TOPIC: PROGRAMMING
LANGUAGES
SUBMITTED TO: MR. SHAHZAD ALI
PRESENTED BY:
• Sibgha – 148
• Suhana – 152
• Aqsa – 173
• Maroosha – 172
WHAT IS PROGRAMMING
LANGUAGE ?
A progamming language is an artificial that can be used to
control the behaviour of a machine, particularly a computer.
Programming language is like human language are defined
through the use of syntactic and semantic rules, to determine
structure and meaning respectively.
TYPES OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE
Programming languages are broadly
categorized into three types.
− Machine language .
− Assembly language (low level language).
− High-level language.
1) LOW-LEVEL PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES
These are machine-dependent programming languages such as Binary (Machine
code) and Assembly language. It is a language that are very close to machine
language which is called as low level language.
A low-level programming language interacts directly with the registers and
memory. Since, instructions written in low level languages are machine dependent.
Programs developed using low level languages are machine dependent and are
not portable.
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES:
• Programs developed using low level languages are • Programs developed using low level
fast and memory efficient. languages are machine dependent and are
not portable.
• Programmers can utilize processor and memory in
better way using a low level language.
• It is difficult to develop, debug and maintain.
• There is no need of any compiler or interpreters to
translate the source to machine code. Thus, cuts
• Low level programs are more error prone.
the compilation and interpretation time.
• Low level languages provide direct manipulation of • Low level programming usually results in poor
computer registers and storage.
programming productivity.
• It can directly communicate with hardware devices.
• Programmer must have additional knowledge
of the computer architecture of particular
machine, for programming in low level
language.
2) HIGH-LEVEL PROGRAM LANGUAGES
• These are the machine-independent programming languages, which are easy to
write, read, edit, and understand.
• Languages like java, Python, JavaScript, C++, C, C#, and others . These languages
come under the category of high-level programming language.
High-level programming languages have special keywords, functions, and class
libraries. Using these we can easily build a computer program.
• The computer does not understand the program written in such languages directly,
As the computer understands only Machine code.
• Programming translators are generally called Compilers and Interpreters. Compilers
are the system software that converts a program written in particular programming
languages to its equivalent Machine code.
ADVANTAGES AND
DISADVANTAGES:
• High level languages are programmer friendly. • It takes additional translation times
They are easy to write, debug and maintain. to translate the source to machine
• It provide higher level of abstraction from code.
machine languages.
• High level programs are
• It is machine independent language.
comparatively slower than low level
• Easy to learn. programs.
• Less error prone, easy to find and debug
errors. • Compared to low level programs,
• High level programming results in better they are generally less memory
programming productivity efficient.
• Cannot communicate directly with
the hardware.
3. MACHINE LANGUAGES
Sometimes called machine code or object code, machine
language is a collection of binary digits(0,1) or bits that the computer
reads and interprets. Machine language is the only language a computer
can understand.
. A computer cannot directly understand the programming languages
used to create computer programs, so the program code must
be compiled. Once a program's code is compiled, the computer can
understand it because the program's code is turned into machine
language.
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES:
• The machine language, also known as low-level • It is pretty time-consuming to fix flaws
language, does not need to be translated since it and mistakes in codes and programs.
is already written in binary, or 0s and 1s, which
the computer system can read and understand. • Machine language coding requires a
significant amount of time.
• Machine language programs and code run
rapidly because they are in binary format.
• They tend to make mistakes by default
• A translator is not necessary for machine and handle and maintain them.
language.
• It is difficult to change.
• In machine language, directives and instructions
are given using a series of bits, where 0 denotes •
It's hard to recall instructions in numerical
a false or off state, and 1 denotes a true or on form, and this causes mistakes.
state.
