Computing Fundamentals

Instructor:

Engr.Romana Farhan
Assistant Professor CPED
Some information …
 Robert Lafore
◦ All example programs work on both Microsoft and
Turbo Compilers
 Deitel and Deitel
◦ All examples follow Microsoft Visual C++ Express
Edition
 Aslam and Qureshi
◦ All examples follow Turbo C++ compiler and
should work for most of the other compilers
Lecture outline
 Input and Output
 Comments
 Escape Sequences
 Variables and constants
 Data types
 Arithmetic operators
 Logical Operators
 Increment/decrement Operator
Input and Output
 C++ uses cout for output and cin for input
 cout

◦ It stands for console output.

◦ It is used to display content to computer screen/
console.
◦ It is a predefined object.
◦ It is part of iostream header file.
 Examples
◦ cout << “Hello world”;
◦ cout << “Hello” << “world”;
◦ cout << a+b;
 where a and b are integer variables
Input and Output
 cin
◦ It stands for console input.
◦ It is a predefined object.
◦ It is part of iostream header file.
◦ When cin input statement is executed the
computer waits to receive an input from
keyboard.
◦ When a value is typed by user and enter key is
pressed, the value is assigned to the variable and
control shifts to next executable statement
 Example
◦ cin >> var1;
Input and Output –
example1
# include<iostream>
int main ( )
{
int var1;
cout<< “enter a number”;
cin >> var1;
cout<< “you have entered ” << var1;
return 0;
}
Input and Output –
example2
# include<iostream>
int main ( )
{
int num1, num2;
cout<< “lets add two numbers, enter first number”;
cin >> num1;
cout<< “enter second number;
cin >> num2;
cout << num1 + num2 ;
return 0;
}
Cascading Example
Comments
 You insert comments in programs
◦ to document your programs and
◦ to help other people read and
understand your programs.
 Comments are ignored by the C++
compiler and do not cause any
machine-language object code to be
generated.
 Comments – example1
// this program is about comments
# include<iostream> // allows program to output data to scree
//function main begins program execution
int main ()
{
cout<< “This is about comments”; // display message
return 0; //indicates that program ended successfully
} // end of main function
Comments
 Single-line comment
 A comment beginning with // is called
a single-line comment because it
terminates at the end of the current
line.
 You may use C’s style multiple-line
comments which begin with /* and
end with */.
Comments – example2
/* this program is about multiple-line comments
its another type of comment
this program has been written by programmer X
and it prints some text on screen
*/
# include<iostream>
int main ()
{
cout<< “This is about comments”;
return 0;
}
Escape Sequences
 They are some special non-printing characters.
 They are not printed but are used to control
printing/display on the output device.
 An escape sequence is a combination of back
slash ‘\’ and a character code.
 They are used inside strings or independently,
for example
◦ Use within string cout<<“hello \n world”;
OR
◦ Use independently
cout<< “hello”;
cout<<“\n”;
cout<< “world”;
Escape Sequences
Escape Sequences -
examples
 \n
cout <<“welcome \n to \n C++”;
 \t

cout <<“welcome \t to \t C++”;

 \r

cout<<“welcome \r to \r C++”;
 \a

cout<<“program end \a”;

Escape Sequences -
examples
 \\
cout<<“Select D: \\ drive”;
 \’

cout<<“welcome to \’ programming\’ ”;
 \”

cout<<“welcome to \” programming \” ”;
Example code with escape
sequences
# include<iostream>
int main ( )
{
int num1, num2;
cout<< “lets add two numbers, enter first number \n”;
cin >> num1;
cout<< “enter second number \n”;
cin >> num2;
cout<< “sum of \t” << num1<<“and \t”<<num2<<“is”;
cout << num1 + num2 ;
return 0;
}
endl manipulator
 The output of two or more cout statements
appears on the same line on output screen.
 No linefeed is inserted automatically.
 To print on a new line ‘\n’ is be used.
 Another way is to use endl manipulator.

cout<< “Hello everyone”<< endl;

Variables
 A variable is a location in computer’s
memory where a value is stored for use by
a program.
 Variable declaration
◦ All variables must be declared with a name and a
data type before they can be used.
◦ If more than one variable is declared in a
declaration statement, the names are separated
by commas (,) this is referred to as a comma-
separated list.
 int x, y, z;
Variables
 Variable Names
◦ A variable name is any valid identifier that is
not a keyword.
◦ An identifier is a series of characters consisting
of letters, digits and underscores ( _ ) that does
not begin with a digit.
◦ C++ is case sensitive—uppercase and
lowercase letters are different, so a1 and A1 are
different identifiers.
Variables
 You can define variables throughout the
program in C++.
 Many languages, including C require all

variables to be defined before the first

executable statement.
 Examples of variable names

◦ value1
◦ First_number
◦ Ahmed
Data types
 int
 char
 float
 double
 bool
Int
 A variable of type int holds integer values,
i.e. whole numbers such as 7, -11, 0, 9265
 Depending on computer system, int

occupies different sizes in memory.

 In 32-bit system (e.g. Windows 98), int

occupies 4 bytes in memory while it takes 2

bytes in MS-DOS .
 It can store values from -2,147,483,648 to

2,147,483,647
Character Variables
 A variable of type char holds only a single
lower case letter, a single uppercase letter,
or a single special character (e.g., $ or *)
 char takes only 1 byte in memory.
 It can store values from -128 to 127.
Character Variables

 The ASCII character set is a way of

representing characters such as ‘a’, ‘B’,
‘$’, ‘3’, and so on, as numbers.
 These numbers range from 0 to 127.
ASCII characters
Character Constants
 Character constants use single quotation
marks around a character, like ‘a’ and ‘b’.
 Note: This differ from string constants,

which use double quotation marks.

 When the C++ compiler encounters such a

character constant, it translates it into the

corresponding ASCII code. The constant ‘a’
appearing in a program, for example, will be
translated into 97
 Character variables can be assigned
character constants as values.

Character Constant
Horizontal Tab

Character Constant

Escape Sequence
for new line,
alternative to endl
manipulator
Output
Example :
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main( )
{
char c=‘a’;
char str[ ] = "Hello C++";
cout<<“The value of c=“<<c<<endl;
cout << "Value of str is : " << str << endl;
}
Example :
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main( )
{
char name[50];
cout << "Please enter your name: ";
cin >> name;
cout << "Your name is: " << name << endl;
}
Float
 A variable of type float holds floating type
data or real numbers, e.g., -11.4, 3.1416.
 Float occupies 4 bytes in memory.
 It can store values in range 3.4 x 10-38 to

3.4x1038
Double
 A variable of type double holds large real
numbers, e.g., 11.234, 1.6x10-50
 Storage capacity of double is twice the

capacity of float data type

Bool
 bool stands for boolean.
 A variable of type bool can hold true or

false.
 True is equivalent to 1 and false is

equivalent to 0.
Example:
#include<iostream>
#include<conio.h>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
//Using Bool Data Type
bool a = 321, b;
cout << "Bool a Contains : " << a; // print a it show 1
int c = true; // it store value 1 for true and 0 for false
c = a + a; // a value is 1 and 1 add to 1 gives 2
cout << "\nInteger c contain : " << c; //print c value
b = c + a;
cout << "\nBool b contain : " <<b;
getch();
return 0;
}
Variables with different Data
types
Examples of variable declaration:-
 int a, xy;
 float b;
 char val;
 double product;
Variables and memory
 When a variable is declared, a memory location is
assigned to it.
 The value in that memory location is also assigned
to that variable. We may call it garbage value.
 A known value must be assigned to the variable to
avoid mistakes in calculations/ processing due to
garbage value.
 Value assignment at the time of declaration is
called initialization.
 If not initialized, a variable can be assigned a
value later in the program too.
◦ int a=110, b=40, c;
Quiz #2:
1) Write a program to get name and age(in year) of
a person. Calculate the age in months and print
the name of person and its age in months.
2) Write a program in c++ to read the name of a
student and marks obtained in three subjects
using cin. Calculate the total and average.
3) Write a program to read temperature in
Fahrenheit. Convert the temperature to Celsius
degrees by using formula c=5/9(f-32).
4) Write a program to compute and print the
volume of a cylinder when its radius and height
are given using cin(vol=pi*h*r^2)