Computer Science - Classification of Programming Languages
Programming Languages are broken down into High level and Low level languages. This slideshow shows how they are classified and explains low level and high level languages in depth.
The document discusses machine language and the Hack computer architecture. It provides an overview of machine language as an abstraction of hardware that allows programs to manipulate memory using a processor and registers. It then describes the specific instruction set and components of the Hack computer, including its registers, ALU, program counter, and 16-bit instruction set consisting of A-instructions and C-instructions. Examples are provided of machine language commands and how high-level programming constructs can be implemented using the Hack instruction set.
This document discusses the evolution of programming languages from early machine languages to modern higher-level languages. It begins with an introduction to human and computer languages. It then covers the development of machine languages, assembly languages, and higher-level languages like FORTRAN and COBOL. The document discusses the advantages of each generation of languages and examples of languages from the 1950s to modern times.
Three generations of computer languages are described:
1) Machine and assembly languages (1st and 2nd generation) which use cryptic codes that are translated to machine code.
2) Higher-level languages like FORTRAN, COBOL, BASIC (3rd generation) which use more English-like phrases.
3) Even higher-level languages like Visual Basic and Visual Age (4th generation) which may use graphical tools.
5th generation languages are designed for artificial intelligence problems.
The document discusses compilers and their role in translating high-level programming languages into machine-readable code. It notes that compilers perform several key functions: lexical analysis, syntax analysis, generation of an intermediate representation, optimization of the intermediate code, and finally generation of assembly or machine code. The compiler allows programmers to write code in a high-level language that is easier for humans while still producing efficient low-level code that computers can execute.
The document discusses operating systems and computer system architecture. It defines an operating system as a program that manages a computer's hardware resources and provides common services for application software. It describes the components of a computer system as the CPU, memory, I/O devices, and how the operating system controls and coordinates their use. It also discusses different types of operating systems designed for single-user systems, multi-user systems, servers, handheld devices, and embedded systems.
Presentation on Operating System & its ComponentsMahmuda Rahman
An operating system is a collection of software that manages computer hardware resources and provides common services for programs. It allows multiple users and programs to run concurrently, allocating resources and providing file management, security, and other core functions. Key components of an operating system include the kernel, which handles processes, memory, devices and security; the user interface; and system utilities that support functions like booting and file management. Popular operating systems include Linux, an open-source version of UNIX with components like the kernel, system utilities and libraries.
A classification of programing languagesom collins
This document classifies programming languages into three categories: machine level languages, assembly languages, and high level languages. Machine level languages consist of only 1s and 0s and interact directly with the computer. Assembly languages use symbolic names instead of binary but are still machine-dependent. High level languages are easier for humans to understand and include languages like C, Java, and Python. They allow for easier debugging and development but require compilation and execute more slowly.
This document provides an overview of key concepts related to programming languages. It discusses the definition of a programming language and the history and evolution of popular languages from 1951 to present. It covers programming language paradigms like procedural, object-oriented, functional, and logic-based languages. It also discusses factors that influence language design like efficiency, regularity, and issues in language translation. Finally, it summarizes the structure and operation of computers and how different programming models map to underlying computer architectures.
Assembly language is a low-level programming language that corresponds directly to a processor's machine language instructions. It uses symbolic codes that are assembled into machine-readable object code. Assembly languages are commonly used when speed, compact code size, or direct hardware interaction is important. Assemblers translate assembly language into binary machine code that can be directly executed by processors.
The document discusses various programming languages and program development tools. It differentiates between low-level languages like machine language and assembly language, and high-level procedural languages like C and COBOL. It also covers object-oriented languages like Java, C++, and C#, visual programming languages, and fourth generation languages (4GLs) like SQL. The document also lists the six common steps in program development and describes the basic control structures of sequence, selection, and repetition used in programming.
There are two main types of language processing activities: program generation and program execution. Program generation aims to automatically generate a program in a target language from a source program through a program generator. Program execution can occur through either translation, which translates a source program into an equivalent target program, or interpretation, where an interpreter reads and executes the source program statement-by-statement.
This document discusses the memory hierarchy in computers. It begins by explaining that computer memory is organized in a pyramid structure from fastest and smallest memory (cache) to slower and larger auxiliary memory. The main types of memory discussed are RAM, ROM, cache memory, and auxiliary storage. RAM is further divided into SRAM and DRAM. The document provides details on the characteristics of each memory type including access speed, volatility, capacity and cost. Diagrams are included to illustrate concepts like RAM, ROM, cache levels and auxiliary devices. Virtual memory is also briefly introduced at the end.
This document provides an overview of compilers, including their history, components, and construction. It discusses the need for compilers to translate high-level programming languages into machine-readable code. The key phases of a compiler are described as scanning, parsing, semantic analysis, intermediate code generation, optimization, and code generation. Compiler construction relies on tools like scanner and parser generators.
The document provides an overview of operating system basics, including what an operating system is, examples of common operating systems, their key characteristics and capabilities. It discusses how operating systems work, manage hardware/software resources, and provide services to computer programs. Specific operating systems covered include Windows, Mac OS X, Linux, and mobile operating systems like iOS and Android. [/SUMMARY]
The document provides an overview of compilers by discussing:
1. Compilers translate source code into executable target code by going through several phases including lexical analysis, syntax analysis, semantic analysis, code optimization, and code generation.
2. An interpreter directly executes source code statement by statement while a compiler produces target code as translation. Compiled code generally runs faster than interpreted code.
3. The phases of a compiler include a front end that analyzes the source code and produces intermediate code, and a back end that optimizes and generates the target code.
High-level languages like C, FORTRAN, and Pascal allow programmers to write programs independently of a particular computer's architecture. They are considered "high-level" because they are more similar to human languages than machine languages. Examples are Python, C, Fortran, and Pascal, which have syntax that is closer to human languages and easier for humans to read compared to low-level languages like assembly, which are closer to machine languages.
The document summarizes different types of system software, including system control programs like operating systems (OS), system support programs like utility programs, and system development programs like language translators. It describes the main functions of each type of system software - OS manage computer resources and perform functions like memory, processor, and file management, utility programs provide common services like sorting and copying data, and language translators convert programs between languages like assemblers converting to machine code.
This document discusses different types of computer languages. It defines low-level languages like first generation languages (1GL) which use binary and second generation languages (2GL) which use assembly code. High-level languages like third generation languages (3GL) use words and commands closer to human language. Some examples of 3GL and high-level languages mentioned are C++, Visual Basic, Java, and JavaScript. C++ is described as a middle-level language combining high and low-level features while Visual Basic is an event-driven language and integrated development environment from Microsoft.
A programming language allows people to create programs that instruct machines what to do. There are different levels of programming languages from high-level to low-level. High-level languages like C, C++, Java, HTML and XML are more understandable for programmers as they are further abstracted from hardware. Low-level languages work more closely with hardware and do not require compilation. The document then provides examples of programs in C, Java, HTML and CSS to illustrate these points.
The document discusses computer programming and provides details about:
- The process of programming which involves analysis, algorithm development, coding, and testing
- Common programming languages like C, C++, Java, and Python
- The roles of programmers and the different phases of programming like planning, coding, testing, and documentation
- Key aspects of programming like reliability, robustness, usability, portability, and maintainability
Machine language uses binary to directly instruct the computer but is tedious for programmers. Assembly language replaces machine code with mnemonics like ADD and SUB making it easier. High-level languages are the easiest for programmers being English-like but require compilation to machine code, making them slower than low-level languages.
Introduction
Difference between System software and Application software
Difference between System and Application programming
Elements of programming environment
Assembler
Loader and Linker
Macro preprocessor
Compiler
Editor
Debugger
Device Drivers
Operating System
The document provides an introduction to C++ programming. It outlines key learning outcomes which include data types, input/output operators, control statements, arrays, functions, structures, and object-oriented programming concepts. It then discusses some of these concepts in more detail, including an overview of C++, its characteristics as both a high-level and low-level language, object-oriented programming principles, and basic data types.
The document discusses different types of software used in the compilation and execution process of a computer program. It describes compilers, interpreters, linkers, and loaders.
Compilers translate source code into executable machine code, while interpreters convert and execute source code line-by-line. Linkers combine object files into a single executable file, resolving references between modules. Loaders load the executable into memory and start execution by setting the starting address. The document also discusses different types of system software, application software, and utility software.
This document provides an overview of the history and development of computer architecture. It begins with some of the earliest computing devices like the abacus and ENIAC, the first general-purpose electronic digital computer. It then discusses the evolution of CPU and memory architecture from vacuum tubes to integrated circuits and microprocessors. The document outlines different bus architectures like ISA, EISA, MCA, PCI, and AGP that were used to connect components. It also reviews memory hierarchies and I/O interfaces like IDE, SCSI, serial ports, USB, and parallel ports. The presentation aims to trace the progression of computer hardware technology over time.
This document provides an introduction to basic computer programming concepts including:
- Programs are sets of step-by-step instructions that direct a computer to perform tasks and produce outputs. Programming languages provide rules and instructions for computers.
- The programming process involves identifying problems, planning solutions with flowcharts or pseudocode, coding the program, testing it, and documenting it.
- There are different levels of programming languages from low-level machine languages to high-level languages like Visual Basic that resemble English. Procedural languages use sequential statements while object-oriented languages are event-driven.
- Basic commands in QBasic are introduced like PRINT, CLS, INPUT, IF/THEN/ELSE
This document discusses the classification and evolution of programming languages. It describes how programming languages have been categorized into low-level languages (machine language and assembly language), high-level languages (procedural languages from 3rd generation), and more advanced languages (non-procedural from 4th generation and natural languages from 5th generation). It provides examples like COBOL, SQL, BASIC, Pascal, C++, Java and Visual Basic to illustrate different types of languages and their uses.
The document provides an introduction to programming languages. It discusses the different levels of programming languages including low-level languages like machine language and assembly language that are close to hardware, and high-level languages like C++, Java, and Python that are more abstract. It also covers procedural languages which specify steps to complete tasks and object-oriented languages which model real-world objects. Examples are given of popular languages from each paradigm like C, Pascal, and PHP for procedural and C++, Java, Ruby for object-oriented.
Assembly language is a low-level programming language that corresponds directly to a processor's machine language instructions. It uses symbolic codes that are assembled into machine-readable object code. Assembly languages are commonly used when speed, compact code size, or direct hardware interaction is important. Assemblers translate assembly language into binary machine code that can be directly executed by processors.
The document discusses various programming languages and program development tools. It differentiates between low-level languages like machine language and assembly language, and high-level procedural languages like C and COBOL. It also covers object-oriented languages like Java, C++, and C#, visual programming languages, and fourth generation languages (4GLs) like SQL. The document also lists the six common steps in program development and describes the basic control structures of sequence, selection, and repetition used in programming.
There are two main types of language processing activities: program generation and program execution. Program generation aims to automatically generate a program in a target language from a source program through a program generator. Program execution can occur through either translation, which translates a source program into an equivalent target program, or interpretation, where an interpreter reads and executes the source program statement-by-statement.
This document discusses the memory hierarchy in computers. It begins by explaining that computer memory is organized in a pyramid structure from fastest and smallest memory (cache) to slower and larger auxiliary memory. The main types of memory discussed are RAM, ROM, cache memory, and auxiliary storage. RAM is further divided into SRAM and DRAM. The document provides details on the characteristics of each memory type including access speed, volatility, capacity and cost. Diagrams are included to illustrate concepts like RAM, ROM, cache levels and auxiliary devices. Virtual memory is also briefly introduced at the end.
This document provides an overview of compilers, including their history, components, and construction. It discusses the need for compilers to translate high-level programming languages into machine-readable code. The key phases of a compiler are described as scanning, parsing, semantic analysis, intermediate code generation, optimization, and code generation. Compiler construction relies on tools like scanner and parser generators.
The document provides an overview of operating system basics, including what an operating system is, examples of common operating systems, their key characteristics and capabilities. It discusses how operating systems work, manage hardware/software resources, and provide services to computer programs. Specific operating systems covered include Windows, Mac OS X, Linux, and mobile operating systems like iOS and Android. [/SUMMARY]
The document provides an overview of compilers by discussing:
1. Compilers translate source code into executable target code by going through several phases including lexical analysis, syntax analysis, semantic analysis, code optimization, and code generation.
2. An interpreter directly executes source code statement by statement while a compiler produces target code as translation. Compiled code generally runs faster than interpreted code.
3. The phases of a compiler include a front end that analyzes the source code and produces intermediate code, and a back end that optimizes and generates the target code.
High-level languages like C, FORTRAN, and Pascal allow programmers to write programs independently of a particular computer's architecture. They are considered "high-level" because they are more similar to human languages than machine languages. Examples are Python, C, Fortran, and Pascal, which have syntax that is closer to human languages and easier for humans to read compared to low-level languages like assembly, which are closer to machine languages.
The document summarizes different types of system software, including system control programs like operating systems (OS), system support programs like utility programs, and system development programs like language translators. It describes the main functions of each type of system software - OS manage computer resources and perform functions like memory, processor, and file management, utility programs provide common services like sorting and copying data, and language translators convert programs between languages like assemblers converting to machine code.
This document discusses different types of computer languages. It defines low-level languages like first generation languages (1GL) which use binary and second generation languages (2GL) which use assembly code. High-level languages like third generation languages (3GL) use words and commands closer to human language. Some examples of 3GL and high-level languages mentioned are C++, Visual Basic, Java, and JavaScript. C++ is described as a middle-level language combining high and low-level features while Visual Basic is an event-driven language and integrated development environment from Microsoft.
A programming language allows people to create programs that instruct machines what to do. There are different levels of programming languages from high-level to low-level. High-level languages like C, C++, Java, HTML and XML are more understandable for programmers as they are further abstracted from hardware. Low-level languages work more closely with hardware and do not require compilation. The document then provides examples of programs in C, Java, HTML and CSS to illustrate these points.
The document discusses computer programming and provides details about:
- The process of programming which involves analysis, algorithm development, coding, and testing
- Common programming languages like C, C++, Java, and Python
- The roles of programmers and the different phases of programming like planning, coding, testing, and documentation
- Key aspects of programming like reliability, robustness, usability, portability, and maintainability
Machine language uses binary to directly instruct the computer but is tedious for programmers. Assembly language replaces machine code with mnemonics like ADD and SUB making it easier. High-level languages are the easiest for programmers being English-like but require compilation to machine code, making them slower than low-level languages.
Introduction
Difference between System software and Application software
Difference between System and Application programming
Elements of programming environment
Assembler
Loader and Linker
Macro preprocessor
Compiler
Editor
Debugger
Device Drivers
Operating System
The document provides an introduction to C++ programming. It outlines key learning outcomes which include data types, input/output operators, control statements, arrays, functions, structures, and object-oriented programming concepts. It then discusses some of these concepts in more detail, including an overview of C++, its characteristics as both a high-level and low-level language, object-oriented programming principles, and basic data types.
The document discusses different types of software used in the compilation and execution process of a computer program. It describes compilers, interpreters, linkers, and loaders.
Compilers translate source code into executable machine code, while interpreters convert and execute source code line-by-line. Linkers combine object files into a single executable file, resolving references between modules. Loaders load the executable into memory and start execution by setting the starting address. The document also discusses different types of system software, application software, and utility software.
This document provides an overview of the history and development of computer architecture. It begins with some of the earliest computing devices like the abacus and ENIAC, the first general-purpose electronic digital computer. It then discusses the evolution of CPU and memory architecture from vacuum tubes to integrated circuits and microprocessors. The document outlines different bus architectures like ISA, EISA, MCA, PCI, and AGP that were used to connect components. It also reviews memory hierarchies and I/O interfaces like IDE, SCSI, serial ports, USB, and parallel ports. The presentation aims to trace the progression of computer hardware technology over time.
This document provides an introduction to basic computer programming concepts including:
- Programs are sets of step-by-step instructions that direct a computer to perform tasks and produce outputs. Programming languages provide rules and instructions for computers.
- The programming process involves identifying problems, planning solutions with flowcharts or pseudocode, coding the program, testing it, and documenting it.
- There are different levels of programming languages from low-level machine languages to high-level languages like Visual Basic that resemble English. Procedural languages use sequential statements while object-oriented languages are event-driven.
- Basic commands in QBasic are introduced like PRINT, CLS, INPUT, IF/THEN/ELSE
This document discusses the classification and evolution of programming languages. It describes how programming languages have been categorized into low-level languages (machine language and assembly language), high-level languages (procedural languages from 3rd generation), and more advanced languages (non-procedural from 4th generation and natural languages from 5th generation). It provides examples like COBOL, SQL, BASIC, Pascal, C++, Java and Visual Basic to illustrate different types of languages and their uses.
The document provides an introduction to programming languages. It discusses the different levels of programming languages including low-level languages like machine language and assembly language that are close to hardware, and high-level languages like C++, Java, and Python that are more abstract. It also covers procedural languages which specify steps to complete tasks and object-oriented languages which model real-world objects. Examples are given of popular languages from each paradigm like C, Pascal, and PHP for procedural and C++, Java, Ruby for object-oriented.
JIMS is one of the best BCA colleges in Delhi NCR. The Curriculum they provide to the BCA students is well updated. So many activities are for BCA students like Guest Lectures from the IT Experts, Workshops, IT Activities, Annual IT Events, Emphasise on Research work and project Work. In this pdf, Dr. Arpana talks about various types of Programming Languages a BCA student should be aware of different Languages.
Lec21&22.pptx programing language and there studysamiullahamjad06
Programming languages can be categorized based on their level of abstraction from the machine. Low-level languages like machine language and assembly language are closer to the machine while high-level languages are more abstract. High-level languages are easier for humans to read and write but require compilers or interpreters to convert them to machine language. Common high-level languages include FORTRAN, COBOL, BASIC, Pascal, C, C++ and newer languages like JavaScript and Python.
The document discusses different types of computer programming languages including low-level languages like machine language and assembly language, and high-level languages. Machine language uses binary and corresponds directly to hardware, while assembly language uses alphanumeric symbols. High-level languages are easier for humans to read and write but require translation. There are different types of high-level languages for tasks like mathematical problems, business data processing, string manipulation, object-oriented programming, and visual programming.
The PowerPoint presentation on programming languages provides an insightful overview of the fundamental concepts, types, and applications of programming languages. The presentation begins by introducing the concept of programming languages and their significance in software development and computer programming. It covers the major categories of programming languages, including procedural, object-oriented, functional, and scripting languages, discussing their characteristics, syntax, and primary use cases. The presentation highlights popular programming languages such as Python, Java, C++, and JavaScript, showcasing their strengths, ecosystems, and industry applications. It also touches upon emerging trends in programming languages, such as machine learning and data science-focused languages. The presentation equips the audience with a broad understanding of programming languages, enabling them to make informed decisions and choose the most suitable language for their development projects.
This document discusses different types of programming languages:
- Low-level languages like assembly are close to machine instructions and require knowledge of computer hardware. High-level languages abstract programming concepts and are easier for humans.
- Third-generation languages like FORTRAN and COBOL are machine-independent but still textual. Fourth-generation languages allow visual programming.
- Fifth-generation languages are designed for artificial intelligence and problem-solving.
PPL_Unit01 for the insem study first year.pptxrockstarr066gj
This document provides an overview of principles of programming languages including the importance of studying programming languages, a brief history of programming languages, and an introduction to major programming paradigms. It discusses how studying programming languages can improve algorithm development, use of existing languages, vocabulary of programming constructs, and ability to choose and learn new languages. It then reviews the evolution of programming languages from machine language to early languages like Fortran, ALGOL, COBOL, and PL/I through modern languages like C, C++, Java, and Python.
A programming language defines a set of instructions that are compiled by the CPU to perform tasks. Programming languages can be classified as low-level or high-level based on their level of abstraction from hardware. Low-level languages like machine code and assembly language provide little abstraction and are closer to binary machine instructions, while high-level languages like C++ and Python provide more abstraction and are easier for humans to read and write.
program is a set of instructions that tells a computer how to perform a task. programs are written by peoples called programmers. programmers write programs in special programming languages. there are different programming languages like C, C++, JAVA, COBOL, FORTRAN, PHP,VB, SQL,ORACLE etc
This document provides an introduction to programming languages and Python. It discusses what a program is, different categories of software, and types of programming languages including machine language, assembly language, and high-level languages. It also covers programming paradigms like imperative, logical, functional, and object-oriented. The document outlines the software development life cycle and describes key areas where Python is commonly used like academia, scientific tools, machine learning, and web development.
Computer programming involves writing instructions for a computer in a programming language. It is done through programming languages that have specific syntax and keywords. There are low-level languages like machine code and assembly that are closer to what computers can understand directly, and high-level languages that are easier for humans like Python and Java but need to be compiled into machine code. Programs are made up of objects, variables, operations and control flow statements. Programming provides benefits like developing problem-solving skills and is a lucrative career.
This document discusses different types of computer languages. It begins by distinguishing between programming languages and other computer languages like markup languages. It then categorizes languages as either low-level or high-level. Low-level languages like machine language and assembly language are closer to machine code, while high-level languages use English-like syntax and are translated to machine code. Several examples of each type are provided along with their advantages and disadvantages.
Software is a set of programs, which is designed to perform a well-defined function. A program is a sequence of instructions written to solve a particular problem.
Computer languages can be categorized into high-level languages, low-level languages, and machine language. High-level languages are easier for humans to read and write but require compilers or interpreters, while low-level languages like assembly language are closer to machine language but still use symbolic instructions. Machine language uses only binary and is directly executable by computers. Languages have evolved through five generations from low-level machine and assembly languages to modern high-level languages.
Computer Science (A Level) discusses data compression techniques. Compression reduces the number of bits required to represent data to save disk space and increase transfer speeds. There are two main types of compression: lossy compression, which permanently removes non-essential data and can reduce quality, and lossless compression, which identifies patterns to compress data without any loss. Common lossy techniques are JPEG, MPEG, and MP3, while common lossless techniques are run length encoding and dictionary encoding.
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Software is key in computer systems and i have put together a presentation to explain the different types such as system software (utility and library programs) and application software (bespoke, special purpose and general purpose). - operating systems are mentioned but there is another presentation based on that.
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Artificial intelligence Presented by JM.jmansha170
AI (Artificial Intelligence) :
"AI is the ability of machines to mimic human intelligence, such as learning, decision-making, and problem-solving."
Important Points about AI:
1. Learning – AI can learn from data (Machine Learning).
2. Automation – It helps automate repetitive tasks.
3. Decision Making – AI can analyze and make decisions faster than humans.
4. Natural Language Processing (NLP) – AI can understand and generate human language.
5. Vision & Recognition – AI can recognize images, faces, and patterns.
6. Used In – Healthcare, finance, robotics, education, and more.
Owner By:
Name : Junaid Mansha
Work : Web Developer and Graphics Designer
Contact us : +92 322 2291672
Email : [email protected]
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In this slide, we’ll discuss on how to create quotation templates sequence in Odoo 18 Sales. Odoo 18 Sales offers a variety of quotation templates that can be used to create different types of sales documents.
THERAPEUTIC COMMUNICATION included definition, characteristics, nurse patient...parmarjuli1412
The document provides an overview of therapeutic communication, emphasizing its importance in nursing to address patient needs and establish effective relationships. THERAPEUTIC COMMUNICATION included some topics like introduction of COMMUNICATION, definition, types, process of communication, definition therapeutic communication, goal, techniques of therapeutic communication, non-therapeutic communication, few ways to improved therapeutic communication, characteristics of therapeutic communication, barrier of THERAPEUTIC RELATIONSHIP, introduction of interpersonal relationship, types of IPR, elements/ dynamics of IPR, introduction of therapeutic nurse patient relationship, definition, purpose, elements/characteristics , and phases of therapeutic communication, definition of Johari window, uses, what actually model represent and its areas, THERAPEUTIC IMPASSES and its management in 5th semester Bsc. nursing and 2nd GNM students
HOW YOU DOIN'?
Cool, cool, cool...
Because that's what she said after THE QUIZ CLUB OF PSGCAS' TV SHOW quiz.
Grab your popcorn and be seated.
QM: THARUN S A
BCom Accounting and Finance (2023-26)
THE QUIZ CLUB OF PSGCAS.
Strengthened Senior High School - Landas Tool Kit.pptxSteffMusniQuiballo
Landas Tool Kit is a very helpful guide in guiding the Senior High School students on their SHS academic journey. It will pave the way on what curriculum exits will they choose and fit in.
Coleoptera, commonly known as beetles, is the largest order of insects, comprising approximately 400,000 described species. Beetles can be found in almost every habitat on Earth, exhibiting a wide range of morphological, behavioral, and ecological diversity. They have a hardened exoskeleton, with the forewings modified into elytra that protect the hind wings. Beetles play important roles in ecosystems as decomposers, pollinators, and food sources for other animals, while some species are considered pests in agriculture and forestry.
2. 4th Generation Data query,
analysis and reporting
3rd Generation
Imperative
2nd Generation
Assembly
1st Generation
Machine code
High level languages
Low level languages
Programming Languages - Generations
4. Machine code and Assembly code
A programming language that allows
programs to be written using English
keywords and is platform independent
(Definitions)
5. Advantages
• Achieves a smaller memory footprint (compact)
• Achieves better code optimisation and therefore code will run faster and
more efficiently
• Allows direct manipulation if the registers on the processors, giving high
levels of control
• Processors in these systems may be slow and have limited memory so the
efficiency of assembly language or machine code is needed. Also useful
real time control systems where speed is very important
• Since you are writing at machine level you control the level of
of the code created.
• Can be easily modified
Low Level Languages
6. Disadvantages
• More difficult to understand, maintain and debug than
high level languages
• More difficult to write without making errors
• Machine dependent making it difficult to port to a
different instruction set processor
• Memory addresses and operations have to be
remembered
Low Level Languages
8. • High level languages are problem-orientated whereas low level
languages are machine-orientated.
• Problem-orientated means that the commands and the way
the program is structured are based on what the program will
have to do rather than the components of the computer it will
be used with.
• This means that programs of high level languages are portable.
These programs can be written on one computer and then
executed on another.
High Level Languages
9. • There are many types of high level languages, each is written to
cope with the demands of specific types of problems. E.g. some
are designed for scientific applications, manipulating
databases, creating web pages etc.
• There are 2 classified groups of high level languages
–Imperative
–Declarative
High Level Languages