by side during
Randomly
alignment during metaphase I
metaphase
 Comparison between Mitosis and Meiosis
Mitosis Meiosis
Occurs only during
Division of
Yes centromeres
Centromeres
anaphase II
Same with the Chromosome Half the chromosome
chromosome of the number per number of the parent
parent cell daughter cell cell
Number of
Two Four
daughter cells
 IMPORTANCE OF
APPLICATIONS OF
MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS
MITOSIS: IMPORTANCE AND
APPLICATIONS
Growth and Heals and repairs
worn out cells and Responsible for asexual
development of an reproduction where the
replaces the old and
organism by damaged cells with
offspring is a clone to
producing new cells. its parent organism.
new cells.

Hereditary traits Genetic information from

parent organism is
are equally preserved or remain
distributed to the unchanged from one
generation to another
daughter cells. generation.
MEIOSIS: IMPORTANCE AND
APPLICATIONS
Responsible for sexual Genetic
Production of sex cells recombination is
reproduction of
or gametes, sperm cell
for male and egg cell
organisms which carries possible from one
genetic information from generation to next
for female. the father and mother.
generation.

Maintain the number Basis for evolution

of chromosomes because of the
among organisms in variations
each new generation. produced.
MEIOSIS: IMPORTANCE AND
APPLICATIONS

The reason for daughter

cells to differ from parent
In females (human), meiosis
cells and also each other is
results in 1 egg and 3 polar
because of segregation,
bodies.
crossing over and
independent assortment,