Module -2

Literature Review and Technical Reading

Literature Review and Technical
Reading
The primary goal of a literature review is to:
1. Identify the research problem: This includes understanding the current state of
knowledge on the topic, identifying gaps in knowledge, and determining the
research questions that need to be answered .
2. Advocate a specific approach: This involves evaluating the different
approaches that have been taken to study the problem, and selecting the approach
that is most likely to be successful.
3. Evaluate the choice of methods: This includes assessing the validity and
reliability of the methods that have been used, and determining whether they are
appropriate for the research problem.
4. Demonstrate the need for new research: This involves showing that the
existing research is not sufficient to answer the research questions, and that new
research is needed to make progress.
The quality of a literature review can be evaluated based on the following
criteria:
Breadth and depth of coverage: The literature review should cover a wide range
of relevant sources, and provide a deep understanding of the research problem.
Clarity and rigor: The literature review should be written in a clear and concise
style, and should use rigorous analytical methods.
Consistency:The literature review should be consistent with the research problem,
approach, and methods.
Effective analysis: The literature review should provide a critical analysis of the
existing research, and should identify the key findings and gaps in knowledge.
New and Existing Knowledge

The interpretation of new knowledge heavily depends on the researcher's

background and perception, which can range from indifference to excitement. The
significance of new knowledge is often established by identifying existing problems
in the field and demonstrating the gaps in the current understanding.
Existing knowledge is essential for highlighting the existence of a problem
and its importance. Researchers use the context, significance, originality, and tools
from existing literature to build a case for their work. This knowledge is gathered
through extensive reading and literature review, spanning both foundational
textbooks and recent research papers.
Textbooks provide established knowledge and foundational background,
while research papers focus on presenting new, cutting-edge information. Research
papers assume prior knowledge and can be challenging to understand without a
solid foundation. Researchers often need to refer to various sources to interpret the
content of research papers effectively.
 A thorough literature review is crucial to demonstrate how a research piece builds
upon existing work. It provides a strong foundation for advancing knowledge,
identifying gaps, and suggesting new research directions. A good literature survey is
concept-focused rather than author-focused.
Components of a Comprehensive Literature Review:
1.Summarize existing knowledge from the state of the art.
2. Detail key concepts, factors, parameters, and relationships.
3. Discuss complementary approaches to the topic.
4. Highlight inconsistencies, shortcomings, and contradictory results.
5. Justify the need for further research in the field.
Steps to Conduct an Effective Literature Survey:
1. Identify major topics or concepts relevant to the research subject.
2. Categorize relevant sources (articles, patents, websites, data, etc.) under
respective concepts.
New and existing knowledge play crucial roles in research. Understanding
the significance of existing knowledge, effectively reviewing the literature, and
integrating new findings into the foundation are essential steps for researchers
seeking to contribute meaningfully to their field. A comprehensive literature survey
not only informs the researcher but also serves as a cornerstone for future
advancements.
Analysis and Synthesis of Prior Art Bibliographic
Steps in Analyzing Literature :
1. Understanding the Hypothesis: Grasp the central research question or hypothesis of
each article. This helps establish the context and purpose of the research.
2. Understanding Models and Experimental Conditions: Delve into the models and
experimental setups used in the articles. This understanding helps in comparing and
contrasting findings and methodologies.
3. Making Connections: Identify common themes, similarities, and differences across
the articles. This step involves synthesizing the information to derive meaningful
insights.
4. Comparing and Contrasting: Compare various pieces of information, methodologies,
and results across different sources. This comparison can reveal trends, contradictions,
or gaps in the existing knowledge.
5. Finding Strong Points and Loopholes: Evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of each
article. Identify areas where the research is robust and where there might be limitations
or areas that need further investigation.
Critical Evaluation of Sources

• Authority: Assess the author's credentials and affiliation. Consider the publisher of the
information. Academic or reputable sources carry more weight
• Accuracy: Compare the information presented with what is already known about the topic.
Does the information align with credible sources? Look for citations and references that
support the claims made.
• Scope: Determine if the source matches the appropriate comprehension or research level.
Ensure that the content is relevant to your research goals.
• Currency: Consider the publication date. Depending on the field, currency may be crucial to
ensure you're working with up-to-date information.
• Objectivity: Evaluate the objectivity of the source. Is the information presented without bias?
Look for balanced viewpoints and comprehensive analyses.
• Purpose: Understand the purpose of the source. Is it a research paper, review article, or
opinion piece? Different types of sources serve different purposes.
• An effective literature survey involves a meticulous process of breaking down and
synthesizing information from various sources. Researchers must understand the
hypotheses, models, and experimental conditions, while also comparing and
contrasting findings. Critical evaluation of sources based on criteria such as
authority, accuracy, scope, currency, objectivity, and purpose ensure that the
gathered information is reliable and relevant. This comprehensive approach not
only enhances the quality of the literature review but also contributes to the
development of novel ideas and research directions.
Bibliographic Databases

Bibliographic databases serve as essential resources for researchers by

offering access to citation-related information and abstracts of scholarly
research articles. These databases provide a valuable tool for searching and
retrieving relevant literature, aiding in the exploration of new ideas and
adderessing research problems.
Benefits of Bibliographic Databases:
Abstracting and Indexing Services: Bibliographic databases act as abstracting
and indexing services, compiling essential details about research articles. They
include information such as citations, abstracts, authors, affiliations, and
keywords.
Access to Scholarly Literature: These databases facilitate access to a wide
range of scholarly research articles, helping researchers stay informed about the
latest developments in their field.
`
Search Capabilities: Researchers can perform advanced searches using keywords,
authors, publication years, and other criteria to find relevant articles quickly.
Comprehensive Coverage: Bibliographic databases cover a vast array of
disciplines and subjects, providing a comprehensive repository of research
materials.
Quality Research: Simultaneous searches across multiple databases help
researchers avoid overreliance on a single source and mitigate limitations associated
with individual databases.
Challenges and Solutions:
1. Database Limitations: Relying solely on one database can result in biased or incomplete
results. Researchers might encounter limitations in terms of coverage, access, or search
capabilities.
2. Intrinsic Shortcomings: Each database may have its own limitations, such as biased
indexing, incomplete coverage of certain fields, or inconsistencies in abstract quality.
Selecting Databases for Research:
• Identification of Relevance: Researchers should quickly identify which databases are
suitable for exploring their ideas or addressing specific research problems.
• Diverse Selection: To ensure comprehensive coverage, researchers can choose a
combination of databases that cater to their research area.
• Cross-Database Searches: Researchers should perform simultaneous searches across
multiple databases to enhance the breadth and quality of their research findings.
Web of Science
It provides researchers with access to a wide range of scholarly materials, making it an invaluable resource
for academic exploration.
• Key Features and Usage:
 Search Capabilities: Web of Science offers an extensive search functionality, allowing researchers to explore scholarly
materials within specific topics of interest. The search can be refined using various fields such as title, topic, author,
address, and more.
 Sorting and Refining: Researchers can sort search results by factors such as the number of citations or publication date.
The "Refine Results" panel on the left enables narrowing down results using keywords, phrases in quotation marks,
material type (e.g., peer-reviewed journal articles), date, language, and more.
 Enhanced Search Strategies: The platform encourages effective search strategies by suggesting actions such as putting
quotes around phrases, adding more keywords, and considering alternate word endings. Researchers are also advised to
break down search concepts and use the "OR" operator to connect alternate search terms.
 Cited Reference Search: A unique feature is the "Cited Reference Search," enabling researchers to trace articles that
have cited a previously published paper. This option provides insights into how ideas have been applied, improved, or
extended over time.
 Structured and Informed Results: The platform ensures efficient utilization of time by narrowing and refining search
results. Researchers can broaden or narrow down results based on their needs using built-in fields.
 Access to Detailed Information: Clicking on search results provides a wealth of information about the paper,
including the title, authors, journal type, volume, issue number, publication year, abstract, and keywords. This
information helps researchers decide whether to acquire the full version of the paper
Google and Google Scholar
• Google and Google Scholar are valuable starting points for research due to their accessibility
and potential to find freely available information. However, both platforms come with
limitations and challenges.
Google's Limitations:
 "Black Box" Nature: Google searches the entire internet without quality control, making it
difficult to determine the reliability and source of results.
 Limited Search Functionality: Google offers limited search and refinement options,
potentially leading to overwhelming or irrelevant results.
Google Scholar's Limitations:
 Mixed Scholarly Content: Some results may appear scholarly but lack credibility upon closer
examination.
 Incomplete Coverage: Not all publishers make their content available to Google Scholar.
 Limited Search Capabilities: Google Scholar provides fewer search options for refining results.
Effective Search: The Way Forward
Scholarly publications are authored by researchers in specific fields, undergo peer review, and
target experts and students in the field. While engineering researchers often refer to scholarly
journals and peer-reviewed sources, useful content can also be found in popular publications for
broader readership. A comprehensive search involves using various search tools and considering
the type and availability of information.
Diverse Sources and Considerations:
Scholarly vs. Popular Publications: Scholarly publications are formal, peer reviewed, and aimed
at experts, while popular publications are informal and cater to a broader audience.
 Multiple Sources Needed: No single source provides all required information; researchers
must explore various sources.
 Availability and Timing: Not all information is online; scholarly information may take time to
publish, and current news may not have scholarly coverage.
 Iterative Process: Searching involves experimenting with keywords, evaluating results,
modifying searches, and analyzing citations and references.
Research Process Steps:
Literature Survey: Engage in an iterative process of searching,
evaluating, and modifying searches to identify relevant sources.
 Critical Reading: Thoroughly read and observe salient points in
selected sources, making notes and summarizing findings.
 Comparison and Contrast: Compare and contrast findings to identify
patterns, trends, and inconsistencies.
Continuous Process: Literature survey is ongoing, as new literature
appears and understanding grows, leading to new connections and
related problems.
Introduction to Technical Reading
• Strategies for Reading Research Papers:
1. Selective Reading: Not all papers are worth reading in-depth. An initial skimming helps decide whether a paper is worth
further exploration.
2. Skimming Process:
a) Read the title and keywords: Determine if the paper is interesting and relevant.
b) Read the abstract: Gain an overview of the paper's content and relevance
c) Jump to conclusions: Assess if the paper aligns with your research goals.
d) Review figures, tables, and captions: Quickly understand the key results.
3. In-Depth Reading:
a. Introduction: Understand the background and purpose of the study.
b. Results and Discussion: Focus on the core findings and their interpretation.
c. Experimental Setup/Modeling: Read if interested in detailed methodology.
4. Consider Author Reputation: Evaluate not only the content but also the reputation of the authors who produced the
knowledge.
5. Staying Updated: Continuously search for relevant literature and remain up-to date with developments in the field.
Conceptualizing Research
Characteristics of a Good Research Objective:
 Novelty and Significance: Research objectives should contribute new insights and be recognized as valuable by peers.
 Feasibility: Objectives should be achievable within available resources and methodologies.
Conceptualizing Research at Different Levels:
1. Ph.D. Level and Higher:
a. Expertise Requirement: Developing a research objective demands expertise at the edge of
knowledge.
b. Immersion in Literature: Continuously reading and understanding existing literature is crucial for
combining problem significance, existing knowledge, and potential methods.
2. Smaller Scope Projects (Master’s Thesis):
c. Expert Guidance: Researcher may lack the time to become an expert. Supervisor's expertise helps
formulate research objectives.
d. Efficient Literature Navigation: Established researchers guide towards essential literature for a
focused understanding.
Critical and Creative Reading
Critical Reading:
• Questioning Assumptions: Challenge assumptions made by the authors. Are they reasonable, and
do they align with the problem being addressed?
• Alternative Solutions: Consider if there are simpler or more effective solutions that were
overlooked.
• Limitations and Missing Links: Identify both stated and ignored limitations of the proposed
solution. Determine if any essential connections or steps are missing.
• Assumptions and Logic: Assess the logical flow of the paper and the soundness of assumptions
made.
• Data Evaluation: Scrutinize the data presented. Is it relevant and interpreted correctly? Could
alternative datasets provide stronger support?
• Judgmental Approach: Employ a judgmental mindset to critically identify errors and
inconsistencies in the paper.
• Boldness in Judgment: Be willing to make bold judgments about the paper's content,
assumptions, and conclusions.
• Flexibility in Judgment: Be open to revising judgments based on new insights gained from careful
reading.
Creative Reading:
• Positive Approach: Creatively explore the paper's content to discover
new ideas, applications, or generalizations that may have been missed
by the authors.
• Extending Work: Look for opportunities to extend the research by
identifying potential areas for further investigation.
• Practical Challenges: Consider if modifications to the proposed
solution could introduce practical challenges or lead to valuable new
research directions.
Challenges in Critical and Creative
Reading:
Critical vs. Creative: Critical reading aims to identify errors, while
creative reading involves seeking new opportunities and insights.
Relative Difficulty: Creative reading can be more challenging than
critical reading, requiring a proactive and open-minded approach.
Taking Notes While Reading
Importance of Note-Taking:
• Preservation of Knowledge: Taking notes prevents valuable insights
from being forgotten over time.
• Highlighting Key Content: Important concepts, definitions, and
explanations are marked for later reference.
• Capturing Questions and Criticisms: Queries and criticisms are
documented, aiding critical analysis and potential research directions.
• Enhancing Recall: Notes help in quickly revisiting and recalling
content during the writing phase.
Methods of Note-Taking:
• Marginal Annotations: Researchers often jot down notes in the
margins of paper copies or digitally using specialized tools.
• Content Highlighting: Key concepts, definitions, and noteworthy
passages are highlighted for quick reference.
• Questions and Critiques: Noting questions, concerns, and critiques
helps engage deeply with the material.
• Summary Sentences: Concluding the reading with a few sentences
summarizing the paper's contributions is a beneficial practice.
Reading Mathematics and
Algorithms
Mathematics serves as the foundational framework for the
advancement and growth of engineering research and practice. It plays
a pivotal role in deriving proofs, developing algorithms, and creating
the theoretical underpinning of technical papers. While mathematical
content may appear daunting, diligent reading and understanding of
mathematical derivations are essential for comprehending the core of
any technical research paper.
Importance of Mathematical Derivations and
Proofs
• Core of Technical Papers: Mathematical derivations and proofs form the heart of technical
papers, providing the foundation for novel concepts and innovations.
• In-depth Understanding: Meticulous reading of mathematical content enhances the
researcher's grasp of the problem, solution, and underlying principles.
• Sound Understanding: In-depth comprehension of proofs and algorithms after identifying
paper relevance fosters a solid grasp of the authors' attempted solution.
Selective Skimming of Technical Sections:
• Relevance Consideration: Skim technical sections that reiterate known concepts or seem
too advanced for the current research stage.
• Delayed Understanding: Postpone deep comprehension of specialized sections that might
not be immediately relevant.
• Later Exploration: Bookmark sections that appear too intricate or detailed for later
exploration once foundational knowledge is consolidated.
• Implementation of Algorithms:
• Verification and Validation: Implementation of complex algorithms using
programming languages helps identify errors and validate their functionality.
• Real-World Application: Practical implementation reveals the feasibility of
algorithms and uncovers potential issues that might not be apparent in theory.
Importance of Quick Coding:
• Algorithm Verification: Rapid coding and implementation can validate the
correctness of algorithms.
• Practical Application: Practical coding unveils real-world challenges and
discrepancies that may not be evident from theory alone.
Reading a Datasheet
• In various engineering fields, researchers encounter diverse types of documents that
are crucial for understanding, designing, and incorporating specific components or
parts. Datasheets, particularly in electronics, serve as instruction manuals for electronic
components and play a pivotal role in circuit design, debugging, and integration.
• Importance of Datasheets:
• Instruction Manuals for Components: Datasheets provide comprehensive details about
electronic components, including their functionalities, specifications, and usage
instructions.
• Design and Debugging: Researchers utilize datasheets to design circuits, debug existing
circuits, and ensure proper component integration.
• Performance Analysis: Datasheets offer insights into component performance under
varying conditions, enabling researchers to optimize circuit design.
Reading Datasheets:
• Initial Skimming: Begin with an initial skimming to assess the relevance of the datasheet to the
research task at hand.
• Functional Block Diagram: Review the functional block diagram to understand the internal
functions and connections of the component.
• Pinout and Physical Layout: Examine the pinout to identify the physical location of pins,
ensuring correct placement in the circuit.
• Graphs and Performance Data: Study graphs depicting performance against variables like
supply voltage and temperature. Note safe operating regions for reliable functioning.
• Truth Tables: Understand truth tables detailing input-output relationships, aiding in configuring
the component correctly.
• Timing Diagrams: Analyze timing diagrams to grasp data transmission and reception speed and
patterns.
• Package Dimensions: Note accurate package dimensions, which are vital for proper PCB layout.
Benefits of Reading Datasheets:
• Efficiency and Time Savings: Thoroughly reading a component's
datasheet provides insights that can lead to shortcuts and efficient
solutions, saving time in the long run.
• Informed Decision-Making: When choosing components for a
research project, detailed knowledge from datasheets helps
researchers make informed decisions.
• Circuit Reliability: Properly understanding datasheets ensures that
components are used within specified parameters, enhancing circuit
reliability.
Attributions and Citations:
• Giving Credit Wherever Due
Citing:
• Citing involves integrating quotes, references, and ideas from other authors' works into one's own text.
• The primary purpose of citing is to provide evidence, support arguments, and give context to the
reader.
• Proper citation allows readers to trace back to the original source and verify the information.
• Citing should be clear, accurate, and relevant to the context.
Referencing:
• Referencing is the act of listing complete publication details of cited works in a reference list or
bibliography.
• It provides readers with comprehensive information about the sources and helps them locate the cited
works.
• Correct referencing also demonstrates the researcher's familiarity with relevant literature.
Acknowledgment
• Acknowledgment acknowledges contributions and support received in the research process.
• It expresses gratitude to individuals or entities that aided in the research, such as funding
agencies, colleagues, or mentors.
• Acknowledgment is personal, often containing expressions of appreciation beyond the research
itself.
Importance:
• Integrity: Proper citing, referencing, and acknowledgment ensure research integrity and avoid
plagiarism.
• Ethical Responsibility: Researchers have an ethical duty to acknowledge the intellectual property
of others.
• Transparency: Readers can verify claims, explore sources, and delve into relevant literature.
• Scholarly Communication: Effective citation and referencing contribute to clear and effective
scholarly communication.
Citations: Functions and Attributes
• Citations and their Importance:
• Citations credit authors and allow readers to trace the source for verification.
• Properly citing sources is essential to avoid plagiarism and give credit where due.
• Citing ensures transparency and accountability in scholarly work.
Types of Materials Requiring Citation:
• Any content from external sources: texts, images, sounds, etc.
• Failure to cite may lead to inadvertent plagiarism and ethical concerns.
Function and Significance of Citation:
1. Verification Function:
• Citations enable readers to validate claims and verify information.
• Intentional or unintentional distortion can be identified through citations.
2. Acknowledgment Function:
• Researchers receive credit through citations, influencing their
reputation.
• Citations play a role in obtaining research funding and career
advancement.
3.Documentation Function:
• Citations document the progress and evolution of scientific concepts
over time.
• Proper Attribution and Citation:
• Authors must provide complete details about cited sources.
• Materials that can be cited include journal papers, conference proceedings, books, theses,
websites, etc.
• Citing at the end of a sentence or paragraph with accurate details is crucial. Functions of Citation in
Academic Writing:
• In-text Citation: Used exactly where a source is quoted or paraphrased.
• References: Listing all cited sources in a separate section, providing comprehensive information.
Use of Citation Styles:
• Citation styles dictate the order and layout of citation elements.
• Consistency within a chosen citation style is crucial for maintaining clarity and professionalism.
Legal Implications and Ethical Concerns
• Failure to cite may lead to accusations of plagiarism and intellectual property infringement.
• Authors have a responsibility to give credit and avoid misrepresentation.
Citation Pitfalls to Avoid
• Spurious Citations: Including unnecessary citations adds no value and
wastes readers' time.
• Biased Citations: Citing selectively or based on personal affiliations
compromises objectivity.
• Self-Citations: Self-citation is acceptable when relevant but can be
problematic if done excessively or irrelevantly.
• Coercive Citations: Manipulating citations for journal impact factors
undermines ethical practices.
Impact of Title and Keywords on
Citations
• Title's Importance and Impact:
• The title is a key factor in attracting readers and conveying the paper's
subject.
• A well-crafted title is informative, attention-grabbing, and aids in
marketing the paper.
• The title influences the paper's visibility during literature searches
and contributes to its traceability.
Title Characteristics and
Citation
1. Title Length:
Rates
• Longer titles tend to have a positive impact on the number of citations. •
• Longer titles often include methodological details or results, attracting more
attention.
2. Types of Titles:
• Question-type titles may attract more downloads but are poorly cited.
• Descriptive or declarative titles are generally more effective in obtaining citations.
• Titles containing a question mark or reference to a specific geographical region may
result in lower citation rates.
3. Keywords in Titles:
• Titles with at least two keywords increase the chances of discovery, reading, and
citation. • Keywords in titles assist in categorizing the research and directing it to the
relevant audience.
• Keywords and their Role:
• Keywords provide essential information about the paper's content.
• Search engines, indexing services, and digital libraries use keywords to
categorize research topics.
• Keywords ensure the paper reaches the relevant audience and enhances
visibility.
Importance of Keywords in Citations:
• Using the maximum allowable keywords increases the likelihood of the paper
being found.
• Overuse of new keywords should be avoided to maintain familiarity within the
research community.
Knowledge Flow Through Citation
Knowledge flows are crucial in the research community, facilitating the creation
and dissemination of new knowledge. In the stream of engineering research,
knowledge flow is primarily observed through books, theses, articles, patents,
and reports.
Importance of Citing Sources:
• Citing sources is integral to the transmission of knowledge from existing work
to new innovations.
• It is a way to acknowledge and reference the work that contributes to one's
research.
• Proper citation establishes a network of connections between research papers,
allowing the flow of knowledge from previous research to current studies.
Citation Network and Knowledge
Flow
• Knowledge flow occurs through citation networks, connecting
different elements of research.
• When one paper (A) is cited by another paper (B), knowledge is
disseminated across institutions and researchers.
Figure illustrates the relationship between citations, knowledge flow,
researchers, papers, journal publications, conferences, and institutions.
Citation based knowledge flow
diagram:
• Role of Collaboration in Knowledge Flow:
• Interdisciplinary research promotes collaboration among scholar
• Collaborative research enhances the quality of work and encourages
knowledge exchange.
• Soorya Moorthy's study examined the citation impact of South
African publications, highlighting those co-authored papers received
more citations than single-author papers.
• a positive correlation was observed between the number of authors
involved and resulting citation count.
i
• Knowledge flow is essential in the research community and takes
various forms of communication. Properly citing sources establishes a
network of knowledge dissemination, enabling researchers to build
upon existing work and contribute to the advancement of their
respective fields. Collaboration among scholars further enhances
knowledge flow, contributing to higher quality research and increased
citation impact.
Co-authorship network
• Figure shows the relationship between integration and different fonts.
For X and Y sentences, consider three articles (X, Y, and Z) and five
documents (X1, X2, X3, Y1 and Y2), respectively. A, B, and C are authors
of article X, and D, E, F, G, and A are authors of article Y. Article Z has
two authors, H and E.
• The authors of reference X1, X2, X3, Y1 and Y2 are (A, P), (H, R), (D), (Q,
B, F) and (R), respectively. According to the corresponding author,
documents X1 and Y1 are considered self-quoted; The use of X3 is a
level 1 author citation because the author of article Y is a direct
collaborator of author A and the reference X2 is level 1. Quotation.
Since the author network is a partner of E co-operating with author A, H
Citing Datasets
• Significance of Data Citations:
• Engineering research heavily relies on data to validate hypotheses and conclusions.
• Data citations are essential for giving credit and legal attribution to the creators of
datasets.
• Proper data citations enable other researchers to access and utilize the same
datasets for their own work.
Challenges in Data Ownership:
• Ownership of data can be complex, especially with large datasets involving multiple
contributors.
• Funding sources and agreements can complicate data ownership and usage
permissions.
Citation Styles
• Citation styles differ in the order and grammar of the material cited, with an emphasis on brevity,
readability, date, spelling, and publication. Some of the most common citation formats used by
engineers (and other authors) are:
1. ASCE format (American Society of Civil Engineers)
(a) Reference list: this section should be included in the book. At the end of an article or guide, or in
space. A model for the same example is given below:
(b) Books or articles written in books: The following sections will be placed after the words pertaining to
the internal work:
IEEE Style (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) IEEE Style is the standard for all IEEE journals
and journals and is often used for papers and articles in business, electronics and computer science. The
IEEE style requires the use of final letters and numbers to include references. Submitters of content to
IEEE publications should refer to the relevant journal or journal's guidelines and may also refer to the
entire IEEE Reference Guide. Listed below are some examples of the IEEE citation style for different types
of resources: A place to get a brief introduction to the organization. or charities. These can be shown at
the end of the text or in footnotes if there are no specific instructions for publication.
Acknowledgments and Attributions
• Acknowledgment is the practice of recognizing the person or
organization responsible for producing the research published in a
particular article. Accreditation demonstrates the relationship
between people, organizations, institutions and science. In some
cases, an individual may assist with research but may not be eligible
to be listed as an author. Such cooperation should be regarded as
gratitude. Group recognition leads to many factors such as spiritual,
financial, correctional, office or business and provides strategic
support
What Should Be Acknowledged?
Acknowledgments in engineering research play a crucial role in giving credit where it's due and maintaining ethical research practices.
Authors must recognize various contributions and support that enable their research efforts.
• Types of Contributions to Acknowledge:
1. Quotation: • Direct quotations are rarely used in technical writing.
• Direct quotations must be enclosed in quotation marks and attributed properly.
• Indirect quotations (paraphrasing) should be acknowledged with name and date.
2. Scientific and Technical Guidance:
• Acknowledge individuals who provided scientific or technical guidance.
• Include those who engaged in discussions or shared valuable information.
3. Assistants, Students, and Technicians:
• Acknowledge those who contributed experimentally and theoretically.
• Mention individuals who assisted in conducting experiments or theoretical analyses.
4. Funding Agencies: • Acknowledge funding agencies and grant numbers if the research was supported by grants. • Provide full details
of the funding program.
5. Facilities and Organizations: • Acknowledge centers or organizations that provided services or facilities. • If not formally affiliated,
acknowledge external support received.
6. Presentation Elsewhere: • If results were presented elsewhere (journals, meetings, symposia), acknowledge appropriately. • Provide
citations for abstracts or relevant gatherings.
• Ethical and Professional Importance:
• • Acknowledgments demonstrate integrity and ethical behavior in research. • Encourages
continued collaboration from individuals who contributed.
• Compliance and Funding Requirements:
• Funding agencies often require acknowledgment of their support in publications.
• Ensure compliance with funding terms and conditions for proper acknowledgment.
• Failure to acknowledge funding might lead to discontinuation of funding or future
ineligibility.
• Professional Impact and Collaboration:
• Acknowledgment is no longer just an expression of gratitude; it's a professional impact
indicator.
• Proper acknowledgment strengthens colleagues' careers and builds collaboration.
• Acknowledgments in Books/Dissertations :
A disclaimer page is usually added at the beginning of the post/ad, just after
the Content. These acknowledgments are longer than a paragraph or two in a
journal or conference article. This detailed acknowledgment allows
researchers to thank everyone who contributed to the success of the
research project. The views that need to be recognized should be given good
attention in this order. In general, express your interest clearly and avoid
using emotional words. These recognitions usually recognize the following
persons: first advisor, second advisor, laboratory staff, other department staff,
staff assistants or assistants in the department, colleagues from other
departments, other organizations or associations, former students, relatives
and friends.
• Dedication or Acknowledgments?
Dedication is rarely used in written documents, meetings, or patents;
used only for large documents such as a book, article, or article report.
While special appreciation is given to those who help the book in some
way (editing, moral support, etc.), the dedication is to the author who
wants to give it, whether it's the author's mother or the best people. A
friend, a pet dog, or God Almighty. Yes, it's nice to give something to
someone while they're still talking about it. For example, a person
might give a book to their spouse but acknowledge her honesty and
patience during times of great stress.