Transaction and Concurrency
Control in Database Systems
Understanding the Essentials of
Database Transactions and Ensuring
Data Consistency
Your Name & Date
Introduction to Transactions
• A transaction is a sequence of operations
treated as a single unit.
• Transactions maintain data integrity in
databases.
– Example: Start Transaction → Operation 1 →
Operation 2 → Commit/Rollback
ACID Properties of Transactions
• Atomicity: All or nothing.
• Consistency: Maintains database rules.
• Isolation: Concurrent transactions don’t
interfere.
• Durability: Once committed, changes are
permanent.
Importance of Transaction
Management
• Ensures reliability and accuracy of data.
• Prevents data loss and inconsistencies.
• Critical in systems with high transaction
volumes.
Introduction to Concurrency
Control
• Manages simultaneous operations without
conflicts.
• Ensures data integrity in multi-user
environments.
Problems in Concurrency Control
• Lost Updates: Changes by one transaction
overwrite another.
• Temporary Inconsistency: A transaction sees
uncommitted changes of another.
• Deadlock: Two transactions waiting on
resources held by each other.
Lost Update Problem
• Occurs when two transactions update the
same data, and one update is lost.
Temporary Inconsistency (Dirty
Read) Problem
• One transaction reads an uncommitted
change from another.
Deadlock and Its Causes
• Occurs when two transactions hold resources
the other needs.
• Deadlock leads to permanent stalling unless
resolved.
Concurrency Control Techniques
• Locking: Prevents access to data by other
transactions.
• Timestamp Ordering: Orders transactions
based on timestamps.
• Optimistic Control: Assumes conflicts are rare
and checks at commit time.
Locking Mechanisms
• Shared Locks: Allow multiple reads.
• Exclusive Locks: Only one write allowed.
Two-Phase Locking (2PL)
• Growing Phase: Transactions acquire all
needed locks.
• Shrinking Phase: Locks are released.
• Ensures serializability.
Deadlock Prevention and Detection
• Prevention: Use ordering of resources.
• Detection: Identifies deadlocks and resolves
by rolling back a transaction.
Conclusion and Summary
• Transactions and concurrency control are
essential for data integrity.
• Concurrency control helps manage multiple
users and transactions.
• Techniques like locking, timestamp ordering,
and 2PL prevent conflicts.
