T-TEST

• The T-test is used to compare two means, the means, of

two independent samples or two independent groups and
the means of correlated samples before and after
treatment.
• A t-test is used as a hypothesis testing tool, which allows
testing of an assumption applicable to a population.
• A t-test looks at the t-statistic, the t-distribution values,
and the degrees of freedom to determine the statistical
significance.
THE T-TEST FOR TWO INDEPENDENT
SAMPLES/GROUPS

• The two-sample t-test (also known as the independent samples t-

test) is a method used to test whether the unknown population
means of two groups are equal or not.
• You can use the test when your data values are independent, are
randomly sampled from two normal populations and the two
independent groups have equal variances.
Formula:

where:
t = t-test
= mean of group 1
= mean of group 2
= sum of squares of group 1
= sum of squares of group 2
= number of observations in group 1
= number of observations in group 2
 EXAMPLE 1:

The following are the scores of 10 male and 10 female AB students

in spelling. Test the null hypothesis that there is no significant
difference between the performance of male and female AB
students in the said test. Use the t-test at .05 level of
significance.

Male (X1): 14 18 17 16 4 14 12 10
9 17

Female (X2): 12 9 11 5 10 3 7
SOLUTION:
Male Female

X1 X12 X2 X22

14 196 12 144
18 324 9 81
17 289 11 121
16 256 5 25
4 16 10 100
14 196 3 9
12 144 7 49
10 100 2 4
9 81 6 36
17 289 13 169
_________ ___________ __________ _________
ΣX1 = 131 ΣX12 = 1 891 ΣX2 = 78 ΣX22 = 738
n1 = 10 n1 = 10
Solve for SS1:

Solve for SS2:

Solve for t-test

t = 2.88
SOLVING FOR THE STEPWISE METHOD:

I. Problem: Is there a significant difference between the performance of male

and female AB students in spelling?

II. Hypotheses:
H0: There is no significant difference between the performance of male and
female AB students in spelling.
H0:
H1: There is a significant difference between the performance of male and
female AB students in spelling.
H1:
III. Level of Significance:

df =
= 10 + 10 – 2
= 18
t.05 = 2.101 (t-tabular value at .05)
IV. Statistics: t-test for two independent samples.
V. Decision Rule: If the t-computed value is greater than or beyond the t-tabular/critical value, reject the null
hypothesis.
VI. Conclusion: Since the t-computed value of 2.88 is greater than or beyond the t-tabular value of 2.101
at .05 level of significance with 18 degrees of freedom, the null hypothesis is rejected in favor of the
alternative hypothesis. This means that there is a significant difference between the performance of
male and female AB students in spelling. It implies that the male perform better than the female students
considering that the mean/average score of male students of 13.1 is greater compared to the average
score of female students of only 7.8.
 EXAMPLE 2:

Two groups of experimental rats were injected with tranquilizer at 1.0 mg and 1.5 mg dose respectively.
The time given in seconds that took them to fall asleep is hereby given. Use the t-test for
independent samples at .01 to test the null hypothesis that the difference in dosage has no effect
on the length of time it took them to fall asleep.

1.0 mg dose 9.8 13.2 11.2 9.5 13.0 12.1 9.8 12.3 7.9 10.2 9.7

1.5 mg dose 12.0 7.4 9.8 11.5 13.0 12.5 9.8 10.5 13.5
SOLUTION:

1.0 mg dose 1.5 mg dose

X1 X12 X2 X22

9.8 96.04 12.0 144.00

13.2 174.24 7.4 54.76
11.2 125.44 9.8 96.04
9.5 90.25 11.5 132.25
13.0 169.00 13.0 169.00
12.1 146.41 12.5 156.25
9.8 96.04 9.8 96.04
12.3 151.29 10.5 110.25
7.9 62.41 13.5 182.25
10.2 104.04 __________ _________
9.7 94.09 ΣX2 = 100 ΣX22 = 1 140.84
_________ ___________ n1 = 9
ΣX1 = 118.7 ΣX12 = 1 309.25
n1 = 11
Solve for SS1: Solve for SS2:
Solve for t-test

t = -0.40
 SOLVING FOR THE STEPWISE METHOD:

I. Problem: Is there a significant difference brought about by the dosages on the length of time it took the
rats to fall asleep?

II. Hypotheses:
H0: There is no significant difference brought about by the dosages on the length of time it took the rats to
fall asleep
H0:
H1: There is a significant difference brought about by the dosages on the length of time it took the rats to
fall asleep?
H1:

III. Level of Significance:

df =
= 11 + 9 – 2
= 18
IV. Statistics: t-test for two independent samples.

V. Decision Rule: If the t-computed value is greater than or beyond the t-tabular/critical value, reject the null
hypothesis.

VI. Conclusion: Since the t-computed value of -0.40 is within the critical value of -2.88 at .01 level of
significance with 18 degrees of freedom, the null hypothesis is accepted. This means that no significant
difference was brought about by the dosages on the length of time it took the rats to fall asleep.
 THE T-TEST FOR CORRELATED SAMPLES OR
DEPENDENT T-TEST

• The dependent t-test (also called the paired t-test or paired-samples t-test) compares the means
of two related groups to determine whether there is a statistically significant difference between these
means.
• This test is an example of a "within-subjects" or "repeated-measures" statistical test. This indicates that the
same participants are tested more than once.
• Thus, in the dependent t-test, "related groups" indicates that the same participants are present in both
groups.
• The reason that it is possible to have the same participants in each group is because each participant has
been measured on two occasions on the same dependent variable.
• For example, you might have measured the performance of 10 participants in a spelling test (the
dependent variable) before and after they underwent a new form of computerized teaching method to
improve spelling. You would like to know if the computer training improved their spelling performance. Here,
we can use a dependent t-test because we have two related groups. The first related group consists of the
participants at the beginning (prior to) the computerized spell training and the second related group
consists of the same participants, but now at the end of the computerized training.
FORMULA:

𝐷
t=

√ (∑ 𝐷 )
2

∑ 𝐷2− 𝑛
¿¿
¿¿

Where:
t = t-test
= mean difference between the pretest and the posttest
= sum of squares of the difference between the pretest and the
posttest
= the summation of the difference between the pretest and the
posttest
n = sample size
 EXAMPLE 1:

An experimental study was conducted on the effect of programmed materials in English on the
performance of 20 selected college students. Before the program was implemented, the pretest
was administered and after 5 months the same instrument was used to get the posttest result.
The data is shown below. Use the dependent t-test at .05 level of significance.

Pretest 20 30 10 15 20 10 18 14 15 20 18 15 15 20 18 40 10 10 12 20
X1
Posttest 25 35 25 25 20 20 22 20 20 15 30 10 16 25 10 45 15 10 18 25
X2
SOLUTION:
Pretest Posttest
X1 X2 D D2
20 25 -5 25
30 35 -5 25
10 25 -15 225
15 25 -10 100
20 20 0 0
10 20 -10 100
18 22 -4 16
14 20 -6 36
15 20 -5 25
20 15 5 25
18 30 -12 144
15 10 5 25
15 16 -1 1
20 25 -5 25
18 10 8 64
40 45 -5 25
10 15 -5 25
10 10 0 0
12 18 -6 36
20 25 -5 25
_______ _______
ΣD = -81 ΣD2 = 947
SOLVING FOR THE STEPWISE METHOD:

I. Problem: Is there a significant difference between the pretest and the posttest on the use of
programmed materials in English?
II. Hypotheses:
H0: There is no significant difference between the pretest and the posttest on the use of programmed
materials in English
H0:
H1: There is a significant difference between the pretest and the posttest on the use of programmed
materials in English?
H1:
III. Level of Significance:

df =
= 20-1
= 19
t.05 = -1.729 (t-tabular value at .05)
IV. Statistics: t-test for correlated samples.

V. Decision Rule: If the t-computed value is greater than or beyond the t-tabular/critical value, reject the null
hypothesis.

VI. Conclusion: The t-computed value of -3.17 is beyond the t-critical value of -1.73 at .05 level of
significance with 19 degrees of freedom, the null hypothesis is therefore rejected in favor of the
alternative hypothesis. This means that the posttest result is higher than the pretest result. It implies
that the use of the programmed materials in English is effective.
EVALUATION:

1. The data below represent the number of hours of pain relief provided by two brands of headache tablets
administered to 24 subjects. These subjects were randomly divided into two groups and each group was
treated with a different brand. Use the t-test for independent samples at 0.05 level of significance to test the
null hypothesis that there is no significant difference between the average number of hours of pain relief
provided by the two brands of headache tablets. Follow the stepwise method in presenting the analysis of
the results.

Brand 5 8 7 3 4 8 7 5 6 7 5 5
X1
Brand 3 2 1 4 5 6 7 3 5 4 2 3
X2
2. Ten subjects were given an attitude test on a controversial issue. Then they were shown a film favorable
to the ten subjects and the same attitude test was administered. Use the dependent t-test at .05 level of
significance to test the null hypothesis that there is no significant difference on the result of the attitude test
administered after showing a film favorable to the ten subjects. Follow the stepwise method in presenting the
analysis of the results.

Pretes 16 18 16 24 20 25 22 18 15 15
t
Postte 20 20 24 28 20 30 23 24 19 15
st