PAINTS

Prepared by
Ar. Prakash A. Joshi
Ar. Dharati Sote
BNCA, Pune
Introduction
The final finishing of all surfaces such as walls, ceilings, woodwork,
metalwork, etc is necessary to make them look good and also for their
protection from moisture,termites etc.
So according to the nature of the surface and the finishing required,
the surface should be coated with different types of paints.
 PAINT is a solution of a pigment in water, oil, or organic solvent,
used to cover wall, wood or metal articles either for protection or for
appearance
A thin dry film so formed by this solution is , then applied to a surface
which is used as a decorative or protective coating.
For different surfaces different types of paints from different
companies are used.
History of paint
• Color or paints has been with us for more than 20,000 years. Evidence
survives in early cave paintings and ancient Chinese are considered to
have brought its manufacture and use to a state of perfection tens of
thousands of years ago.
• One of the earliest recorded colors discoveries was made by plato
who discovered that by mixing two colors, a third is produced ,
therefore changing ‘ manufacture ‘ of color forever.
• 5000 years ago ,Blue Frit was first synthetic pigment being produced
by Egyptians.
• Before 19th century word ‘paint’ was only applied to oil- bound types,
those bound with glue were called ‘ distemper’.
Function of paint

Paint is used to protect , preserve, decorate, or add functionality to an

object or surface by covering it with a pigmented coating.
• An example of protection is to retard corrosion of metal.
• An example of decoration is to add festive trim to a room’s interior
• An example of added functionally is to modify light reflection or heat
radiation of a surface . Also , use of color to identify hazards or to
identify the function or equipment and pipelines.
Uses of paints
• To protect material from weathering oxidation process and damages
by insects.
• To improve the beauty of material.
• To facilitate the cleaning process of surface
• To give high class finish , attractive colors and pleasing surfaces
design and appearance .
• To protect various substances from corrosion .
• To make materials long lasting.
• Paints can be used for material made of wood, steel, concrete and
brick.
Classification of paints

Dry
Synthetic
Acrylic

Regular
Economy
Silk
Market Segmentation

Decorative: Major segments in decorative include exterior wall paints,

interior wall paints, wood finishes and enamel and ancillary products
such as primers, putties etc.

Industrial: Three main segments of the industrial sector include

automotive coatings, powder coatings and protective coatings.
 User industries for industrial paints include automobiles engineering
and consumer durables.
 The industrial paints segment is far more technology intensive than
the decorative segment.
Major Players in Indian Paint Industry
Interior Paints (Emulsion)

Dulax Velvet Touch

Asian Paints Royale

luxury Emulsion Silk
Interior Paints (Distemper)

Tractor Distemper Beauty Distemper Bison Distemper

Interior Paints Metal & Wood (Enamel)

Synthetic Enamel Gloss Premium Enamel

Apcolite Premium Gloss

Enamel Luxol
Exterior Paints

Apex Ultima Weather Shield MAX

Tartaruga (Textured) Snowcem Plus (Cement)

Classification of paints

Classification by Attributes
Curing mechanism Baking or Air-dry
Solvent for the paint Water- based or solvent-based
Function of system component Primer, sealer, undercoat or finishing
coat
Resin component Epoxy, Alkyd, Acrylic, Polyurethane,
etc
Classification of paints
Paints can be classified under various factors that are:
ON THE BASIS OF BASE USED-
•Oil Paints utilize a drying oil that oxidizes and hardens to form a tough
elastic film when exposed to thin layer of air.

•Alkyd Paints have as a binder an alkyd resin, such as chemically

modified soy or linseed oil.

•Latex Paints have as a binder an acrylic resin that coalesces as water

evaporates from the emulsion.

•Epoxy Paints have an epoxy resin as a binder for increased resistance to

corrosion, abrasion and chemicals
ON THE BASIS OF PROPERTIES-
•Rust Inhibiting Paints & Primers-
These are especially formulated with anti-corrosive pigments to prevent
or reduce the corrosion of metal surfaces.

•Fire Retardant Paints-

These are especially formulated with silicone and polyvinyl chloride or
other substance to reduce the flame spread of a combustible material

•Heat Resistant Paints-

These are specially formulated with silicone resins to withstand high
temperatures.

•In tumescent Coatings-

These when exposed to the heat of a fire, swell to form a thick insulating
layer of inert foam that retards flame spread and combustion.
Distempers :

Distempers are durable and economical water based paints

The major constituents of distemper include colouring agents, as well as

chalk and lime.

They have been the main painting substance for decades and still are
excellent budget painting solutions.

Even the distempers now used are more varied and have special
properties.
Emulsion Paint :
These are the superior quality of paint formed by mixing oil/water and
an emulsifying agent to prevent the combination separating.

They have much better ease of application, are washable and have a
greater overall decorative appeal.

Not only do they have higher coverage than enamels and distempers,
they are mostly washable and can be easily applied on concrete and
stucco surfaces.

As per the interior and exterior painting requirements

both interior and exterior emulsion paints exist.
Enamel Paints :
Enamels are hard, washable and usually glossy paints.

They can be oil based or alkyd based and come in several sheens, from
eggshell or low-luster to satin, semi-gloss and high-gloss.

They find application not only on metal surfaces but also on interior
walls and wooden surfaces.
Texture paints :
These are used to create to desired visual effects on the walls.

By the use of brushes, rollers, putty knives, trowels and other

applications a variety of patterns can be created.

Other paints can be applied on the textures to create desired effects.

Sometimes, texture paints are tinted prior to application, giving the

desired colour.
Cement Paint :
To give a new look for concrete and other cement-based materials,
cement paint is the perfect answer.

It is a special paint coatings made for masonry and cement-based

materials, including concrete, mortar (and brick), concrete block and
stucco.

Not only it adds to the aesthetics of the wall but also provides a
waterproofing coating and can supplement the role of putty.
Primers-
These are basecoats applied to a surface to improve the adhesion of
subsequent coats of paint or varnish.

Sealers-
These are basecoats applied to a surface to reduce absorption of
subsequent coats of paint or varnish, or to prevent bleeding through the
finish coat.
Types of finishes-
Matt Paint-
Matt color is the most common of interior wall paints. There’s no
shine or sheen to the finish.
It is easy to apply, although it can often take more than a single coat to
create a good solid color.
Matt paint can be applied with a brush or roller and works well on
walls that have imperfections.
On the downside, matt paint is easily marked.
Although some marks can be removed with a damp cloth, matt paint
needs regular retouching.
Satin/ Pearl-
This is very durable in terms of wash ability and resistance to
moisture.
It will offer the user the full protection on their walls from dirt,
moisture, stains, etc. and so it is ideal for areas like bathrooms and
kitchens,
It will show even more imperfections on walls because of its strong
shine.
Eggshell

An eggshell finish has a shine that’s extremely subtle but without the
same smoothness as a satin finish.
Thus, it doesn’t highlight imperfections quite as much, making it much
more suitable as an interior wall paint.
It’s easy to apply and can often cover in a single coat, making it a
better choice for many people.
Semi-Gloss
Semi-gloss is another common interior paint, although it’s more
commonly used on trim rather than the walls.
It offers a hard finish, is suitable to heavy use and is easy to clean with
just soap and water.
The shine produced is less than full gloss paint, but it’s usually easy to
achieve a good covering with just a single coat.
Gloss Paint
Apart from matt paint, gloss paint is the most common interior wall
paint.
It can use on most walls, although some people use it sparingly on
these surfaces and prefer to use it on woodwork because of its high
shine.
Gloss paint shows up all the imperfections on a wall and achieving an
even coverage on a wall will often need more than a single coat of paint.
Defects of paints
Bleeding
• Discolouration of paint film due to
pigment seeping to the surface from
undercoats or gum from knots in timber.

Blistering
• Formation of small areas of swelling on
the surface caused by painting in the
direct heat of the sun or from trapped
moisture, seeping through to the surface
or from corrosion sites.
Cessing
• Shrinkage or contraction of the new coating away
from area which is contaminated by grease, oil or
polish ( particularly silicone types.)
Cracking and Peeling
• Occurs if the paint had inadequate adhesion and
flexibility, overspreading or thinning of the paint,
inadequate surface preparation or applying to bare
wood without primer, and hardening and fragility
as the paint ages.
Crazing
• Irregular cracking of surface film due to age
application of the paint over an oily or wet
undercoat.
Efflorescence
• Formation of a series of open blisters in a
paint film due to soluble salts rising to
the surface from brick, plaster and
cement objects.

Flaking
• Occurs when the paint peels away from
the surface due to a crack or joint in the
film. It may be caused by use of an
unsuitable undercoat, or shrinkage/
expansion of the surface.
Mildew
• Occurs in moist humid conditions ( bathrooms,
kitchens, laundry rooms) when using alkyd or
oil based paint or lower quality paint. Can
occur due to failure to prime wood before
painting and not successfully removing mildew
from the surface before repainting .

Chalking
• Appearance of fine powder on the paint film
due to weathering causing the resin to break
down, or painting over a porous surface.

Sagging
• Formation of a waterfall – like appearance on
the surface due to , too much paint being applie
in one coat.
Paint composition
Pigment Constituents Comments
Lead white Basic lead carbonate Highly poisonous
Yellow ochre Hydrated ferric oxide Highly tolerant externally
Cadmium yellow Cadmium sulphide Highly poisonous
Red ochre Ferric oxide An earth pigment
Chrome red Basic lead chromate Highly poisonous
Prussian blue Ferric ferrocyande Poisonous
Cobalt blue Cobalt aluminate Poisonous
Zinc green Zinc chromate Highly poisonous
Amber Clay without iron and From ferric oxide
magnesium
Burnt sienna Hydrated ferric oxide An earth pigment
Lamp black Carbon -
Characteristics of paints-
It should possess a good spreading power i.e. Maximum area of the
surface should be covered by minimum quantity of the paint.
• The paint should be such that it can be easily and freely applied on the
surface.
• The paint should be such that it dries in reasonable time and not too
rapidly.
• The paint should be such that its color is maintained for a long time.
• The paint should form a hard and durable surface.
• The paint should not affect the health of workers during its
application.
• The paint should not be affected by weathering actions of the
atmosphere.
• The paint should possess attractive and pleasing appearance.
• The surface coated with paint should not show cracks when the paint
dries.
• When applied on the surface, the paint should form a thin film of
uniform nature.
Ingredients
Binder, vehicle, or resins-
The binder, commonly called the vehicle, is the film-forming component
of paint. It is the only component that must be present. The binder
imparts adhesion and strongly influences such properties as gloss,
durability, flexibility, and toughness.

Solvent-
The main purpose of the solvent is to dissolve the polymer and adjust
the viscosity of the paint. It facilitates the paint’s application, it’s drying,
and the formation of a regular paint film and acts as a carrier for the non
volatile components in a paint. During application and drying, the
solvent evaporates. To spread heavier oils (for example, linseed) as in
oil-based interior house paint, a thinner oil is required.
Pigment or Filler-
Pigments are granular solids incorporated in the paint to contribute color.
They can be classified as either natural or synthetic. Natural pigments
include various clays, calcium carbonate, mica, silica, and talc.
Synthetics would include engineered molecules, calcined clays, blanc
fixe, precipitated calcium carbonate.
Fillers are a special type of pigment that serve to thicken the film,
support its structure and increase the volume of the paint. These granular
solids impart toughness and texture. Not all paints include fillers. On the
other hand, some paints contain large proportions of pigment/filler and
binder.

Additives-
Besides the three main categories of ingredients, paint can have a wide
variety of miscellaneous additives, which are usually added in small
amounts, yet provide a significant effect on the product. Some examples
include additives to modify surface tension, improve flow properties and
finished appearance, control foaming etc.
Advantages-
1.It protects the surface from
weathering effects of the
atmospheric and actions by
other liquids, fumes and gases.

2. It prevents decay of wood

and corrosion in metal.

3. It is used to give good appearance to the surface. The decorative

effects may be created by painting and the surface becomes
hygienically good ,clean,colourful and attractive.

4.It provides a smooth surface for easy cleaning.

Process of painting
Surface Preparation- Surface preparation is important because it directly affects the
surface finish of the paint.
A paint scrapper, a putty knife or a sand paper is used to remove loose particles or
flakes and the surface is made enough and free from dust, dirt, grease etc. All loose
material is removed and filled with plaster or putty
mixture.
Primer coating- It is essential, especially when the walls to be painted are stained,
porous, have water damage or when we are painting a light colour over a dark color
or vice versa. Primers help provide a smooth surface, making the surface less
absorbent, thus increasing the spreading capacity of the paint. Using primer on the
kitchen, bathroom and exterior walls is especially important to aid in the prevention
of mildew.
Primer helps give uniform colour and texture to the finished
paint, and provide better adhesion to the top coats. The type of
primer used is also dependent on the kind of surface to be
painted, i.e. different primers exist for interior walls, exterior
walls, wood, metals etc.
Putty Coat :
Putties are generally used in the case of fresh painting or walls that require total
overhauling just like fresh walls, they may not be used for repainting or touch up
exercises. Wall putty should be applied to walls after first primer coat has dried. It will
fill in minor cracks and surface imperfections, and provide a protective sub-layer for
the expensive paint. As per the requirement 1-2 coats of putty can be applied, but it is
required to allow the previous coat to dry before applying subsequent coat.

Second Primer Coat :

Generally repainting services require a single coat of primer, but for fresh surfaces or
the surfaces that need considerable leveling and removal of undulations, two primer
coats are required. Care must be taken that the second primer coat be applied only after
the previous putty coat has dried completely.

Finish Coat :
Generally two coats of finish coat are required to get the desired finish and color. It is
important that each coat must be completely dry before the application of next one.
Common paints tools

• BRUSH
• SPRAY
• ROLLER
New concepts of Paints

• Multi coloured room concept.

• Lead free colour.
Reference book
“Civil Engineering Materials” by Handoo, Mahajan, Kaila