The Participles
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The document explains the formation and usage of various types of participles in English, including present, past, present perfect, and past perfect participles. It highlights their functions as adjectives, in continuous and perfect tenses, and for combining sentences. Additionally, it provides examples to illustrate each usage and includes exercises for practice.
The Participles
- 1. THE PARTICIPLES Participles dibedakan menjadi : I. A. The Present Participles : bentukan : Verb I + ing. B. The Present Perfect Participles: bentukan : having verb III II. A. The Past Participles : bentukan : Verb III B. The Past Perfect Participles : bentukan : having been VIII I. A. The Present Participles Bnetuk : Verb I + ing, diartikan dengan me- ….. / kata kerja aktif. Contoh : cooking, sitting, breaking, singing, etc. Penggunaan : 1. Sebagai adjective. Contoh : - running water - a confusing question - dripping taps 2. Untuk membentuk continuous tense. Contoh : - She is playing with her doll. - The child will be sleeping by nine. - They have been waiting for two hours. - We are being followed. 3. Dipakai setelah kata kerja tertentu, yaitu : a. Yang berhubungan dengan panca indera : see, hear, feel, smell, listen to, notice, watch. Contoh : - I saw flames rising and heard people shouting. - We smell something burning. - She listened to the clock tickling. b. Catch, find, have (non possessive), spend/waste yang diikuti waktu/uang, be busy. Contoh :
- 2. - I caught the girl picking the flowers. - We found the students smoking after class. - I have him driving after two lessons. - She spends her time reading novels. - They waste their money buying pictures of film stars. - The mother is busy preparing lunch. 4. Dipkai untuk menggabungkan kalimat. a. Bila dua peristiwa atau lebih dilakukan oleh subyek yang sama dan pada waktu yang sama, maka peristiwa yang artinya sambal, dinyatakan dengan present participles. Contoh : - He rode away. He whistled (as he went). He rode away whistling. - He holds the rope with one hand. He stretches out the other to the boy in the water. Holding the rope with one hand, he stretches out the other to the boy in the water. b. Bila dua peristiwa dilakukan oleh subyek yang sama dan peristiwa yang pertama segera diikuti oleh peristiwa lain, maka peristiwa yang artinya sesudah, dinyatakan dengan present participles. Contoh : - He opened the drawer. He took out a revolver. Opening the drawer, he took out a revolver. - We take off our shoes. We creep cautiously along the passage. Taking off our shoes, we creep cautiously along the passage. c. Bila dua peristiwa dilakukan oleh subyek yang sama dan peristiwa kedua merupakan bagian/hasil dari peristiwa pertama dan peristiwa kedua tadi dinyatakan dengan present participle. Contoh : - She went out. She slammed the door. She went out slamming the door. - The man fired.
- 3. The man wounded one of the criminals. The man fired wounding one of the criminals. d. Bila dua peristiwa dilakukan oleh subyek yang sama dan salah satu peristiwa berarti karena maka persitiwa tadi dinyatakan dengan present participle. Contoh : - Because he did not know the way, he asked the police. Not knowing the way, he asked the police. - As she was angry, she refused to join us. Being angry, she refused to join us. 5. Dipakai untuk menggantikan susunan relative clause yang aktif. Contoh : - People who won the prize had to come to the meeting. People winning the prize had to come to the meeting. - Children who need medical attention were put in hospital. Children needing medical attention were put in hospital. I. B. The Present Participle Perfect Bentuk : having + past participle, diartikan dengan setelah me ….. Contoh : having done, having seen, etc. Penggunaan : Dipakai untuk menggabungkan dua kalimat yang dilakukan oleh subyek yang sama dan peristiwa yang artinya sesudah me- dinyatakan dengan present perfect participle. Contoh : - He had tied pack his case. He left the house. Having packed his case, he left the house. - He had failed twice. He didn’t want to try again. Having failed twice, he didn’t want to try again. II. A. The Past Participle Bentuk : Verb III, diartikan dengan di …. / ter ….. / adjective. Contoh : loved, taken, shown, opened, etc. Penggunaan : 1. Sebagai adjective Contoh : - Stolen money - A written report
- 4. - Fallen trees - Broken glass 2. Untuk membentuk perfect tenses / passive voice. Contoh : - He has seen the film. - The car was broken. 3. Dipakai untuk menggabungkan dua atau lebih kalimat yang dilakukan oleh subyek yang sama dan peristiwa yang artinya di- dinyatakan dengan past participle. Contoh : - She enters. She is accompanied by her mother. She enters, accompanied by her mother. - He aroused by the crash. He leapt to his feet. Aroused by the crash, he leapt to his feet. 4. Dipakai untuk menggantikan susunan relative clause yang passive. Contoh : - The boy who was questioned looks pale. The boy questioned looks pale. - The table which has been painted is in my room. The table painted is in my room. II. B. The Past Participle Perfect Bentuk : having been + past participle, diartikan dengan setelah di- / ter- Contoh : having been given, having been told, etc. Dipkai untuk menggabungkan dua kalimat yang dilakukan oleh subyek yang sama dan peristiwa yang artinya sesudah di- dinyatakan dengan past perfect participle. Contoh : - He had been warned about the bandits. He left his valuables at home. Having been warned about the bandits, he left his valuables at home. - He had been bitten twice. He refused to visit me. Having been bitten twice, he refused to visit me.
- 5. EXERCISES A. In the blank spaces in the following sentences, insert the present or the past participle of the verb given in brackets at the end of the sentence. 1. Are you ………… in stamp-collecting? (interest) 2. It is …………... how soon the weather has changed. (surprise) 3. The children were ………….. at the prospect of going for a holiday. (excite) 4. We were all ……………. at the news of his success. (surprise) 5. Our visitor had some ……………. Stories to tell about foreign parts. ( interest) 6. The skill of the conjuror was …………….. . (astonish) 7. His audience was ……………… at the trick he performed. (astonish) 8. That must have been a …………… experience. (terrify) 9. The speaker held his audience ………….. for over an hour. (interest) 10. His friends were ………….. by the news of his sudden death. (shock) 11. It is a ……………. State of affairs that people are allowed to starve while others live in luxury. (shock) 12. The …………… speech made me sleepy. (bore) 13. We were all very ………………. In what he said. (interest) 14. It was a very ………………. Journey. (tire) 15. The children are ………………. by the animals. (frighten)