ETHICS AND

PHILOSOPHICAL
INQUIRY
 .difference.

HUMAN PERSON
VS
ANIMAL

…we ask Question?

 HUMANS
HAVE THE
INNATE
TENDENCY
TO KNOW
THE TRUTH

introduction
Truth?
How?
QUESTIONING/
KNOWING

is the essence
of Philosophy
Questioning geared towards
arriving at a clear meaning of
common human issues in
everyday life is called
PHILOSOPHICAL INQUIRY
PHILOSOPHICAL INQUIRY
provides an explanation
that leads to further
inquiry which reflects the
general nature of
philosophy
 “THIS
PYTHAGORAS, ON PHILOSOPHY
UNQUENCHABLE
DESIRE TO KNOW IS
PHILOSOPHY.”
What is Philosophy?
Philosophy
• is the SEARCH for the

meaning of everything
•which means “to look
for something more and
beyond”
•A quest , a thirst, a
hunger to know the
truth.
 b e t t er
…for tanding
nd e rs
Philosophy comes from
u

two Greek words:

• philia means love

• sophia means wisdom

Hence, Philosophy
literally means
“love of wisdom”

means a
• love of wisdom
human person who
dares and The
seeks the truth Meaning
Etymological
• PHYTAGORAS, a Greek
Philosopher, was the first to use the
term Philosophy.
• He noted that there are three types
of man:
a. lover of pleasure
b. lover of success
c. lover of wisdom
• the last, according to him, is the
SUPERIOR TYPE.
DEFINITION OF PHILOSOPHY
Philosophy is the study of general
and fundamental problems
concerning matters such as
existence, knowledge, values &
reason
 What lead us to
ask questions?

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 wonder
Curiosity drives us to ask
QUESTIONS, EXAMINE
AND LEARN.

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shutterstock_88175782jpg.jpg
“Wonder is the feeling of
a philosopher, and
philosophy begins in
wonder.”
Socrates

“Inquiry begins with

wonder.”

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doubt
A need to verify an information or
explanation before it is accepted as truth.

A critical and questioning perspective

is necessary in order to determine if
ideas or views are correct or true.
Early Greek Natural Scientists/ Philosophers

 Pre-Socratic Period (Ancient) – concerned

themselves with the nature and origin of the world.

Thales: Everything came from water.

Anaximenes: Everything came from air.
Pythagoras: Everything came from number.
Heraclitus: Everything is in a constant flux (constant changes).
Parmenides: Change is an illusion, everything is permanent.
 COMMONALITY:
their motivation to inquire
and understand the
underlying principle of
reality as they knew it.

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 The practice of inquiry SHIFTED from outside of the
human person to the human person itself;

from being inquiring

to
being who is subject of inquiry.

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What sort of person one has to be?

 “Know thyself!”
- Socrates

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Image retrieved from https://www.avalonchurch.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/who-am-i.jpg
 Why do we ask this question?

What good will it bring after answering this query?

Am I satisfied with the answers I provided about myself?

Do my answers really describe and exhaust all of my

being?
 “An unexamined life is not
worth living.”
Socrates

The morally examined

life is truly worth living.

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 METAPHYSICS

EPISTEMOLOGY ETHICS

PHILOSOPHY

COSMOLOGY THEODICY

LOGIC

DIVISION OF PHILOSOPHY
•• METAPHYSICS
METAPHYSICS MET
EPISTEMOLOGY
is the
is the study
study of
of reality
reality i.e.
i.e. beings
beings
APH andand ETHICS
Being
Being
YSIC
•• EPISTEMOLOGY
EPISTEMOLOGY S
PHILOSOPHY
is the
is the study
study validity
validity of
of human
human knowledge
knowledge
COSMOLOGY THEODICY

•• COSMOLOGY
COSMOLOGY LOGIC
is the
is the science
science of
of the
the universe
universe i.e.
i.e. the
the space
space
and time
and time

•• THEODICY
THEODICY
is aa philosophical
is philosophical study
study of
of God
God

•• LOGIC
LOGIC isthe
is thestudy
studyof
ofcorrect
correctREASONING,
REASONING, aabasic
basictool
toolthat
that philosophers
philosophers
useto
use toinvestigate
investigatereality
reality

•• ETHICS
ETHICS ?? Branches of Philosophy
 WHAT IS ETHICS?
 From Gk. word “ethos” = meaning:
“customs”, “usage” or “character”.

 a philosophical study of moral

judgments.

 also known as Moral Philosophy.

 deals with norms or standard of right

and wrong/ good and evil applicable Image retrieved from https://www.scu.edu/media/mobi/blog-variants/Ethics-Blog-760x550-760x550.png

to human behavior.
 An INQUIRY into some
standard to guide one’s
action, or as a tool to
understand a given
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condition.

Maybe described as a
critical reflection on various
life situations.
 MAJOR
AREAS OF
ETHICS
1. META-ETHICS
2. NORMATIVE ETHICS
3. RELIGIOUS ETHICS
 IS AN ATTEMPT TO
DETERMINE THE
MEANINGS OF TERMS
SUCH AS RIGHT,
GOOD, VIRTUE,
JUSTICE ETC.
IS THE STUDY OF
ETHICAL ACTIONS
AND QUESTIONS
THE STANDARDS
OF WHAT IS
CONSIDERED
MORALLY GOOD
OR BAD

Normative Ethics
RELIGIOUS
ETHICS
- SYSTEM OF BELIEFS
WHERE PEOPLE RELATE
THEMSELVES TO A
SUPERNATURAL BEING
SUCH AS GOD.

- POSESSES ETHICAL CODE

- SOME PHILOSOPHERS
REGARD THAT THERE CAN
BE NO MORALITY W/O
RELIGION
- RELIGION IS NECESSARY
TO LIVE ETHICALLY
ETHICS AND
MORAL
DILEMMAS
 MORAL Dilemma
“a torn between two alternatives”
• The term 'dilemma' refers to
a situation in which a tough
choice has to be made
between two or more
options, especially more or
less equally undesirable ones
 MORAL Dilemma
“a torn between two alternatives”