Lecture 1

• Basic structure of computer

• History of computer development
 Chapter 1

Basic structure of computer

 Computer Systems

Is a system that includes computer as one of

its components
 Computer Organization

Towards the operation units and

interconnection which realize computer
architecture specification
 What is a Computer ?
Electronic device under the instruction and
programming control; and execute four
basic operation

• input
• processing
• output
• storage
 IPOS cycle
IPOS : Input, Processing, Output, Storage
 Types of Computer

• Special purpose computer

– Eg: Traffic light controller

• General purpose computer

– Computer for individual
– Computer for organization
 Individual Computer

• Professional workstation
• Desktop computers
• Networked computers (NC)
• Notebook computers
• Subnotebooks
• Netbook
• Tablet/ Tablet PC
• Ultrabook
 Computer for Organization
• Supercomputer
– Fastest
– Most expensive
• Mainframe
– High speed
– More expensive
– Process huge amount of data and fast
– Support many users
– perform server jobs

• Minicomputer
– Performance and speed lesser than mainframe
• Server
 Computer Systems

• Hardware
– Physical component of computer such as
mechanical & electronic circuit which can be
touched

• Software
– Program which instructs computer to do
something
– Consist from bunch of programming, algorithm
and instruction set which can’t be touched
 Computer Software
• System software:
– All program related to computer operation
coordination
• Eg
– Operating System- Windows 98, Mac OS, Unix,
Linux, MS Dos
– Utility programs –file management
– compiler, interpreter

• Application software
– Program that direct computer to do specific task
• text processing (Microsoft Word), mathematical
operation (Microsoft Excel), database management.
 Personal Computer Hardware
• Component inside microcomputer system
 Digital & Analog System
• Digital System
- Any system which handle digital signal
(discrete)

• Analog System
• Any system which handle analog signal
4 Basic Functional Unit of a
Computer
 1. Input Unit
• Computer receive coded information from input where
the function is to read data
• Example of input device: keyboard, joystick, trackball,
mouse.
 2. Output Unit
• Its function is to send processed data to be displayed
• Output device example:
 3. Storage Unit
• Store program and data in extended period of time
• Fix
• Reliable
• Easy – to find and fetch data swiftly
• Compressed storage
– Diskettes –500 book pages (absolute)
– Optical Disk –500 books

• Economy
– Save in term of physical storage cost
– Convenient and fast in filing and access data
 Storage type

•Magnetic disk storage

Magnetic disk: random access, faster than tape

•Magnetic Tape Storage

Magnetic tape- serial access,

less expensive than disk
 Storage type

•Optical disk
–Magneto-optical, CD-ROM, CD-R, CD-RW,
DVD-ROM, Blu Ray
 Diskette (absolute)

• Low capacity– small file

• Portable
• Layered with metallic
substance
• Hard plastic jacket for
protection
• 3 ½ inch, 1.44 MB
High Capacity Portable Diskette (absolute)
• Large file
• Portable
• High capacity
– 120 / 200 MB
– Eg: Superdisk
• Zip disk
– 250 MB
– Not compatible with 3 ½ inch diskette
• Thumb Drive/USB Flash Drive
– As of January 2013, drives of up to 512 gigabytes (GB) were
available
 Hard Disk

• Variety of size (Mb,Gb)

• Portable characteristic
– Generally is not portable
– Portable hard disk is also available
• Hard scrap layered with metallic material
 Hard Disk
• Solid State Drive (SSD)
– As of 2010, most SSDs use NAND-based flash memory, which
retains data without power.
– SSDs may be constructed from random-access memory (RAM)
for fast access. Such devices may employ separate power sources,
such as batteries, to maintain data after power loss.
– Solid State Hybrid Drives (SSHD) combine the features of SSDs
and HDDs in the same unit,

SSD SSHD
 4. Processing Unit
• Central Processing Unit (CPU)
• Types of Storage
• Program execution
• Search data inside memory

• System Unit
• Microprocessor
• Semiconductor memory
• Bus line
• Speed and power
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
 Central Processing Unit (CPU)

• Change data to information

• Control center
• One set of electronic circuit which execute stored
instruction program
• Two parts
– Control Unit (CU)
– Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
 Control Unit

• Device which responsile to control

• Instruct computer system to execute
program
• Communicate with other parts inside a
device
 Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)

Perrform mathematical operation

Perrform logical operation
Arithmetic Operation

Addition
Subtraction
Multiplication
Division
 Logical Operation

• Evaluate condition
• Compare
• Can compare
– Numbers
– Characters
– Specialized character
 Register

Special purpose
High speed Control
ALU
Unit
Temporary storage
Inside CPU Register

Memory
Instruction register

Hold instruction
currently being used Data register

Hold data which waiting to be

processed

Hold answers from

processing outcome
 Types of Storage
• Secondary
– Data which will be used in the end
– Long term
• Main Memory
– Data which will be used in short period of time
– Temporary
– Access faster that secondary storage
• Register
– Data which related to opeation being execute
– Access faster than main memory
 Measure storage capacity

KB – kilobyte GB – gigabyte
• 1024 byte • Billion bytes
• diskette • Hard disk
• Cache memory • CDs and DVDs

MB – megabyte TB – terabytes
• million byte • Trillion bytes
• RAM • Large hard disk
 Memory

Primary storage
Primary memory
Main storage
Internal storage
Main memory
 Types of memory

RAM
Random Access Memory

ROM
Read Only Memory
 RAM

• Need electric energy to store data

• Not fix
• Data and instruction can be read and
altered
• User always referred to this type of storage
 What inside a RAM?

• Operating system
• Program that’s running
• Data needed by the program
• Intermediate answer which wait to be
displayed as output
 ROM

• Fix
• Instruction to start computer
• Data and instuction can be read but can’t be
altered
• Mostly, instruction is written in the factory
 Execute Program
• Control unit (CU) received one instruction and placed in
memory
• CU decode the instruction
• CU inform related device to take action
• Control in transferred to related device
• Task executed
• Control returned to CU
 Machine Cycle
I-time + E-time

Instruction time (I-time)

• CU fetch one instruction inside memory and place
in one register
• CU decode the instruction and determine the
memory location for the needed data
 Machine Cycle

Execution time (E-time)

• Execution
– CU moved data from memory to register in ALU
– ALU is given the control and execute the instruction
– Control is returned to control unit
• CU store operation answer inside memory or
register
 System Clock

• Clock system produced pulse in a fix rate

• Every pulse is one machine cycle
• One instruction program actually might be
consist of a number of instruction to the
CPU
• Every CPU instruction will take one pulse
• CPU has one instruction set – instructions
which it can understand and process
 Finding data inside a memory

• Each location inside memory have unique address

– Address never change
– Content might change

• Memory location can hold one instruction or one data

• Programmer used symbolic names
 Data representation
On/Off

Binary number system represent

circuit condition
 Bit, Byte, Word
• BIT
– Binary DigIT
– On/off circuit
– 1 or 0
• BYTE
– 8 bit
– Store one alphanumeric character
– 01001010 = J
• WORD
– Register size
– Number of BIT processed by CPU in one unit
– Differ from one computer to another computer (64bit/8
bit)
 Coding Scheme
• One code to determine which bit group representing which
character on keyboard
• ASCII
– Use one byte (8-bit)
– 28 = 256 combination or character
– Almost all PC and larger computer
• EBCDIC
– Use one byte (8-bit)
– 28 = 256 combination or character
– Used mainly on IBM compatible mainframes
• Unicode
– Use two bytes 8-bit (16 bits)
– 216 = 65,536 combination or character
– Support character for all language in the world
– Compatible with ASCII
 System Unit
• Store electronic component
– Main board
– Storage device
– Interconnection

• A number of Apple Macintosh have system unit

in its monitor
 System Unit

Main Board
• Microprocessor chip
• Memory chip
• Interconnection to
other device’s parts
• Additional chip -
mathematical processor
System Unit

Storage Device
Hard Drive
Disk Drive
CD-ROM Drive
DVD-ROM Drive
 Microprocessor

• CPU etched on chip

• One chip is ¼ x ¼ inci
• Consist of silicon
• Consist of million gates
– Electric switch that allows electric supply to flow
 Microprocesor’s Component

• Control Unit - CU
• Arithmetic Logic Unit – ALU
• Register
• System clock
Development of a better microprocessor

• Microprocessor computer print circuit on

microchip
– Cheaper
– Faster
• Perform other device task
– Current mathematical co-processor is part of
microprocessor
– Current multimedia instruction is part of
microprocessor
Development of a better microprocessor

More functions combined in one

microprocessor:

• Faster computer execution

• Cheaper it is made
• More reliable
 Types of Microprocessor

Intel Compatible Intel

• Pentium • Cyrix
• Celeron • AMD
• Xeon and Itanium
• I series
• Atom

ARM microprocessor
 Types of Microprocessor

• PowerPC
– Collabration of Apple, IBM, and Motorola
– Used in Apple Macintosh PC group
– Inside server and additional system
• Alpha
– Produced by Compaq
– High power server and workstation
 Semiconductor memory

• Reliable
• Small
• Low cost
• Low power consumption
• Economically produced in bulk
• Not fix
• All circuit together become one storage unit that
can’t be separated
 Semiconductor memory CMOS

• Complementary metal
oxide semiconductor
• Use low electric supply
• Used inside PC to store
device control needed to
start a computer
• Store information using
power from battery
 RAM

• Store instruction and data for current

program
• Data inside memory can be randomly
accessed
• Easy and fast access
• Not fix
• Can be erased
• Able to be Rewrite
 Types of RAM

SRAM (Static RAM)

• Store content when power exist

• Faster than DRAM
 Types of RAM

DRAM (dynamic RAM)

• Must always refresh

• Used in most PC memory because of size and cost
• SDRAM
– Faster than DRAM
• Rambus DRAM
– Faster than SDRAM
– Expensive
1. DIP 16-pin (DRAM chip, usually pre-fast page
mode DRAM (FPRAM)) DIMM 240-pin (DDR2 SDRAM and DDR3
2. SIPP 30-pin (usually FPRAM) SDRAM)
3. SIMM 30-pin (usually FPRAM)
4. SIMM 72-pin (often extended data out DRAM
(EDO DRAM) but FPRAM is not uncommon)
5. DIMM 168-pin (SDRAM)
6. DIMM 184-pin (DDR SDRAM) RIMM 184-pin RDRAM memory with integrated
heat spreader
 Adding RAM

• Buy memory module packaged on circuit board

• SIMMS – chip on one side
• DIMMS – chip on two sides
• Maximum RAM that can be installed is based on
main board design, operating system etc
– How to find max RAM capacity
– Max RAM for Windows
 ROM

• Program and data that has been

permanently recorded in factory
• Read only
• Can’t be changed by user
• Store start computer routine which is
activated when computer is switched on
• Fix
 PROM

• Programmable ROM
• ROM burner can change instruction on
some ROM chip
 Bus Line

• Path which transfer electric signal

• Bus system
– Transfer data between CPU and memory

• Bas width
– Bit data numbers which can carried at one time
– Most of the time the same size woth CPU word

• Speed is measured in MHz

 Bus Line

Larger bus width = More powerful computer

CPU can transfer more

data at one time = Faster computer

CPU can refer larger More memory can be

address = used

CPU can support more and variety of instruction

 Expansion Bus

• Connect main board to expansion slot

• Attach expansion board to slot
– Interface card
– Changeable card
• External connection/port
– Serial
– Parallel
Expansion Bus
 Bus and PC Port

ISA Slow device like mouse and modem

PCI Fast device like hard disk and network card

AGP Connect memmory and graphic card to present faster video

USB Support “daisy-chaining” eliminate the needs to have variety

type of expansion card; hot change
IEEE 1394 High speed bus connects video device with computer
(FireWire)
PC Card Credit card size PC card devices mostly found in laptop
computer
 Speed and power

What make computer fast?

• Microprocssor speed
• Bus line size
• Cache
• Flash memory
• RISC type computer
• Parallel processing
 Computer processing speed

Time to executer one instruction

• Millisecond
• Microsecond
• Nanosecond
– Modern Computer
• Picosecond
– In the future
 Computer processing speed

• Clock speed
– Megahertz (MHz)
– Gigahertz (GHz)
• Number of instruction per second
• Million Instruction per Second (MIPS)
• Complex mathematic operation
– One million operation floating point per second
(Megaflop )
 Cache

• Small memory block and temporary

• Accelerate data transfer
• Always used recent instruction and data
 Cache

Step 3
P Transfer to main CPU and cache
R
O
R
C
E Cache A
S
M
S
O Step 2
Go to address in main
R
memory and read
Step 1
Processor The next processor ask
ask data or • See first in cache
instruction • Go to memory
 Types of Cache
• Internal Cache
– Level 1 (L1)
– Embed in microprocessor
– Up to 128KB
• External Cache
– Level 2 (L2)
– External chip
– 256KB or 512 KB
– SRAM technology
– Cheaper and slower than L1
– Faster and more expensive than memory
 Flash memory

• RAM that is not change

• Used in
– Phablet
– Mobile phone
– Digital camera
– Digital music recorder
– PDA
– USB Flash Drive
 Instruction set

• CISC Technology
• Complex Instruction Set Computing
– Conventional computer
– A lot of the instruction is not used

• RISC Technology
• Reduce Instruction Set Computing
– Small instruction subset
– Increase speed
– Program with a number of complex instruction
• Graphic
• Engineering
 Types of processing

• Serial processing
– Executer one instruction at one time
– Fetch, decode, execute and store

• Parallel Processing
– More than one processor used simultaneously
– Can do trillion floating point per second teraflops
– Example: Network server, supercomputer
 Types of Processing

• Pipelining
– instruction do not need to finish before the next is
started
– Fetch instruction 1, start to decode and fetch
instruction 2
 Further readings
• http://www.computerhope.com/help/mb.htm