Electricity

ICTHS STUDENT PRAYER

Dear God, thank u for a new day.
Grant me the wisdom to see each possibilities,
the strength to face each challenge and a grace
to be open to each promise.
Bless me with a heart full of love to do a favor,
speak with kindness, offer a hand, relieve pain,
celebrate joy, ease sorrow and in some small
ways,
give myself to love others, in your name, Amen.
 Benjamin Franklin

In 1752,
Franklin proved
that lightning
and the spark
from amber
were one and
the same thing.
 Galvani and Volta
In 1786, Luigi Galvani, an Italian professor of
medicine, found that when the leg of a dead
frog was touched by a metal knife, the leg
twitched violently. Galvani thought that the
muscles of the frog must contain electricity.

By 1792, another Italian scientist, Alessandro

Volta, disagreed: he realized that the main
factors in Galvani's discovery were the two
different metals - the steel knife and the tin
plate - upon which the frog was lying. Volta
showed that when moisture comes between
two different metals, electricity is created.
This led him to invent the first electric
battery, the voltaic pile, which he made from
thin sheets of copper and zinc separated by
moist pasteboard.
 Michael Faraday

The credit for generating

electric current on a
practical scale goes to the
famous English scientist,
Michael Faraday.
In 1831, Faraday found the
solution. Electricity could
be produced through
magnetism by motion. He
discovered that when a
magnet was moved inside a
coil of copper wire, a tiny
electric current flows
through the wire.
 Edison and Swan

Nearly 40 years went by before a really practical DC

(Direct Current) generator was built by Thomas Edison. In
1878 Joseph Swan, a British scientist, invented the
incandescent filament lamp and within twelve months
Edison made a similar discovery in America.
 Westinghouse and Tesla
Westinghouse was a
famous American
inventor and industrialist
who purchased and
developed Nikola Tesla's
patented motor for
generating alternating
current. The work of
Westinghouse and Tesla
gradually persuaded
Americans that the future
lay with AC rather than
DC Today the unit of
measurement for
magnetic fields
 James Watt

When Edison's generator was coupled

with Watt's steam engine, large scale
electricity generation became a
practical proposition. James Watt, the
Scottish inventor of the steam
condensing engine, was born in 1736.
His improvements to steam engines
were patented over a period of 15
years, starting in 1769 and his name
was given to the electric unit of
power, the Watt.
 Ohm
George Simon Ohm, a
German mathematician
and physicist, was a
college teacher in Cologne
when in 1827 he
published, "The Galvanic
Circuit Investigated
Mathematically". His
theories were coldly
received by German
scientists, but his
research was recognized
in Britain and he was
awarded the Copley Medal
Identify the invention/inventor
1.Ohm A.Direct Current
2.Watt B.Circuit Theory
C.Alternating Current
3.Franklin
D.Electricity from lightning
4. Edison E.Frog twitch & electric battery
5.Galvani & Volta F.Steam condensing engine
6. Faraday G. Magnetism and motion
7.Westinghouse & Tesla
 Electricity
• A form of energy
from movement
of electrons
• comes from the
Amber
Greek word
“elektron”
 Electricity
• It is associated with
electric charge, a
property of
subatomic particles.
e-, p+, n0 • Charges can be
stationary or moving.
 Electricity
Unlike
charges,
attract

Like
charges,
repel
Static Electricity
• The temporary
building up of
charge on an
object.
• Some atoms hold
electrons more
tightly than others.
Insulators and Conductors

Some materials allow charges to be

transferred (conductor) while others do
not (insulator).
 Insulators and Conductors

Conductors : Gold, Silver, Copper, Iron,

Lead, Salt Water.
Insulators : Plastics, Glass, Dry Air, Wood.
 Electric Current
• flow of charges
• The electric charge
e-
e -

e-
e-
e-
e- e-
e-
in a current is
carried by minute
particles called
electrons.
Electric Current

For electricity
to flow, you
need a closed
continuous
path, called a
circuit.
 Current
• The measure of
how many
electrons per
second
• Also called
amperage.
• Measured in
Symbol =
amperes.
I
 Measuring Electric Current
• Ammeter
• SI unit for electric current is ampere (A)
• 1A = 1000 mA
• 1mA = 0.001A
• Current = charge or I = q
time t
ampere= coulomb or A= C
second s
 measuring current
This is how we draw an ammeter in a
circuit.

A A

SERIES CIRCUIT PARALLEL CIRCUIT

 measuring current
SERIES CIRCUIT
• current is the 2A 2A
same at all points
in the circuit.
2A

PARALLEL
2A 2A
•CIRCUIT
current is
shared between 1A
the components
1A
 There are 2 types of currents:
• Direct Current (DC) – Where
electrons flow in the same direction
in a wire. Ex. Batteries
 There are 2 types of currents:
• Alternating Current (AC) – electrons
flow in different directions in a wire.
Ex. Electricity in the home
 Voltage

• the push that causes electrons to flow.

• Electrical pressure.
• Charges flow from high voltage to low voltage
or from High PE to Low PE.
• Measured in Volts (V).
 What is Voltage?
• The measure of energy given to the
charge flowing in a circuit.
• The greater the voltage, the greater
the force or “pressure” that drives
the charge through the circuit.
• Voltage= Current x Resistance
 Measuring Voltage

• Voltmeter
 Difference between Volts and Amps
• Example – you could
say that…
– Amps measure
how much water
comes out of a
hose.
– Volts measure
how hard the
water comes out
of a hose.
Electrochemical Cell
• Electrochemical cells
can cause voltage that
makes electrons flow.
• There are two kinds of
electrochemical
cells---wet cells such
as a car battery and
dry cells like flashlight
batteries.
 How to Measure
Voltage?
• The SI unit for voltage is volt
(V).
• A voltmeter is an instrument
used for measuring voltages.
 Voltmeter
• Connected in parallel across the cell
• Has positive (red) terminal and a
negative (black) terminal like ammeter
• Positive terminal connected to the
positive side of the cell
• Negative terminal connected to the
negative side of the cell
 Resistance
• The tendency for a
material to oppose the
flow of electrons.
• Different materials have
different amounts of
resistance to the flow
of electrons.
• The unit of resistance is
Symbol = ohm (Ω).
R
 What Influences Resistance?
• Material of wire – aluminum greater
resistance and copper have less resistance
• Thickness – the thicker the wire the lower
the resistance
• Length – shorter wire has lower resistance
• Temperature – lower temperature has
lower resistance
Which material has higher resistance?

Thin wires provide more resistance than do thick

wires
 Resistance
• When an electric current flows through a circuit,
there will be some resistance that opposes it.
(similar to friction)

• It can be measured by dividing voltage by the

current.
V R = Resistance
R=
I V = Voltage
I = Current
 Ohm’s Law
• Georg Simon Ohm
“Current is directly proportional to the voltage
and inversely proportional to the resistance”

I=V
R
 Ohm’s Law
Relates Electric Current, Voltage, & Resistance

V=IxR

Voltage Current Resistance

(volts, V) (amps) (ohms, Ω)
 Circuits

cell wire
s

switc lam
h p

To make the circuit, these components are

connected together with metal connecting wires.
 Circuits

cell wire
s

switc lam
h p

When the switch is turned on (closed), the lamp lights up.

This is because there is a continuous path of metal for the
electric current to flow around.
 Circuits

cell wire
s

switc lam
h p

When the switch is turned on (closed), the lamp lights up.

This is because there is a continuous path of metal for the
electric current to flow around.
 Circuits

Cell lamp switch wire

Scientists usually draw electric circuits using

symbols.
Circuits
 Types of Circuits

Series Parallel
Series Circuits
• The components are
connected end-to-end,
one after the other.
• They make a simple loop
for the current to flow
round.
• If one bulb ‘blows’ it
breaks the whole circuit
and all the bulbs go out.
Parallel Circuits
• The components are
connected side by side.
• The current has a choice
of routes.
• If one bulb ‘blows’ there
is still be a complete
circuit to the other bulb
so it stays alight.
 circuit diagrams
In circuit diagrams components are represented
by the following symbols;

cell batter switc lamp buzzer

y h

ammete voltmet motor resisto variabl

r er r e
resisto
r
Measuring Current (Series)

Current is the
same at all
points in the
circuit.
I = constant
Measuring Current (Parallel)

Current is
shared
between the
components.
I = I1 +I2 +I3…
Measuring Voltage (Series)
Voltage is
shared
between the
components.
V = V1 +V2 +V3…
Measuring Voltage (Parallel)

Voltage is the
same at all
points in the
circuit.
V = constant
 Measuring Resistance (Series)
•Resistance is shared between
the components.
R = R1 +R2 +R3…
Total resistance will go up because
all of the current must go through
each resistor.
Measuring Resistance (Parallel)
•Total Resistance is computed
by the following equation.
1/R= 1/R1 +1/R2 + 1/R3
 Example 1

• If the battery’s
voltage is 12V and
the voltage across R1
is 5 V, and across R2
is 4V, find the
voltage across R3 .
 Parallel Circuits
I = I 1 + I2 + I3

V =V1=V2=V3
Using Ohm’s Law:
V/Req= V/R1 +V/R2 + V/R3

Equivalent Resistance:
1/Req= 1/R1 +1/R2 + 1/R3
Answer the following questions and derive
formulas to compute for the unknown variables:
A. The load across a 50.0-V battery
consists of a series combination of two
lamps with resistances of 125  and
225 .
1. Find the total resistance of the
circuit.
2. Find the total current in the circuit.
3. Find the voltage across the 125-
lamp.
4. Find the voltage across the 225-
lamp.
Answer the following questions and derive
formulas to compute for the unknown variables:
B. The load across a 12-V battery consists
of three resistances 15 , 21 , and 24
, respectively connected in parallel.
5-6. What is the total resistance of all
loads?
7. What is the total current?
8-9 What is the current of each load?
10. What is the voltage of each
resistor?
Answer the following questions and derive
formulas to compute for the unknown variables:
C. A 35-, 55-, and 85- resistors are
connected in parallel. The resistors are then
connected to a 35-V battery.
11-14. Draw the circuit diagram. Label the
parts
15. What is the total resistance of the
parallel combination? Round off to 2
decimal places
16. Compute for the voltage of the circuit
17-19. Compute for the current of each
load
20. Compute for the total power of the
circuit.
 Power
• RATE at which energy is flowing
• The measure of the RATE at which electricity
does work or provides energy
• Symbol = P
• Units = Watts (W)

P=IxV
 ELECTRICAL Energy
• Home use of electric energy is based on the
AMOUNT OF ELECTRICAL POWER used per
hour
• Measured in kilowatt hours (1000 Watts per
hour) = kWh

E=Pxt
 Electrical Energy Example
You use your hairdryer for 20 minutes everyday.
The hairdryer uses 1000 kW. How many
kilowatt-hours does your hairdryer use in 6
days?

t = 20min/day*6days = 120min = 2hr

E = 1000 kW*2Hr
E = 2000 kWh