QUALITIES OF QUANTITATIVE

RESEARCH
 HOW CAN
NUMBERS BE
USED TO
DESCRIBE
PHENOMENA
IN NATURE?

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 QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

Quantitative research deals with

numerical values and how they can
describe a phenomenon or infer a
relationship.

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 It is the go-to approach for
scientific inquiry because of its
ability to test hypotheses.

QUANTITATI ● The basis of formulating and

VE testing hypotheses are
RESEARCH
variables, which are traits
that numerically describe or
give meaning to an object,
phenomenon, or group of
people. 4
VARIABLES ARE THE ONES THAT ARE USUALLY
IDENTIFIED, EXAMINED, DESCRIBED, OR
CORRELATED TO ANSWER A SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY.

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 ● An independent variable is
the variable that is
manipulated, especially in
experiments.
VARIABLES

● A dependent variable
depends on the independent
variable.
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CHARACTERISTICS OF QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH

● Controllability
● Generalizability
● Objectivity
● Replicability

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 Quantitative research
should be in an
CONTROLLABILIT environment where all
Y variables are
identified and can
be controlled.

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 Generalizability is from
larger sample sizes
GENERALIZABILI that the results are
TY based on as a
representative of
the population.

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 The results of the
data are
observable and
OBJECTIVITY
measurable using
structured
instruments.

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 The research study
should be replicable
by other teams of
REPLICABILITY researchers that will
eventually come up
with similar
outcomes.

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STRENGTHS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

● Analysis of data is assisted with

statistical methods.
● Large-scale research can be undertaken.
● Data can be presented in graphical or
tabular form.

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WEAKNESSES OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

● A large sample size requires a lot of time

and effort.
● Statistical analysis of data requires an
expert to perform.
● Quantifying and reducing observations to
numerical values makes it too simplistic.

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QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH HAS ITS STRENGTHS
AND WEAKNESSES. IT IS IMPORTANT THAT WE
ARE AWARE OF BOTH.

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TYPES OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

Nonexperimental
Experimental
● Descriptive research
● Comparative
True experimental
research
research
● Correlational
research
● Quasi-experimental
research 15
THE EXPERIMENTAL AND NONEXPERIMENTAL
TYPES OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH DEPEND ON
THE TOPIC AND THE NATURE OF THE PROBLEM
BEING INVESTIGATED.

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TRUE EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH

The primary objective of a true

experimental research design is to
identify a cause-effect relationship
between the variables where the
samples are randomized.

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 Example:
To find out if sunlight affects the growth of
plants, we have three setups:
● Set A is to grow a seed that will receive
ample amount of sunlight.
TRUE ● Set B is a seed that will be placed where
EXPERIMENT sunlight is limited.
AL ● Set C is a seed that will be placed
RESEARCH completely in the dark.

All of them will be planted in the same type of

soil and will be given equal amounts of water,
and the results will be recorded after days of
observation.
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QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
Quasi-experimental research mirrors
experimental research but it is not true
experimental research where a causal
relationship can be determined with the use of
dependent and independent variables.

Quasi-experiments do not use random

samples but assigned samples.
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 Example:
You wish to know the effect of height on milk
brand preference.
● True experiments would have to randomly
QUASI- assign respondents to groups where they
EXPERIMENT would be subjected to taste tests in order
AL to know which brand they prefer.
RESEARCH ● Because height is an innate characteristic
of a person, respondents cannot be
randomly assigned to groups.
● Instead, group respondents are assigned
groups based on their heights.
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 A nonexperimental
research design
DESCRIPTIVE focuses on the
RESEARCH description of factors,
variables, or
phenomena that occur
in nature.

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 Example:
To identify the factors that
contribute to the spoilage of food,
a survey is conducted to know
about food spoilage.
● You can use descriptive
DESCRIPTIVE statistics (mean, median, or
mode) in the survey.
RESEARCH ● From the result of that survey
conducted, for example, you
observed that the frequency for
temperature as a factor is the
highest. This means that
temperature contributes to
food spoilage the most.
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 Also called causal-comparative
research, its primary objective is
to compare two variables in
order to identify whether there
COMPARATIVE exists a causative relationship
RESEARCH between them.

This kind of research usually

involves two or more groups
and one independent variable.

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 Example:
You want to know if attendance to
the school’s summer program is
the cause of students’ increased
class participation.
● You identified two groups of
COMPARATIVE students who enrolled in the
summer program and those
RESEARCH who did not.
● You collected data on their
individual class participation.
● After analyzing the data, you
concluded that the summer
program helped the students in
participating more in class.
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 Its primary objective is
to compare two
CORRELATIONAL variables then
RESEARCH identify the
relationship
between them.

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 Example:
You want to know if there is a
significant relationship between the
length of sleep and student
productivity.
● Data on length of sleep is based on
the bedtime and waking up time of
the students.
CORRELATIONAL ● Data on student productivity is
based on the number of activities
RESEARCH being finished everyday.
● Data analysis shows that the closer
the length of sleep to eight hours,
the higher the number of activities
done.
● You concluded that there exists a
direct relationship between the
length of sleep and student
productivity. 26
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QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH MAY
BE EITHER EXPERIMENTAL OR
NONEXPERIMENTAL.

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PRACTICE

Using Internet resources, list down five

examples of quantitative research papers
and explain why you consider them to be as
such. Base your answers on the
characteristics of quantitative research.

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THE WORD EFFECT IS INDICATIVE THAT THE
RESEARCH STUDY AIMS TO UNDERSTAND A
CAUSE AND EFFECT RELATIONSHIP
ATTRIBUTED TO COMPARATIVE, EXPERIMENTAL,
OR QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH.

THE WORD RELATIONSHIP OR CORRELATION

IS A CLUE THAT THE RESEARCH STUDY IS EITHER
A COMPARATIVE OR A CORRELATIONAL STUDY.

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Quantitative research
deals with numerical values and how
they can describe a phenomenon or
infer a relationship.

Characteristics of quantitative
research include controllability,
generalizability, objectivity, and
replicability.
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Quantitative research tests
hypotheses, which are based on
variables that can either be
independent or dependent.

Quantitative research may be

experimental (true experimental) or
nonexperimental (descriptive,
comparative, correlational, and quasi-
experimental). 31