Lecture 2-Introduction to
Systems Modeling
Er. Dipesh Sapkota
Introduction to System
Model
What do you think of as model representation of any system….???
Introduction to System
Model
What do you think of as model representation of any system….???
Model represents the mathematical relationship of the system input and
Mechanical Model
output….!!!
Electrical Model
Introduction to Modelling
Modeling is the process of establishing approximate mathematical relationship between input
and output of the system and representation of the ‘real world system’ by its electrical and
mechanical analogy……!!!
Modeling of Lungs and Respiratory
Tract
For electrical components and mechanical components, models are standard and be used to analyze any
electrical and mechanical systems without any problems. But how do you create models for real world
systems like human body??
Introduction to Modelling
Modeling is the process of establishing approximate mathematical relationship between input
and output of the system and representation of the ‘real world system’ by its electrical and
mechanical analogy……!!!
Modeling of Nerve Cell
For electrical components and mechanical components, models are standard and be used to analyze any
electrical and mechanical systems without any problems. But how do you create models for real world
systems like human body??
Need for Models
Case Scenario: If you want to design a
ventilator system for facilitating
breathing/respiration in patient, what is the
first thing you should really know about?
Answer: The mathematical behavior of
human lungs 🡺 Can only be inferred from
models….!!!
Only with appropriate models, any system can be understood, designed and analyzed. Thus,
the first step in system design and analysis is the development of suitable models for the
system that represents the mathematical relationship between input and output of the
system…!!!
Example-RC Circuit
What model describes or relates voltage across the capacitor V c to
applied voltage source Vs?(Suppose capacitor is initially
uncharged)
Example-RC Circuit
What model describes or relates voltage across the capacitor V c to
applied voltage source Vs?(Suppose capacitor is initially
uncharged)
Example-RC Circuit
Why is this ODE representation of the circuit can be
considered a model?
Example-RC Circuit
Why is this ODE representation of the circuit can be
considered a model?
Answer: This ODE representation can give the
solution for VC(t) for any arbitrary input VS(t).
Model Representation as
ODE
For any generic an nth order LTI system, ODE can be written as:
where ,
X(t) is the input given to the system and y(t) is the output obtained from
the system. For any given input x(t), y(t) can be obtained by solving this
particular ODE.
What kind of relationship do you observe between the input and the output? And what are
its implications?
⮚ Relationship between x(t) and y(t) is not straightforward….!!!....ODEs are complex to
model complex systems….!!!
Model Representation as
ODE
For any generic an nth order LTI system, ODE can be written as:
where ,
X(t) is the input given to the system and y(t) is the output obtained from
the system. For any given input x(t), y(t) can be obtained by solving this
particular ODE.
What kind of relationship do you observe between the input and the output? And what are
its implications?
Example-RC Circuit
Applying Laplace Transform, we get:
The ratio VC(s)/VS(s) is called the transfer function of the
system
The transfer function VC(s)/VS(s) models the
system in Laplacian Domain. How…??
Example-RC Circuit
The transfer function VC(s)/VS(s) models the
system in Laplacian Domain. How…??
Model Representation as Transfer
Function
For any generic an nth order LTI system, ODE can be written as:
Applying Laplace Transform, we get;
Laplacian transfer function is much more simplified and more intuitive
relationship between input and output and thus easier to analyse for
complex systems…!!!
This ratio of output to input is called But, Necessity of performing additional computations like laplace and
inverse laplace transform…!!!
Transfer function of the system…!!
Comparison of Modeling in different domain
Modeling in Time Domain Modeling in Laplacian Domain
1. Modeled using nth order linear ODE..!! 1. Modeled using Laplacian Transfer function
2. Solution for y(t) can be solved by solving the 2. Solution for Y(s) can be obtained by simple
ODE…!!! multiplication between input and transfer
function
3. Less powerful and intuitive especially for 3. More powerful and intuitive for system
complex systems…!! analysis especially for complex systems..!!
4. No need of other computations other than 4. Need for Inverse Laplace transform…!!(To
solving for ODE…!! change Y(s)🡺y(t))
Analysing in Laplacian as
Impedance
Analyzing complex systems in the form of Laplacian Impedance is much more powerful and
easy….!!!!
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Example RLC Circuit
Determine the transfer function VC(s)/E(s) of
the electrical system shown in figure without
expressing in terms of ODE?
Example-Mass, Spring and
Dashpot System
Determine the transfer function X(s)/F(s) of
the mechanical system shown in figure
without expressing in terms of ODE?
Example of a Transfer
Function Consider a transfer function shown
below:
For what values of s, the value of G(s) will be:
A. Zero
B. Infinity
Example of a Transfer
Function
Consider a transfer function shown
below:
For what values of s, the value of G(s) will be:
A. Zero🡺 At s=-3,-4
B. Infinity🡺 At s=0,-2,-4
Poles of the System
Any generic system transfer function can be represented in two
ways:
Polynomial Factor Form
Form
Poles of the systems transfer function are that values of ‘s’ that makes the
transfer function infinity. Above, -A0,-A1,….,-An-1 are poles of system transfer
function G(s).
Zeros of the System
Any generic system transfer function can be represented in two
ways:
Polynomial Factor Form
Form
Zeros of the systems transfer function are that values of ‘s’ that makes the
transfer function zero. Above, -B0,-B1,….,-Bn-1 are poles of system transfer function
G(s).
Example of a Transfer
Function
Consider a transfer function shown
below:
For what values of s, the value of G(s) will be:
A. Zero🡺 At s=-3,-4🡺 Are thus the zeros of the system
B. Infinity🡺 At s=0,-2,-4🡺 Are thus the poles of the system
Examples of different types of
systems
For system transfer functions given below, determine the number of poles and zeros of the
system…!!
Examples of different types of
systems
For system transfer functions given below, determine the number of poles and zeros of the
system…!!
🡺 One pole (at -4) and no zeros
🡺 Two poles (at -2,-5) and one zero (at -3)
🡺 Three poles (at 0,-2,-4) and two zeros (at -3,-4)
Order of the system
Any generic system transfer function can be represented in two
ways:
Polynomial Factor Form
Form
Order of the system is defined as the number of poles of the system
transfer function. (Note: It has nothing to do with the number of
zeros…!!)
Example-Order of the
System
For system transfer functions given below, determine the number of poles and zeros of the
system…!!
🡺 One pole (at -4) and no zeros 🡺 First Order System
🡺 Two poles (at -2,-5) and one zero (at -3)🡺 Second Order
System
🡺 Three poles (at 0,-2,-4) and two zeros (at -3,-4)🡺 Third Order
System
Pole Zero Map of the System
In s-plane poles and zeros of the system transfer function can be visualized in a graphical
manner. Poles are represented by crosses(×) and zeros are represented by ovals(ο).
Examples:
