CORRELATI
ON
Correlation is the relationship between pairs of measures
usually each pair of measures is obtained from the same
individual.
The linear correlation coefficient is also called Pearson
product moment correlation coefficient.
It was developed by Karl Pearson with a related idea by
Francis Galton.
Charles Edward Spearman was strongly influenced by the
work of Galton and developed rank correlation n 1904.
The correlation concept will help to answer the following
types of questions.
Correlation between height and performance in high jump
among school boys.
Correlation between arm length and performance of shot put
performance.
Whether study time in hours is related with marks scored in
the examination?
Whether a woman’s age and her systolic blood pressure are
related?
DEFINITION OF CORRELATION
A.M. Tuttle defines correlation as: “An analysis of the co-
variation of two or more variables is usually called
correlation”
Ya-kun-chou defines correlation as: “The attempts to
determine the degree of relationship between variables”.
“When the relationship is of a quantitative nature, the
appropriate statistical tool for discovering the existence of
relation and measuring the intensity of relationship is known
as correlation” —CROXTON AND COWDEN
TYPES OF CORRELATION
1.Simple (Linear) correlation (2 variables only) : The
correlation between the given two variables. It is denoted by r
xy
2.Partial correlation (more than 2 variables): The
correlation between any two variables while removing the
effect of other variables. It is denoted by r xy.z …
3.Multiple correlation (more than 2 variables) : The
correlation between a group of variables and a variable which
is not included in that group. It is denoted by Ry.(xz…)
Simple correlation or Linear correlation
we are dealing with data involving two related variables and
generally we assign a symbol ‘x ’ to scores of one variable and
symbol ‘y ’ to scores of the other variable. There are five
types in simple correlation. They are
1. Positive correlation (Direct correlation)
2. Negative correlation (Inverse correlation)
3. Uncorrelated
4. Perfect positive correlation
5. Perfect negative correlation
Positive correlation: (Direct correlation)
The both the variables are varying in the same direction
then the correlation is said to be positive.
In other words, if one variable increases, the other variable
also increases or if one variable decreases, the other
variable also decreases.
For example,
Height and weight will come under positive correlation
examples, taller people tend to weigh more, and vice
versa.
Running on a treadmill for a longer period of time
will help you burn more calories.
Marks in Mathematics and Marks in Statistics. (i.e.
Direct relationship pattern exists).
Ice cream sales rise in tandem with the temperature.
As your hair grows longer, you will need more
shampoo.
Amount of rainfall and yield of crops.
2) Negative correlation: (Inverse correlation)
The variables varying in the opposite directions is said to be
negatively correlated.
In other words, if one variable increases the other variable
decreases and vice versa.
For example
Price and demand
Unemployment and purchasing power.
the relationship between a car's age and its value;
As you go higher in altitude, the temperature generally decreases,
3) Uncorrelated: If the two variables do not associate
linearly, they are said to be uncorrelated. Here r = 0.
For example, there's no relationship between a person's
shoe size and their intelligence, or between the amount of
tea a person drinks and their height.
Eye color and height: There's no biological link between
the color of a person's eyes and their height, so these
variables are considered to have no correlation.
4) Perfect Positive Correlation: A perfect positive
correlation means that as one variable increases, the other
variable increases proportionally, resulting in a straight
line on a scatter plot. A perfect positive correlation is
represented by a correlation coefficient of +1.
5. Perfect Negative Correlation: A perfect negative
correlation occurs when two variables have an inverse
relationship where one variable's increase perfectly
corresponds to the other variable's decrease, resulting in a
correlation coefficient of -1.
Methods to find correlation
1. Scatter diagram
2. Karl Pearson’s product moment correlation coefficient :
3. Spearman’s Rank correlation coefficient:
SCATTER DIAGRAM
A scatter diagram is the simplest way of the diagrammatic
representation of bivariate data.
One variable is represented along the X-axis and the other
variable is represented along the Y-axis.
The pair of points are plotted on the two dimensional
graph. The diagram of points so obtained is known as scatter
diagram.
The direction of flow of points shows the type of correlation
that exists between the two given variables.
1) Positive correlation
If the plotted points in the plane form a band and they show
the rising trend from the lower left hand corner to the
upper right hand corner, the two variables are positively
correlated.
Negative correlation: If the plotted points in the plane form a
band and they show the falling trend from the upper left hand
corner to the lower right hand corner, the two variables are
negatively correlated.
3) Uncorrelated: If the plotted points spread over in the
plane then the two variables are uncorrelated.
Perfect positive correlation: If all the plotted points lie on a
straight line from lower left hand corner to the upper right
hand corner then the two variables have perfect positive
correlation.
Perfect Negative correlation: If all the plotted points lie on a
straight line falling from upper left hand corner to lower
right hand corner, the two variables have perfect negative
correlation.
Person’s product – moment correlation:
Correlation from ungrouped data can be computed by the
following two methods.
1.The statistical device which helps in analysing the co-variation
of two or more variables is
1.Variance
2. probability
3.correlation coefficient
4. coefficient of skewness
2.“The attempts to determine the degree of relationship between
variables is correlation” is the definition given by
1.A.M. Tuttle 2. Ya-Kun-Chou
3. A.L. Bowley 4.Croxton and Cowden
3.If the two variables do not have linear relationship between them
then they are said to have
1.positive correlation 2. negative correlation
3.uncorrelated 4. spurious correlation
4.If all the plotted points lie on a straight line falling from upper
left hand corner to lower right hand corner then it is called
1.perfect positive correlation
2. perfect negative correlation
3.positive correlation
4.negative correlation
5.If r = +1, then the correlation is called
1.perfect positive correlation
2. perfect negative correlation
3.positive correlation
4.negative correlation
6.The correlation coefficient lies in the interval
1.-1 ≤ r ≤ 0 2. –1 < r < 1
3. 0 ≤ r ≤ 1 4. –1 ≤ r ≤ 1
7.Rank correlation was developed by
1.Pearson 2. Spearman
3. Yule 4. Fisher
8.The height and weight of a group of persons will have
_______ correlation.
1.positive 2. negative
3.zero 4. both positive and negative
9. ______ presents a graphic description of quantitative
relation between two series of facts.
1.scatter diagram 2. bar diagram
3 pareto diagram 4. pie diagram
10. It is a measures the degree of relationship between two
variables.
1.standard déviation 2.correlation coefficient
3.moment 4.median
11. If cov (x, y) = 0 then its interpretation is
1.x and y are positively correlated
2. x and y are negatively correlated
3.x and y are uncorrelated
4. x and y are independent
12.The correlation for the values of two variables moving in
the same direction is
1.Perfect positive 2.Negative
3.Positive 4. correlation.
13.Who suggested the mathematical approach for determining the
magnitude of a linear relationship between two variables, such as
X and Y?
1.Ya Lun Chou 2. Croxton and Cowden
3.Karl Pearson 4.Spearman.
14.The correlation coefficient describes
1.Only magnitude
2.Both magnitude and direction
3.Only direction
4.None of the preceding options.
15.Thoose the correct example for positive correlation.
1.Weight and income
2.Price and demand
3.The repayment period and EMI
4.Income and expenditure
16.Correlation analysis is a______________
1. Univariate analysis 2. Bivariate analysis
3. Multivariate analysis 4.Both b and c
17.If change in one variable results a corresponding change
in the other variable, then the variables are_
1. Correlated 2. Not correlated
3. Any of the above 4.None of the above
18.It is attempts to determine the degree of relationship
between variables.
1.Regression analysis 2. Correlation analysis
3. Inferential analysis 4. None of these
19.Non-linear correlation is also called____
1.Non-curvy linear correlation
2. Curvy linear correlation
3. Linear correlation
4. None of these
20. Scatter diagram is also called _____
1. Dot chart 2. Correlation graph
3. Both a and b 4. None of these
21.If all the points of a scatter diagram lie on a straight line
falling from left upper corner to the right bottom corner, the
correlation is called ______________
1. Zero correlation
2. High degree of positive correlation
3. Perfect negative correlation
4. Perfect positive correlation.
22. Numerical measure of correlation is called ____
1.Coefficient of correlation
2. Coefficient of determination
3.Coefficient of non-determination
4. Coefficient of regression
23. Coefficient of correlation lies between:
1. 0 and +1 2. 0 and –1
3. –1 and +1 4. – 3 and +3
24.Pearsonian correlation coefficient if denoted by the
symbol ...............
1.R 2. K
3. r 4. SD
25.The unit of Coefficient of correlation is ___
1. Percentage 2. Ratio
3. Same unit of the data 4. unit less value
26. The rank correlation coefficient is always
1.+ 1 2. – 1
3. 0 4. Between + 1 and – 1
27.Correlation analysis between two sets of data only is
called___
1.Partial correlation 2. Multiple correlation
3. Nonsense correlation 4. Simple correlation
28.Correlation analysis between one dependent variable with
one independent variable by keeping the other independent
variables as constant is called___
1.Partial correlation 2. Multiple correlation
3. Nonsense correlation 4. Simple correlation
29. Study of correlation among three or more variables
simultaneously is called.............
1.Partial correlation 2. Multiple correlation
3. Nonsense correlation 4. Simple correlation
