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Polymer Testing: Dr. Mohammad Dalour Hossen Beg Fkksa, Ump

The document discusses various polymer testing methods including tensile testing, impact testing, creep testing, fatigue testing, hardness testing, and thermal testing. Tensile testing measures properties like tensile strength, yield strength, and modulus of elasticity. Impact and fatigue testing examine a polymer's resistance to impact and cyclic loading. Creep and hardness tests evaluate deformation and resistance to indentation. Thermal analyses using DSC and TGA provide information on melting, degradation, and composition.

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217 views29 pages

Polymer Testing: Dr. Mohammad Dalour Hossen Beg Fkksa, Ump

The document discusses various polymer testing methods including tensile testing, impact testing, creep testing, fatigue testing, hardness testing, and thermal testing. Tensile testing measures properties like tensile strength, yield strength, and modulus of elasticity. Impact and fatigue testing examine a polymer's resistance to impact and cyclic loading. Creep and hardness tests evaluate deformation and resistance to indentation. Thermal analyses using DSC and TGA provide information on melting, degradation, and composition.

Uploaded by

miraziey
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Polymer Testing

Dr. Mohammad Dalour Hossen Beg FKKSA, UMP

Testing: Tensile test

Stress = Force/Area Force is also called load (Newton) So, = N/m2= Pa Usually stress is presented in MPa Strain = extension/ original length =l2-l1/l =mm/mm (dimensionless)

1- Modulus of elasticity 2-Yield strength , YS 3-Tensile strength, TS 4-Ductility 5-Toughness

Tensile Response: Brittle & Plastic s (MPa)


onset of necking

fibrillar structure

plastic failure

near failure

x
unload/reload

e
crystalline regions slide semicrystalline case amorphous regions elongate

crystalline regions align

Stress-strain curves adapted from Fig. 15.1, Callister 7e. Inset figures along plastic response curve adapted from Figs. 15.12 & 15.13, Callister 7e. (Figs. 15.12 & 15.13 are from J.M. Schultz, Polymer Materials Science, PrenticeHall, Inc., 1974, pp. 500-501.)

Ultimate tensile strength (TS) is the highest


engineering stress developed in material before rupture. Yiled strength (YS) is defined as the stress applied to the material at which plastic deformation starts to occur while the material is loaded. Modulus of elasticity is a measure of the stiffness of the material, but it only applies in the linear region of the curve. If a specimen is loaded within this linear region, the material will return to its exact same condition if the load is removed. At the point that the curve is no longer linear and deviates from the straight-line relationship, Hooke's Law no longer applies and some permanent deformation occurs in the specimen.

Hooke's law : Stress is proportional to strain Ductility measures the amount of plastic deformation before fracture % Elongation =l2-l1/l *100 Toughness is defined as the amount of energy per volume that a material can absorb before rupturing.

Factors need to consider:


Temperature Increase T will decrease TS, YM but increase EB Strain rate (for example for plastic 5mm/min) Increasing crosshead speed will give higher TS but lower EB There are some standards ASTM, ISO to select proper sample dimension and test condition for particular type of materials For example strain rate should be such that the sample breaks within 2-5 minutes (for composite 5mm/min)

Influence of T and Strain Rate on Thermoplastics


Decreasing T...

s(MPa)
80 60 40 20 60C 0 0 0.1 0.2 to 1.3 0.3 4C 20C 40C

-- increases E -- increases TS -- decreases %EL


Increasing strain rate...

Plots for semicrystalline PMMA (Plexiglas)

-- same effects as decreasing T.

Adapted from Fig. 7.24, Callister & Rethwisch 3e. (Fig. 7.24 is from T.S. Carswell and J.K. Nason, 'Effect of Environmental Conditions on the Mechanical Properties of Organic Plastics", Symposium on Plastics, American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, PA, 1944.)

Fracture Very Moderately Brittle behavior: Ductile Ductile

%EL

Large

Moderate

Small

Three point bend test


where tensile test is difficult if the sample is brittle

sfs sfs

3Ff L 2bd 2 Ff L R 3

Impact test:
The Charpy impact test, also known as the Charpy v-notch test, is a standardized high strain-rate test which determines the amount of energy absorbed by a material during fracture. This absorbed energy is a measure of a given material's toughness and acts as a tool to study temperature-dependent brittle-ductile transition. If the material breaks on a flat plane, the fracture was brittle, and if the material breaks with jagged edges or shear lips, then the fracture was ductile.

(Charpy)

Measures the potential difference mgh


Adapted from Fig. 8.12(b), Callister 7e. (Fig. 8.12(b) is adapted from H.W. Hayden, W.G. Moffatt, and J. Wulff, The Structure and Properties of Materials, Vol. III, Mechanical Behavior, John Wiley and Sons, Inc. (1965) p. 13.)

final height

initial height

17

Ductile-to-Brittle Transition Temperature (DBTT)...

Impact Energy

Brittle

More Ductile

High strength materials


Adapted from Fig. 8.15, Callister 7e.

Temperature
temperature

18

Design Strategy: Stay Above The DBTT!


Pre-WWII: The Titanic WWII: Liberty ships

Reprinted w/ permission from R.W. Hertzberg, "Deformation and Fracture Mechanics of Engineering Materials", (4th ed.) Fig. 7.1(a), p. 262, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1996. (Orig. source: Dr. Robert D. Ballard, The Discovery of the Titanic.)

Reprinted w/ permission from R.W. Hertzberg, "Deformation and Fracture Mechanics of Engineering Materials", (4th ed.) Fig. 7.1(b), p. 262, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1996. (Orig. source: Earl R. Parker, "Behavior of Engineering Structures", Nat. Acad. Sci., Nat. Res. Council, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., NY, 1957.)

Problem:

Used a type of steel with a DBTT ~ Room temp.


19

Hardness
Hardness test measures the resistance of localized plastic deformation (i.e. resistance of penetration by sharp object)

Creep Test
Creep is high temperature progressive deformation at constant stress. T higher than 0.4 Tm

Primary creep occurs at the beginning of the tests, and creep is mostly transiently, not at a steady rate. In Stage II, or Secondary creep, The rate of creep becomes roughly steady. This stage is often referred to as steady state creep. In Stage III, or tertiary creep, the creep rate begins to accelerate as the cross sectional area of the specimen decreases due to necking or internal voiding decreases the effective area of the specimen. If stage III is allowed to proceed, fracture will occur. The creepThe creep test is usually employed to determine the minimum creep rate in Stage II. Engineers need to account for this expected deformation when designing systems.

Fatigue Test
Fatigue is the progressive and localized structural damage that occurs when a material is subjected to cyclic loading. The maximum stress values are less than the yield stress limit of the material.

Fatigue limit, Sfat:

S = stress amplitude

--no fatigue if S < Sfat


Sfat
safe

unsafe

case for steel (typ.)

Adapted from Fig. 8.19(a), Callister 7e.

10 3

10 5 10 7 10 9 N = Cycles to failure

25

Thermal test
Differential Thermal Analysis (DSC) Provide the information about melting temperature (fig for PP)
2 0 0 50 100 150 200 250

-2
Heat Flow -4 -6 -8 -10

Temperature (oC)

Thermo gravimetric Analysis (TGA)


to determine degradation temperatures, absorbed moisture content of materials, the level of inorganic and organic components in materials,

PP -TGA
8 7 6 5 Temp Diff

4
3 2 1 0 0 -1 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Temperature (oC)

120

100

80 Weight (%)

60

40

20

0 0 100 200 300 400 Temperature (0C) 500 600 700

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