CONTRACTS AND

SPECIFICATIONS
Virtually all civil engineering structures are unique.
They must be designed for some specific purpose at
some specific location before they can be
constructed and put to use. Consequently, the
completion of any civil engineering project involves
five stages of activity which comprise the following:

1. Defining the location and nature of the

proposed works and the quality and magnitude of
the service they are to provide.

2. Obtaining any powers and permissions

necessary to construct the works.

3. Designing the works and estimating their

probable cost.

4. Constructing the works.

5. Testing the works as constructed and putting

them into operation.
There are inherent risks arising in this process because the design,
and therefore the estimated cost of the works, is based on
assumptions that may later have to be altered. The cost can be
affected by the weather during construction and the nature of the
ground or groundwater conditions encountered. Also, the promoter
may need to alter the works design to include the latest technical
developments, or meet the latest changes in his requirements, so
that he does not get works that are already out-of-date when
completed. All these risks and unforeseen requirements that may
have to be met can involve additional expenditure; so, the problem
that arises is – who is to shoulder such additional costs?
Clearly if the promoter of the project
undertakes the design and construction
of the works himself (or uses his own
staff) he must meet any extra cost
arising and all the risks involved. But if,
as in most cases, the promoter engages
a civil engineering contractor to
construct the works, the contract must
set out which party to the contract is to
bear the cost of which type of extra
work required. The risks involved must
also be identified and allocated to one
or the other party.
CONTRACT
When two or more people have a common
intention communicated to each other to CONTRACT = OFFER +
create some obligation between them, there is
ACCEPTANCE +
said to be an agreement. An agreement which
is enforceable by law is a “Contract”. Consideration
An agreement between the owner and the
contractor as to how much the owner will pay
to have that contractor build the project.
Agreement of at least two parties with
purpose of creating legal obligation between
the parties and capable of being enforced by
the court of law.
CONTRACT
Those agreements are enforceable by 1. Offer made by one person called the “Promisor”.
law which are made by the free 2. Acceptance of offer made by the other person
consent of parties competent to called the “Promisee”.
contract, for a lawful consideration 3. Doing of an act or abstinence from doing a
and with a lawful object and are not particular act by promisor for promise a called
consideration.
expressly declared to be void. This is
subject to any special law according 4. The offer and acceptance would relate to
something which is not prohibited by law.
to which contract should be in
writing and attested by witnesses. 5. Offer and acceptance constitute an agreement ,
which, when enforceable by law, becomes a contract .
The following are the essential
ingredients of a contract:
6. To make a valid and binding agreement , the party
entering into such an agreement should be
 CONTRACT
Why Use contract in construction:
Content of the contract
1. Describe scope of work
1. Identify the parties
2. Establish time frame
2. Promises and responsibilities
3. Establish cost and payment provision
3. Scope of work
4. Set fourth obligations and
relationship 4. Price and payment terms
5. Minimize disputes 5. Commercial terms and conditions
6. Improve economic return of
6. Project execution plan.
investment
Types of Contracts
1. Lumpsum contract

2. Item rate contract

3. Lumpsum and schedule

contract

4. Cost plus fixed fee contract

5. Cost plus percentage of cost

contract

6. Special contracts
 LUMPSUM CONTRACT
In this type of contract, the contractor Deposit of 10 % security money and other
offers to do the whole work as shown in conditions of the contract are included in the
drawings and described by specifications, contract agreement. Upon the completion of
for a total stipulated sum of money. There work, a fixed lumpsum amount is paid to the
are no individual rates quoted, thus it contractor. Detailed measurements of
becomes difficult to adjust in the contract different items are required but the whole
value if any changes are made in the work work is compared and checked with
later on. The schedule of 3 different items drawings and specifications before releasing
the payment. In large projects, part
of work is not provided and the
payments are made to the contractor at
contractor must complete the work as per
different stages of work on money agreed
drawings and specifications for the
terms. In case the contractor stops the work
agreed lump sum amount. in between he is not entitled for any further
payment.
SUITABILITY
A lumpsum contract is more suitable for
works for which contractors have prior
construction experience. This experience
enables the contractors to submit a more
realistic bid. This type of contract is not
suitable for difficult foundations, excavations
of uncertain character, and projects
susceptible to unpredictable hazards and
variations.
LUMPSUMP
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
1. Before the contract is awarded, the project
1. The owner can decide whether has to be studied thoroughly, and the
to start or shelve the project complete contract documents has to be
knowing the total lumpsum price prepared in advance.
quoted by different contractors.
2. In this type of contract, unforeseen details
of work are not specified in the contract
2. The contractor can earn more document. Many additional items may have
profit by in-depth planning and to be undertaken as the work progresses,
effective management site. giving opportunity to the contractor for
claiming higher rates of the extra items not
included in the contract agreement.
ITEM RATE CONTRACT

Also called a schedule contract, in this contract, the

contractor undertakes the execution of work on an item
rate basis. The amount to be received by the contractor,
depends upon the quantities of various items of work
actually executed. The payment to the contractor is made
on the basis of detailed measurements of different items
of work actually done by him.
SUITABILITY

The item rate contract is most commonly used for

all types of engineering works financed by public or
government bodies. This type of contract is suitable
for works which can be split into various items and
quantities under each item can be estimated with
accuracy.
ITEM RATE CONTRACT
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
1. In this type of contract, there is no 1. The total cost of work can only be known
need for detailed drawings at the time of upon completion. As such, the owner may
allotting contract as in the case of lumpsum incur financial difficulty if the final cost
contract. The detailed drawings can be increases substantially.
prepared after the contract is awarded.
2. Additional staff is required to take detailed
2. Changes in drawings and quantities of measurements of work done for releasing
individual items can be made as per payments to the contractor.
requirement within agreed limits.
3. The Scope for additional saving with the
3. The payment to the contractor is made use of interior quality materials may prompt
on the actual work done by his at the the contractor to use such materials in the
agreed rates. work.
Lumpsum and Scheduled Contract
This is similar to the lumpsum contract except the schedule of rates is
also included in the contract agreement. In this type of contract, the
contractor offers to do a particular work at a fixed sum within a
specified time as per plans and detailed specifications. The schedule
of rates for various items is provided which regulates the extra
amount to be paid or deducted for any additions or deletions made
during the progress of work. Measurements of different items of
original work are not required but extra items are required to be
measured for payment. The original work shall however be checked
and compared with the drawings and specifications.
SUITABILITY
This type of contract is more suitable for
construction works for which contractors have prior
work experience and can consequently estimate the
project cost more realistically.
Lumpsum and Scheduled Contract
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
1. In this type of contract, additional 1. Before the contract is awarded the
staff for recording detailed project has to be studied thoroughly and
measurements of original item of work all the contract documents are required
is not required for making payment to to be completed in every respect.
the contractor
2. The non-scheduled extra items arising
2. The owner can know from tenders out of changes made in the drawings and
as to what the project will cost him. specifications are often a source of
Knowing the financial implications, the dispute because the contractor presses
owner can decide to start or defer the for rates higher than the prevailing
project. market rates.
Cost Plus Fixed Fee Contract
Cost Plus fixed fee contract is desirable when the scope and nature of the
work can atleast be broadly defined. The amount of fee is determined as a
plump sum from a consideration of the scope of work, its approximate cost,
nature of work, estimated time of construction, manpower and equipment
requirements etc. In order to negotiate such a type of contract, it is essential
that the scope and some general details of the work are defined. The
contractor in this type of contract is selected on the basis of merit rather
than the fee alone. In case of cost plus percentage contract, the contractor
has a tendency to increase his profit by increasing the cost of work. But this
drawback is overcome in cost plus fixed fee contract because here the
contractor’s fee is fixed and does not fluctuate with actual cost of work. Once
this fee is fixed, the contractor cannot increase the cost of work.
SUITABILITY
1. This type of contract is suitable for works required to
be completed expeditiously and where it is difficult to
foretell what difficulties are likely to be encountered.

2. This contract is also suitable for important structures

where the cost of construction is immaterial.
 Cost Plus Fixed Fee Contract
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
i)In this type of contract, actual i)This form of contract cannot be
cost is to be borne by the owner. adopted normally in case of public
Therefore, the contractor performs bodies and Government departments.
the work in the best interest of the
owner resulting in good quality ii)The final cost of the work is not
work. known in advance and this may
ii)The work can be taken in hand subject the owner to financial
even before the detailed drawings difficulties.
and specifications are finalized.
iii)Changes in design and method
of construction if needed can be
easily carried out without disputes.
iv)The work can be executed
speedily.
Cost Plus Percentage of Cost
Contract
In this type of contract, instead of awarding the work on lumpsum or
item rate basis, it is given on certain percentage over the actual cost of
construction. The actual cost of construction is reported by the
contractor and is paid to him by the owner together with a certain
percentage as agreed earlier.
The contractor agrees to do the work in accordance with the drawings,
specifications and other conditions of contract. In this type of contract,
proper control has to be exercised by the owner in the purchase of
materials and in arranging labour.
The suitability merits and demerits of this type of contract are similar to
cost plus fixed fee contracts. An additional demerit is the tendency of the
contractor to increase the cost of work to earn profit by way of
percentage of enhanced actual cost
SPECIAL CONTRACTS
There are certain contracts which are used at different
occasions. Some of these contracts are listed below:
a.Turn-key Contract

b.Package Contract

c.Negotiated Contract

d.Continuing Contract

Running Contract
TURN-KEY CONTRACT
A turn-key contract is an integrated contract in which all works
pertaining to various disciplines such as civil, electrical, mechanical etc.
are in the hands of a single contractor called the main contractor. The
main contractor can sublet the contact to subcontractors who are
specialists in their respective fields.

In this contract, the main advantage to the owner is that he need not
coordinate the work of different contractors. The main contractor is
responsible for all kinds of jobs starting from planning to commissioning
stage. The owner takes over the entire work (which is fully operational
and of proven performance) from the main contractor.
PACKAGE CONTRACT
In a package contract, two or more related jobs, each of which could
form a separate contract are combined in a single contract. In the field of
civil engineering, generally, design and development are combined with
construction and supply or maintenance.

In this type of contract, plan of work and standards are established and
the work is carried out accordingly by the contractor. The main contractor
is responsible for safeguarding the owner’s interest and for this reason,
prior approval of design and technical aspects have to be taken from the
owner. Responsibility for correctness of the design lines with the main
contractor.
NEGOTIATED CONTRACT
In this type of contract, negotiation across the table takes place between
representatives of the owner and the main contractor for project cost and
other conditions of contract. In this type of contract, detailed projects
specifications are arrived at by discussions between the owner and the
main contractor and consultant.

A negotiated contract involves extended discussions for finalization as a

competitive contract. Most of the consultancy projects of World Bank are
negotiated contracts.
Advertised and Negotiated
Contract
The owner places notices in newspaper, magazines and Philgeps asking
contractor to send in their bids (the amount for which each could do the job).

Public Contracts – are usually advertised because it is thought fair to give every
qualified contractor the chance to bid, since they are also taxpayer.

Private Contracts – are sometimes advertised because the competition created by

advertising usually results in the lowest cost for the project.

Negotiated Contracts – are any contracts in which the owner and the contractor talks
together to reach an agreement on the terms of the contract.
Benefits of a Negotiated Contract
1.It limits the bidder to those who are only qualified for the project.
2.It save time and to begin the work before plan and specification were completed.
CONTINUING CONTRACT

In this type of contract, new or additional

work is awarded to the contractor on the basis
of agreed terms and conditions of an existing
contract. Such contracts do not require
retendering and hence can save time and
money.
RUNNING CONTRACT

Such contracts provide goods and services

at specified intervals or as and when
required by the owner. The contract price is
not fixed and payment is based on goods
supplied and services rendered as specified
in the contract documents.
CONTRACTING
Advertising

Let us now assume Receiving Bids

that the plans and Opening Bids

specification are
completed. The procedure Awarding Contract

outlined is typical of a fair Bonding

and honest way to select a
Agreement
construction contractor.
Notice to
Proceed
CONTRACTING
An invitation to bid is a formal document that provides interested contractors with
the essential information they need to decide whether to submit a bid. According to
your text, it must contain:
Type of work: A brief description of the construction project.

Location: The physical address or area where the work will be performed.

Time and place of bid opening: When and where the sealed bids will be publicly
opened and reviewed.

Plans and specifications: Details on where and how contractors can access the
full architectural plans and project specifications.
 CONTRACTING
Contractor Qualification
Before a contractor is even considered, the owner or their architect-engineer will typically
check their qualifications to ensure they are capable of completing the project.

The criteria for this evaluation include:

Experience: The contractor’s history of successfully completing similar projects.

Financial resources: The contractor’s ability to fund the project and cover all associated
costs.
Integrity: The contractor’s reputation and track record of ethical business practices.
Personnel: The availability of qualified and skilled staff to work on the project.
Equipment: The contractor’s access to the necessary tools and machinery to get the job
done.
CONTRACTING
Prequalification – Contractor ability is determined before
bidding and only those contractors who are considered
capable of doing the job are invited or permitted to bid.

Post qualification – The qualifications of the low bidder

are determined after the bids are opened but before the
contract is awarded to the contractor.
BIDDING DOCUMENTS
Construction Documents are defined as the written and graphic documents
prepared or assembled by the A/E for communicating the design of the
project and administering the contract for its construction.

2 MAJOR GROUPS

1.Bidding Requirements - Used to attract bidders & explains bidding

process

2.Contract Documents
a) Legally enforceable requirements that become part of the contract
b) Include all construction documents except bidding forms
BIDDING DOCUMENTS
CONTRACT DOCUMENTS
The contract document consists of the contract agreement (on non-judicial
stamp paper of prescribed value) and the following set of documents, each
page of which is signed both by the owner and the contractor.

a)Cover Title Page: It contains the name of work, name of owner, name of
contract, contract agreement number, contents etc.

b)Contents Page: It contains the contents of the agreement with page

references.

c)Notice Inviting Tender (NIT): It contains a brief description of work,

estimated cost of work, date and time of receiving the tender, amount of
earnest money, security money, time of completion etc.,
CONTRACT DOCUMENTS
d)Tender Form: It comprises bill of quantities, contractor’s rates, total
cost of work, time for completion, security money to be deposited and
penalty clauses etc.

e)Schedule of Issue of Materials: It contains the list of materials to be

issued by the department or owner to the contractor with rates
and place of issue.

f)Drawings: These comprise a complete set of fully dimensioned

drawings including plans, elevations, and sections detailed drawings
and site plan.
CONTRACT DOCUMENTS
g)Specifications: It is not practicable to include detailed information of
each item of work in the limited space of description in the bill of quantities.
As such detailed specifications form a part of the contract agreement.
Specifications should be clear and precise covering all items of the bill of
quantities. Following specifications are normally included in the contract
document.

i.General Specifications: These specify the class and type of work quality
of materials etc, in general for the work as a whole.

ii.Detailed Specification: These give detailed description of each item of

work including material and method to be used along with quality of
workmanship required.
CONTRACT DOCUMENTS
h)Conditions of Contract: The terms and conditions of contract specify the
following.

a) Rates of each item of work inclusive of materials, labor, transport,

plant/equipment and other arrangements required for completion work.

b) Manner of payment of contractor including running payment final payment,

refund of security money etc.

c) Time of completion of work.

d) Proportionate progress to be achieved.

CONTRACT DOCUMENTS
e) Penalty for poor quality and unsatisfactory work, lack of proportionate progress and for delay in
completion.

f) Extension of time for completion of work.

g) Engaging other agency at contractor’s cost and risk.

h) Termination of contract.

i) Subletting of the work. - means a contractor hires another company or individual (a subcontractor) to
perform a specific part of the job they were originally contracted to do. The original contractor remains
responsible for the entire project.

j) Changes in design/drawings etc. and valuation of variations.

k) Arbitration for settlement of disputes. In addition to the above, performance

Important Conditions of Contracts Connected with
Contractual Problems
The members of the construction team should be fully aware of their rights and obligations
under the contract. They should be thoroughly conversant with the precise provisions and true
importance of each clause in the contract agreement. Following is in important conditions of
contract:

Time of completion: This is the specific deadline or timeframe within which the contractor is
required to finish the project as outlined in the contract.

Delay and extension of time: This clause addresses situations where a project is behind
schedule. It outlines the valid reasons for a delay (e.g., severe weather, owner-requested changes)
and the process for the contractor to request and be granted an extension of the completion
deadline without penalty.

Penalty: This refers to a financial charge or consequence imposed on the contractor for failing
to meet a specific contract requirement, most often for not completing the work on time.
Important Conditions of Contracts Connected with
Contractual Problems
Compensation for delay in completion of work: This is a provision where the owner
may be entitled to financial compensation from the contractor if the project is not finished
by the agreed-upon deadline.

Liquidated damages: This is a pre-agreed-upon sum of money that the contractor must
pay to the owner for each day the project is delayed past the completion date. Unlike a
general penalty, this amount is determined in advance and is meant to compensate the
owner for losses incurred due to the delay.

Debitable agency: This term is not a standard construction contract clause. It might refer
to a specific arrangement where a party is given the authority to charge or debit another
party's account for certain costs or services. It is possible it is a typo or a specific term from
a local contract.
Important Conditions of Contracts Connected with
Contractual Problems
Valuation of variations: This clause defines how changes to the original scope of
work (variations or change orders) will be priced and agreed upon. It ensures that both
parties have a clear method for determining the cost of any additions, subtractions, or
alterations to the project.

Settlement of disputes: This provision outlines the process for resolving

disagreements or conflicts between the parties without resorting to a full-blown
lawsuit. This can include mediation, arbitration, or other formal dispute resolution
methods.

Force of nature and natural disasters: This clause, also known as a force majeure
clause, releases the contractor from liability for delays or damages caused by events
beyond their control, such as earthquakes, typhoons, floods, or other catastrophic
natural disasters.
Important Conditions of Contracts Connected with
Contractual Problems

Price escalation: This condition allows the contractor to increase

the contract price under specific circumstances, such as a significant
and sudden increase in the cost of materials or labor. The clause
typically outlines a formula or conditions for when and how this can
be applied.

Termination of contract: This clause specifies the conditions under

which either the owner or the contractor can legally end the contract
before the project is completed. This could be due to a breach of
contract by one party, prolonged delays, or other specified reasons.
SPECIFICATION
Specifications are statements which describe the nature and class of
work, materials to be used, labour to be employed, method of work,
precautions to be taken, quality of workmanship etc. The cost of the
work depends much upon the specifications. The nature of work can
be easily understood from the study of specifications. The drawings of
a building or structure show the arrangement of rooms and
dimensions (length, breadth and height) and include a brief
description of the different parts. Drawings do not furnish the details
of different items of work, the quantity of materials, workmanship
etc., which are all description in the specifications.
Specifications serve the
following purposes:
1. Guide the bidder at the time of tendering for arriving at a fair
price for the work involved.

2. Provide guidance for execution and supervision of work and

purchase of materials.

3. State the acceptance criteria for different items of work.

Types of Specifications

A.Contract Specifications

B.Guide Specifications

C.Standard Specifications
Types of Specifications

A.Contract Specifications - The

specifications prepared for a particular job to
accompany the working drawings are contract
specifications.
Types of Specifications
These are further clauses at:

General Specifications are also called brief specifications. These

give a general idea of the class and type of work giving brief
descriptions of materials, quality and workmanship.

Example: "The concrete path shall be of high-quality, durable

concrete with a smooth finish suitable for foot traffic."
Types of Specifications
These are further clauses at:

Detailed specifications provide a detailed description of each item as per

schedule of quantities, specifying the materials to be used including their
proportions, method of work quality of workmanship required etc. The
specifications are written, as far as possible, in the same sequence or order in
which the work is carried out.

Example: "The concrete path shall be 4 inches thick. The concrete mix will be a
1:2:4 ratio (1 part cement, 2 parts sand, 4 parts aggregate) with a minimum
compressive strength of 3,000 psi after 28 days. The subgrade must be
compacted to 95% density. The surface will be finished with a steel trowel to
ensure a smooth, uniform surface."
Types of Specifications
B. Guide Specifications
These specifications provide a guideline for preparing contract
specifications and give a broad idea about class and type of
construction for a particular purpose.

Example: A guide specification for a new school might outline

that all classrooms should have "high-durability flooring" and
"energy-efficient windows." The final, detailed specifications would
then specify the exact brand, model, and installation method for
those items.
Types of Specifications
C. Standard Specifications
These specifications are prepared for various materials or group of
materials for the guidance of all concerned with construction or
construction industry. These specifications include methods of
manufacture methods of tests, code of practice etc.,

Example: A standard specification for concrete might detail the

exact ratio of cement, sand, and aggregate to use for a certain
strength, and the specific test to perform to verify that strength. When
a contractor buys materials, they often need to prove they meet these
standards
Types of Specifications
D. Manufacturer’s Specifications
Manufacturers prepare specifications of their products for the
guidance of users. These specifications also include installation
instructions and other guidelines for use and maintenance of products.
These specifications are generally provided in the form of manuals. Clear
understanding of specifications plays a vital role in the successful
completion of a construction project.

Example: A paint manufacturer's specification manual would state:

"Use a primer before applying paint. Apply in temperatures between 50-
90°F. Allow 4 hours drying time between coats."
WRITING SPECIFICATIONS
What are Specifications?

Specifications are detailed written instructions that

define a construction project. They provide essential
information to the builder about how a structure should
be built, protecting the interests of the architect, builder,
and owner.
SPECIFICATIONS ARE ORGANIZED INTO
THREE MAIN CATEGORIES:

1.Legal Documents Section: This part includes official

documents for the bidding process, such as advertisements,
invitations to bidders, and formal agreements between the
owner and the contractor.

2.Condition Section: This section outlines the rights and

responsibilities of all parties involved in the project, including
the designer, owner, contractor, and any subcontractors.
SPECIFICATIONS ARE ORGANIZED INTO
THREE MAIN CATEGORIES:
3.Technical Description Section: This is the core of the specifications, detailing
the materials and methods that must be used for construction. It is further divided
into specialized sections for different aspects of the project, such as:

a) Architectural: Details related to the building's design, finishes, and aesthetics.

b) Civil: Information on site work, grading, and other non-structural elements.
c) Structural: Requirements for the building's frame, foundation, and load-
bearing components.
d) Plumbing: Details on water supply, drainage, and fixture installation.
e) Electrical: Instructions for wiring, lighting, and power systems.
f)Mechanical: Specifications for HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air
conditioning) and other mechanical systems.
 EACH OF THESE TECHNICAL SECTIONS IS
TYPICALLY ORGANIZED TO INCLUDE:

1.The scope of work, which defines the tasks to be completed.

2.A complete description of materials to be used.

3.General requirements, which are standard work

practices.

4.Special requirements, for any unusual or unique

standards.
When selecting materials and equipment for a
project, nine major factors are considered:
1.Economy: The cost and overall value of the item.
2.Quality: The grade of excellence or standard required for the item.
3.Functionality: Whether the item will effectively serve its intended purpose.
4.Ease of Installation: How simple or complex the item is to install.
5.Appearance: The aesthetic appeal of the item.
6.Codes: Compliance with local and national building codes.
7.Service Requirement: How easily and quickly can the equipment be
repaired or maintained.
8.Warranty: Whether the item comes with a guarantee.
9.Size: The physical dimensions of the item and if it fits the designated space.
SUMMARY OF THE BIDDING PROCEDURE

The procedure starts with the government entity, a service provider like the Bureau of
Local Government Finance (BLGF), preparing the necessary documents and ends with the
delivery and acceptance of the goods or services.

The process can be summarized into four main phases:

1.Pre-Bidding

a) The BAC Secretariat prepares the Bidding Documents, which include the
Approved Budget for the Contract (ABC) and technical specifications. This takes about
one week.
b) The Bids and Awards Committee (BAC) then issues an Invitation to Bid, which is
advertised for two weeks in newspapers and online platforms like the G-EPS. A pre-
procurement conference is held during this time.
SUMMARY OF THE BIDDING PROCEDURE

2.Bid Submission & Evaluation

a) Interested bidders submit their bid documents to the bureau's Records

Unit, which then routes them to the BAC Secretariat.

b) The BAC holds a Pre-bid Conference to clarify bid requirements and a

Receipt and Opening of Bids to formally open all submitted
proposals. Both are typically 4 hours long.

c) A Bid Evaluation is then conducted over 3 days to determine the lowest

calculated responsive bid, resulting in a Bid Evaluation Report.
SUMMARY OF THE BIDDING PROCEDURE

3.Awarding the Contract

a) This phase takes approximately one week. The Technical Working Group (TWG)
prepares a Resolution to Award and Notice to Award, which is then approved
and issued.
b) The winning bidder posts a Performance Security as a guarantee.

4.Implementation & Completion

a) The contract is finalized through Contract Signing and a Notice to Proceed (NTP) is
issued, which takes one day.
b) The winning bidder delivers the goods or services as specified in the contract.
c) Finally, an inspection is performed, and an Acceptance Report is prepared,
concluding the transaction. This final inspection and acceptance typically take
one day.
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