OOAD chapter 1
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Object-oriented modeling and design uses objects and classes to model real-world concepts. It promotes better understanding of requirements through analysis, design, and implementation using object-oriented notations and processes. Key characteristics include identity, classification through classes, inheritance for sharing features among classes, and polymorphism where operations behave differently for different classes. Modeling involves creating class, state, and interaction models. Object-oriented themes like abstraction, encapsulation, and inheritance allow for flexibility, reusability, and low maintenance costs.
OOAD chapter 1
- 2. Contents Introduction Object-oriented (OO) concept OO characteristics OO development OO themes Summary
- 5. Introduction … • Fundamental construct is the object, which combines both data structure and behavior • OO modeling and design promotes – Better understanding of requirements • Analysis Design Implementation object‐oriented notations & process
- 6. Contents Introduction Object-oriented (OO) concept OO characteristics OO development OO themes Summary
- 7. OO characteristics (1/4) Identity – Data is quantized into discrete, distinguishable entities called objects – Each object has is own inherent identity • Two objects are distinct even if all their attribute values are identical – Each object has a unique handle by which it can be referenced • Handle in various ways such as an address, array index, or artificial number
- 8. OO characteristics (2/4) Classification • Objects with the same data structure (attributes) and behaviour (operations) are grouped into a class • A Class is an abstraction that describes properties important to an application and ignores the rest •Each class describes an infinite set of individual objects •An Object is an instance of a class Polygon objects Polygon class abstract Attributes Operations into vertices draw border color erase fill color move
- 11. OO characteristics Classification • Objects with the same data structure (attributes) and behaviour (operations) are grouped into a class • A Class is an abstraction that describes properties important to an application and ignores the rest •Each class describes an infinite set of individual objects Polygon objects Polygon class abstract Attributes Operations into vertices draw border color erase fill color move
- 12. An Object is an instance of a class
- 13. Derive the instances for the class Attributes Operations/Methods Class Object Attributes Values Operations/Methods ? ?
- 14. OO characteristics(3/4) Inheritance Sharing of attributes and operations (features) among classes based on a hierarchical relationship • Super class has general information that subclasses refine and elaborate • Each subclass incorporates, or inherits, all the features of its super class and adds its own unique features Greatly reduce repetition •Ability to factor out common features of several classes into a super class
- 15. OO characteristics (4/4) Polymorphism • Same operation behaves differently for different classes • An operation is a procedure or transformation that an object performs • Method – An implementation of an operation by a specific class – Each object “ knows how” to perform its own operation. – OO operator is polymorphic
- 16. Contents Introduction Object-oriented (OO) concept OO characteristics OO development OO themes Summary
- 17. OO development (1/6) • Essence of OO development – Identification and organization of application concepts rather than their final representation in programming language. Modeling concepts, not implementation – Focus on analysis and design – Encourages software developers to work and think – Should be identified, organized, and understood • Premature focus on implementation restricts design choices • Design flaws during implementation costs more and leads to inferior product – Conceptual process independent of a programming language (OO is fundamentally a way of thinking and not programming techniques.
- 18. OO development (2/6) • OO Methodology – Process for OO development with graphical notation (OO Concepts) – Methodology = building a model + adding details during design – Same notation is used from • analysis design implementation. • Information added in one stage is not lost and transformed to next stage
- 19. Methodology Stages • System Conception • Analysis • System Design • Class Design • Implementation
- 20. Methodology Stages System conception (1/5) s/w development begins with business analyst and formulate tentative requirements Analysis(2/5) • Restates the requirements from system conception by constructing models • Analyst must work with the requestor to understand the problem statements • Analysis model (abstract) describes what to system must do, and not how it will do.( no implementation decisions) Domain model‐ description of all the module related to given problem Application model‐ description about a specific task(visible to the user) • Application experts who are not a programmer can understand & criticize good model
- 21. System Design(3/5) • System architecture – solving the application problems • System designer decides – what performance characteristics to optimize – Choose a strategy of attacking the problems. – Make tentative resource allocation.
- 22. Methodology Stages Class Design(4/5) • Add details to the analysis model (based on system design strategy) • Class designer elaborates both domain and application objects using the same OO concepts & notation. • Focus is to implement the data structure and algorithm.
- 23. Methodology Stages Implementation(5/5) • Implementer translate class and relationship Programming language, DB, H/W • Programming should be straight forward (hard decision are already made) • Follow good software engineering practice (S/M remains flexible & extensible)
- 24. OO development (3/6) Modeling A model is a simplification of reality Abstraction for the purpose of understanding before building it Purpose • Testing a physical entity before building it • Communication with customers • Visualization • Reduction of complexity Isolate those aspects which are important and suppress the rest(unimportant)
- 25. Class State Interaction Design a System For the objects in the system and their relationship For the life history of the object For the interaction among the objects
- 26. OO development (4/6) Three models Class model • Function • Describes the static structure of the object in the system – identity, relationship to other object, attributes, operations •“data” aspects of the system • Provides context for state and interaction model • Goal • Capture important concepts of an application from the real world • Representation • Class diagrams • Generalization, aggregation Nodes: Class Arc: relationship B/W Classes Graph
- 27. OO development (5/6) Three models (Cont’d) State model • Function • Describes objects’ time and sequencing of operation • Goal • Capture “control” aspect of system that describes the sequences of operations that occur • Representation • State diagrams Graph : nodes-states ; arcs- transaction between states
- 28. OO development (6/6) Three models (Cont’d) Interaction model • Function • Describes interactions between objects • Individual objects collaborate to achieve the behavior of the whole system • Goal • Exchanges between objects and provides a holistic overview of the operation of a system • Representation • Use cases, sequence diagrams, activity diagrams Functionality of the system Interaction of the object and their time sequence Elaborates important processing
- 29. Contents Introduction Object-oriented (OO) concept OO characteristics OO development OO themes Summary
- 30. OO themes (1/6) Abstraction •Focus on essential aspects of an application while ignoring the details •What an object is and does, before deciding how to implement • Preserves the freedom to make decision as long as possible by Avoiding premature commitments to details Just like a skeleton. You can fit anything on it you like.
- 31. Example • A class called Animal. • It has properties like ears,colour, eyes but they are not defined. • It has methods like Running(), Eating(), etc. but the method does not have any body • all animals will have the above properties and methods but you decide how to do them. • sub class of the class Animal called Tiger. Color is yellow running is very fast color is black running is very slow
- 32. OO themes (2/6) Encapsulation Separates the external aspects of an object from internal implementation Data structure and behaviour is encapsulated in a single entity Ensuring reliability and maintainability • Information exchange is done by public interface among objects • Change internal data structure does not affect other objects
- 33. Example • capsule that the doctor gives us • We just have to take the capsule to get better • don't have to worry about – what medicine is inside the capsule or – how it will work on our body. • user does not have to worry how this methods and properties work.
- 34. OO themes (3/6) Combining data and behavior Data structure hierarchy matches the operation inheritance hierarchy Is data structure hierarchy procedure hierarchy Old approach replaced by class hierarchy OO approach
- 35. OO themes Sharing (4/6) No redundancy (Inheritance) Reusability (tools- abstraction, inheritance, encapsulation) Emphasis on the essence of an object (5/6) Focus on what an object is • Rather than how it is used Synergy (6/6) Identity, classification, polymorphism, inheritance • Be clearer, more general and robust
- 36. Contents Introduction Object-oriented (OO) concept OO characteristics OO development OO themes Summary
- 37. Summary Object-oriented development Low cost in system maintenance Adequate delivery on user’s requests • Flexible and elastic in frequent system change Reusability Reliability Make easier team working and communication