Computer Science - Classification of Programming Languages
Programming Languages are broken down into High level and Low level languages. This slideshow shows how they are classified and explains low level and high level languages in depth.
Machine language uses binary to directly instruct the computer but is tedious for programmers. Assembly language replaces machine code with mnemonics like ADD and SUB making it easier. High-level languages are the easiest for programmers being English-like but require compilation to machine code, making them slower than low-level languages.
There are four generations of programming languages:
1) First generation languages are machine code/binary, the only language computers can understand directly.
2) Second generation languages are assembly languages which provide mnemonics to represent machine code instructions.
3) Third generation languages like Java, C, and Basic are easier for humans to read and write. They are converted into machine code.
4) Fourth generation languages like SQL and Prolog are more focused on problem solving than implementation details. They are very platform independent.
This document discusses the evolution of programming languages from early machine languages to modern higher-level languages. It begins with an introduction to human and computer languages. It then covers the development of machine languages, assembly languages, and higher-level languages like FORTRAN and COBOL. The document discusses the advantages of each generation of languages and examples of languages from the 1950s to modern times.
The document provides an introduction to programming languages. It discusses the different levels of programming languages including low-level languages like machine language and assembly language that are close to hardware, and high-level languages like C++, Java, and Python that are more abstract. It also covers procedural languages which specify steps to complete tasks and object-oriented languages which model real-world objects. Examples are given of popular languages from each paradigm like C, Pascal, and PHP for procedural and C++, Java, Ruby for object-oriented.
This document discusses different types of computer languages. It defines low-level languages like first generation languages (1GL) which use binary and second generation languages (2GL) which use assembly code. High-level languages like third generation languages (3GL) use words and commands closer to human language. Some examples of 3GL and high-level languages mentioned are C++, Visual Basic, Java, and JavaScript. C++ is described as a middle-level language combining high and low-level features while Visual Basic is an event-driven language and integrated development environment from Microsoft.
This document provides an introduction to computer programming concepts, including:
1) It defines what a computer program is and explains that programs get input from users and generate output.
2) It discusses the importance of program design, implementation, and testing according to a specification.
3) It explains that high-level programming languages are used instead of machine language, and compilers translate programs into machine language.
The document discusses programming languages and their evolution. It begins by explaining that a programming language allows communication between humans and computers by telling computers what tasks to perform. It then summarizes the main types of programming languages:
1) Machine language uses binary and is directly understood by computers but is difficult for humans.
2) Assembly language uses mnemonics to make machine language more readable for programmers.
3) High-level languages use words and concepts familiar to humans, making programming accessible to non-experts. However, programs must be translated before computers can execute them.
4) Fourth generation languages provide even more human-friendly features like built-in database support.
The document discusses the evolution of programming languages from first to third generation languages. First generation languages were machine code using binary, while second generation introduced assembly language with mnemonic codes. Third generation languages brought features like loops and conditionals, making code easier to write but requiring compilers or interpreters to convert to machine code. Some examples of early third generation languages discussed are FORTRAN, BASIC, COBOL, and PASCAL.
The document discusses the differences between low-level machine code used by CPUs and high-level computer languages used by programmers. It explains that programmers write source code in high-level languages, which are then compiled into machine code through a compiler or interpreted line-by-line using an interpreter. Compiled code tends to run faster while interpreted languages typically have more programmer-friendly features. Modern dynamic languages often use a just-in-time compiler to bridge performance gaps.
The document discusses various programming languages and program development tools. It differentiates between low-level languages like machine language and assembly language, and high-level procedural languages like C and COBOL. It also covers object-oriented languages like Java, C++, and C#, visual programming languages, and fourth generation languages (4GLs) like SQL. The document also lists the six common steps in program development and describes the basic control structures of sequence, selection, and repetition used in programming.
This document provides information about programming fundamentals including definitions of computer hardware, software, operating systems, compilers, interpreters, source code, and text editors. It discusses how computer hardware refers to physical components like the monitor, keyboard, and CPU, and how software includes programs that direct the computer's processor. It also summarizes the differences between compilers and interpreters in processing source code.
This document discusses computer hardware and software. It defines hardware as the physical components of a computer like the monitor, mouse, and case. Software or programs provide instructions to the hardware to perform tasks. There are two main types of software: operating systems and application programs. Operating systems act as an interface between the user and computer hardware by managing tasks, data storage, and communication between applications. Common operating systems for personal computers include Windows, Macintosh, Linux, and Unix.
Popular third generation languages include C++, Visual Basic, and Java. C++ is widely used for hardware design. Visual Basic is relatively easy to learn with an
There are two types of programming languages: high-level languages and low-level languages. High-level languages are closer to human languages and provide more abstraction from machine-level instructions, while low-level languages like assembly language closely map to processor instructions. Programs written in high-level languages need to be translated into machine code using compilers or interpreters, while low-level language programs are assembled directly into machine code. Common examples of high-level languages include C++, Java, and Python, while assembly language and Basic are examples of low-level languages.
Introduction
Difference between System software and Application software
Difference between System and Application programming
Elements of programming environment
Assembler
Loader and Linker
Macro preprocessor
Compiler
Editor
Debugger
Device Drivers
Operating System
This document provides an introduction to basic computer programming concepts including:
- Programs are sets of step-by-step instructions that direct a computer to perform tasks and produce outputs. Programming languages provide rules and instructions for computers.
- The programming process involves identifying problems, planning solutions with flowcharts or pseudocode, coding the program, testing it, and documenting it.
- There are different levels of programming languages from low-level machine languages to high-level languages like Visual Basic that resemble English. Procedural languages use sequential statements while object-oriented languages are event-driven.
- Basic commands in QBasic are introduced like PRINT, CLS, INPUT, IF/THEN/ELSE
A programming language allows people to create programs that instruct machines what to do. There are different levels of programming languages from high-level to low-level. High-level languages like C, C++, Java, HTML and XML are more understandable for programmers as they are further abstracted from hardware. Low-level languages work more closely with hardware and do not require compilation. The document then provides examples of programs in C, Java, HTML and CSS to illustrate these points.
Programming languages are systems of communication used to develop both system and application software by giving computers sets of instructions. There are five main types of programming languages: high-level languages, machine languages, assembly languages, fourth generation languages (4GL), and natural languages. High-level languages are problem-oriented and resemble English, making them easier to use than machine languages but requiring translation. Machine languages use binary and do not require translation but are difficult for humans. Assembly languages use mnemonics for instructions, requiring less translation time than machine languages. 4GLs are used for database and management systems, while natural languages allow users to give instructions to computers in languages like English.
There are two main types of language processing activities: program generation and program execution. Program generation aims to automatically generate a program in a target language from a source program through a program generator. Program execution can occur through either translation, which translates a source program into an equivalent target program, or interpretation, where an interpreter reads and executes the source program statement-by-statement.
To understand algorithm and flowchart, it is better to refer this Slideshare that I have created. I have thoroughly presented the key points that make easy in remembering what algorithm and flowchart is. The slide is really simple and wonderful to use it for a quick reference.
This document provides an introduction to programming languages. It defines what a programming language and program are, explaining that a programming language allows programmers to write instructions for a computer in a coded language. It classifies languages as high-level or low-level and discusses how computers understand different languages. The document also addresses why we need programming languages, how to select a language for a problem, and gives an overview of the basic steps to write a computer program.
This document provides an introduction to computer programming. It discusses that a computer program is a list of instructions that the computer follows to accept input, process it, and present results. Programming is both an art and a science. Programs fall into application programs, which perform functions for users, and operating systems, which manage computer resources. A programmer uses a text editor to write source code in a programming language, which is then translated into machine-readable object code by compilers, interpreters, or assemblers. The document then describes the basic parts of a computer and operating system functions. It also discusses high-level programming languages and provides a basic example program in C.
The language processor performs tasks required to process a specified programming language such as translating and interpreting. It includes an editor to write and manage code, a compiler to check syntax and translate to machine code, an interpreter to check, translate and execute instructions without producing object code, and other tools. The program development cycle involves defining the problem, analyzing it, designing an algorithmic solution, coding the program, compiling and linking the code, loading the program for execution, testing it, and revising if needed.
The document discusses algorithms and their implementation. It explains the basic building blocks of algorithms - sequences, conditionals, and loops. It then provides an example of converting a decimal number to binary using pseudo code, a flowchart, and actual code. The document also discusses advantages and disadvantages of flowcharts and pseudo code.
Computer programming involves writing instructions for a computer in a programming language. It is done through programming languages that have specific syntax and keywords. There are low-level languages like machine code and assembly that are closer to what computers can understand directly, and high-level languages that are easier for humans like Python and Java but need to be compiled into machine code. Programs are made up of objects, variables, operations and control flow statements. Programming provides benefits like developing problem-solving skills and is a lucrative career.
Computer programming involves writing instructions for a computer in a specific programming language. It is the process of creating computer software. There are many programming languages that are used for different purposes. Programming languages have evolved from low-level machine languages that are difficult for humans to read to high-level languages that are easier to use. High-level languages must be translated into machine code before a computer can execute them. Computer programs use logic, variables, and other programming elements to perform tasks. Programming provides benefits such as meeting demand for software and developing important job skills.
The document discusses the evolution of programming languages from first to third generation languages. First generation languages were machine code using binary, while second generation introduced assembly language with mnemonic codes. Third generation languages brought features like loops and conditionals, making code easier to write but requiring compilers or interpreters to convert to machine code. Some examples of early third generation languages discussed are FORTRAN, BASIC, COBOL, and PASCAL.
The document discusses the differences between low-level machine code used by CPUs and high-level computer languages used by programmers. It explains that programmers write source code in high-level languages, which are then compiled into machine code through a compiler or interpreted line-by-line using an interpreter. Compiled code tends to run faster while interpreted languages typically have more programmer-friendly features. Modern dynamic languages often use a just-in-time compiler to bridge performance gaps.
The document discusses various programming languages and program development tools. It differentiates between low-level languages like machine language and assembly language, and high-level procedural languages like C and COBOL. It also covers object-oriented languages like Java, C++, and C#, visual programming languages, and fourth generation languages (4GLs) like SQL. The document also lists the six common steps in program development and describes the basic control structures of sequence, selection, and repetition used in programming.
This document provides information about programming fundamentals including definitions of computer hardware, software, operating systems, compilers, interpreters, source code, and text editors. It discusses how computer hardware refers to physical components like the monitor, keyboard, and CPU, and how software includes programs that direct the computer's processor. It also summarizes the differences between compilers and interpreters in processing source code.
This document discusses computer hardware and software. It defines hardware as the physical components of a computer like the monitor, mouse, and case. Software or programs provide instructions to the hardware to perform tasks. There are two main types of software: operating systems and application programs. Operating systems act as an interface between the user and computer hardware by managing tasks, data storage, and communication between applications. Common operating systems for personal computers include Windows, Macintosh, Linux, and Unix.
Popular third generation languages include C++, Visual Basic, and Java. C++ is widely used for hardware design. Visual Basic is relatively easy to learn with an
There are two types of programming languages: high-level languages and low-level languages. High-level languages are closer to human languages and provide more abstraction from machine-level instructions, while low-level languages like assembly language closely map to processor instructions. Programs written in high-level languages need to be translated into machine code using compilers or interpreters, while low-level language programs are assembled directly into machine code. Common examples of high-level languages include C++, Java, and Python, while assembly language and Basic are examples of low-level languages.
Introduction
Difference between System software and Application software
Difference between System and Application programming
Elements of programming environment
Assembler
Loader and Linker
Macro preprocessor
Compiler
Editor
Debugger
Device Drivers
Operating System
This document provides an introduction to basic computer programming concepts including:
- Programs are sets of step-by-step instructions that direct a computer to perform tasks and produce outputs. Programming languages provide rules and instructions for computers.
- The programming process involves identifying problems, planning solutions with flowcharts or pseudocode, coding the program, testing it, and documenting it.
- There are different levels of programming languages from low-level machine languages to high-level languages like Visual Basic that resemble English. Procedural languages use sequential statements while object-oriented languages are event-driven.
- Basic commands in QBasic are introduced like PRINT, CLS, INPUT, IF/THEN/ELSE
A programming language allows people to create programs that instruct machines what to do. There are different levels of programming languages from high-level to low-level. High-level languages like C, C++, Java, HTML and XML are more understandable for programmers as they are further abstracted from hardware. Low-level languages work more closely with hardware and do not require compilation. The document then provides examples of programs in C, Java, HTML and CSS to illustrate these points.
Programming languages are systems of communication used to develop both system and application software by giving computers sets of instructions. There are five main types of programming languages: high-level languages, machine languages, assembly languages, fourth generation languages (4GL), and natural languages. High-level languages are problem-oriented and resemble English, making them easier to use than machine languages but requiring translation. Machine languages use binary and do not require translation but are difficult for humans. Assembly languages use mnemonics for instructions, requiring less translation time than machine languages. 4GLs are used for database and management systems, while natural languages allow users to give instructions to computers in languages like English.
There are two main types of language processing activities: program generation and program execution. Program generation aims to automatically generate a program in a target language from a source program through a program generator. Program execution can occur through either translation, which translates a source program into an equivalent target program, or interpretation, where an interpreter reads and executes the source program statement-by-statement.
To understand algorithm and flowchart, it is better to refer this Slideshare that I have created. I have thoroughly presented the key points that make easy in remembering what algorithm and flowchart is. The slide is really simple and wonderful to use it for a quick reference.
This document provides an introduction to programming languages. It defines what a programming language and program are, explaining that a programming language allows programmers to write instructions for a computer in a coded language. It classifies languages as high-level or low-level and discusses how computers understand different languages. The document also addresses why we need programming languages, how to select a language for a problem, and gives an overview of the basic steps to write a computer program.
This document provides an introduction to computer programming. It discusses that a computer program is a list of instructions that the computer follows to accept input, process it, and present results. Programming is both an art and a science. Programs fall into application programs, which perform functions for users, and operating systems, which manage computer resources. A programmer uses a text editor to write source code in a programming language, which is then translated into machine-readable object code by compilers, interpreters, or assemblers. The document then describes the basic parts of a computer and operating system functions. It also discusses high-level programming languages and provides a basic example program in C.
The language processor performs tasks required to process a specified programming language such as translating and interpreting. It includes an editor to write and manage code, a compiler to check syntax and translate to machine code, an interpreter to check, translate and execute instructions without producing object code, and other tools. The program development cycle involves defining the problem, analyzing it, designing an algorithmic solution, coding the program, compiling and linking the code, loading the program for execution, testing it, and revising if needed.
The document discusses algorithms and their implementation. It explains the basic building blocks of algorithms - sequences, conditionals, and loops. It then provides an example of converting a decimal number to binary using pseudo code, a flowchart, and actual code. The document also discusses advantages and disadvantages of flowcharts and pseudo code.
Computer programming involves writing instructions for a computer in a programming language. It is done through programming languages that have specific syntax and keywords. There are low-level languages like machine code and assembly that are closer to what computers can understand directly, and high-level languages that are easier for humans like Python and Java but need to be compiled into machine code. Programs are made up of objects, variables, operations and control flow statements. Programming provides benefits like developing problem-solving skills and is a lucrative career.
Computer programming involves writing instructions for a computer in a specific programming language. It is the process of creating computer software. There are many programming languages that are used for different purposes. Programming languages have evolved from low-level machine languages that are difficult for humans to read to high-level languages that are easier to use. High-level languages must be translated into machine code before a computer can execute them. Computer programs use logic, variables, and other programming elements to perform tasks. Programming provides benefits such as meeting demand for software and developing important job skills.
Computer programming involves writing instructions for a computer in a particular programming language. It is done by writing source code which is then translated by compilers, interpreters or assemblers into object code that computers can understand. There are many programming languages at different levels, with high-level languages being easier for humans but slower for computers compared to machine-level languages. Popular high-level languages include Java, Python and C++, which allow programmers to focus on solving problems without worrying about the specific computer hardware.
Lec21&22.pptx programing language and there studysamiullahamjad06
Programming languages can be categorized based on their level of abstraction from the machine. Low-level languages like machine language and assembly language are closer to the machine while high-level languages are more abstract. High-level languages are easier for humans to read and write but require compilers or interpreters to convert them to machine language. Common high-level languages include FORTRAN, COBOL, BASIC, Pascal, C, C++ and newer languages like JavaScript and Python.
This document discusses the key features of low-level and high-level computer languages. Low-level languages like machine code provide direct access to hardware but are difficult for humans. High-level languages like C++, Java, and Visual Basic allow problem solving using terminology closer to human language and are easier for programmers but require compilation and run less efficiently. The document contrasts advantages like speed for low-level languages and ease of use for high-level languages.
System software includes operating systems and compilers that help utilize hardware resources, while application software performs specific tasks like word processing. Utility programs perform basic functions like formatting disks. High-level languages are easier for humans to read and write than low-level languages like assembly, which are closer to machine code.
COM 113 INTRO TO COMPUTER PROGRAMMING-PRT2.pptxIorlahaSamuel1
Introduction to computer programming is a course offered by students of the polytechnic education at the
ND-1 level, First Semester course code 'COM 113'.
COM 113 INTRO TO COMPUTER PROGRAMMING-PRT2.pptxIorlahaSamuel1
Introduction to computer programming is a course offered by students of the polytechnic education at the
ND-1 level, First Semester course code 'COM 113'.
The document discusses different types of programming languages: machine language uses binary; assembly language uses symbols but still maps to binary; and high-level languages are abstracted from hardware and use English-like syntax. It provides details on each type, including their advantages like efficiency for machine language or readability for high-level languages, and disadvantages like lack of portability or required translation.
Programming Languages Categories / Programming Paradigm By: Prof. Lili Saghafi Professor Lili Saghafi
A programming language is a notation designed to connect instructions to a machine or a computer.
Programming languages are mainly used to control the performance of a machine or to express algorithms.
At present, thousands of programming languages have been implemented.
In the computer field, many languages need to be stated in an imperative form, while other programming languages utilize declarative form.
The program can be divided into two forms such as syntax and semantics.
1. Assembly language is a low-level programming language that is closer to machine language. It uses mnemonics and symbolic codes to represent instructions, registers, and memory locations that correspond to the underlying machine language of a CPU.
2. Assembly language must be translated into machine-readable machine code by an assembler program before a computer can execute an assembly language program. It provides a level of abstraction over pure machine language.
3. Registers are high-speed storage areas within the CPU that are used to quickly store and retrieve data and instructions being actively used so the CPU does not have to access slower main memory as frequently. This optimization of using registers improves processing speed.
JIMS is one of the best BCA colleges in Delhi NCR. The Curriculum they provide to the BCA students is well updated. So many activities are for BCA students like Guest Lectures from the IT Experts, Workshops, IT Activities, Annual IT Events, Emphasise on Research work and project Work. In this pdf, Dr. Arpana talks about various types of Programming Languages a BCA student should be aware of different Languages.
A classification of programing languagesom collins
This document classifies programming languages into three categories: machine level languages, assembly languages, and high level languages. Machine level languages consist of only 1s and 0s and interact directly with the computer. Assembly languages use symbolic names instead of binary but are still machine-dependent. High level languages are easier for humans to understand and include languages like C, Java, and Python. They allow for easier debugging and development but require compilation and execute more slowly.
Software is a set of programs, which is designed to perform a well-defined function. A program is a sequence of instructions written to solve a particular problem.
DISCLAIMER: This Presentation is made for educational purposes only.
Introduction to Computer Programming, Computer Language, History of Computer Language, Hierarchy of High-Level Languages, Algorithm, Data Types and Arduino
Evolution of programming languages-migara presentation.pptxDinithiGunarathna
A computer program is a sequence of instructions designed to perform a task using a computer. Programming languages are used by programmers to write computer programs. There are low-level languages like machine language and assembly language that can be directly executed by computers but are difficult for humans to read and write. There are also high-level languages like Python, Java and C++ that are easier for humans to understand but require translation before a computer can execute them.
This document provides an introduction to computer programming languages by discussing assembly language, low-level languages, and high-level languages. Assembly language represents machine code symbolically for readability but provides close control of hardware. Low-level languages have limited abstraction from hardware instructions. High-level languages use more abstraction to improve functionality and efficiency. The best programming language depends on factors like speed, portability, and the task.
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HOW YOU DOIN'?
Cool, cool, cool...
Because that's what she said after THE QUIZ CLUB OF PSGCAS' TV SHOW quiz.
Grab your popcorn and be seated.
QM: THARUN S A
BCom Accounting and Finance (2023-26)
THE QUIZ CLUB OF PSGCAS.
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Prottutponnomotittwa: A Quiz That Echoed the Pulse of Bengal
On the 31st of May, 2025, PRAGYA – The Official Quiz Club of UEM Kolkata – did not merely organize another quiz. It hosted an ode to Bengal — its people, its quirks, its politics, its art, its rebellion, its heritage. Titled Prottutponnomotittwa, the quiz stood as a metaphor for what Bengal truly is: sharp, intuitive, spontaneous, reflective. A cultural cosmos that thrives on instinct, memory, and emotion.
From the very first slide, it became clear — this wasn’t a quiz made to showcase difficulty or elitism. It was crafted with love — love for Bangla, for its past, present, and its ever-persistent contradictions.
The diversity of the answer list tells the real story of the quiz. The curation was not random. Each answer was a string on a veena of cultural resonance.
In the “Cultural Pairings” round, Anusheh Anadil and Arnob were placed not just as musicians, but as voices of a modern, cross-border Bangla. Their works, which blend baul, jazz, and urban folk, show how Bengal exists simultaneously in Dhaka and Shantiniketan.
The inclusion of Ritwik Chakraborty and Srijit Mukherjee (as a songwriter) showed how the quiz masters understood evolution. Bangla cinema isn’t frozen in the Ray-Ghatak past. It lives, argues, breaks molds — just like these men do.
From Kalyani Black Label to Radhunipagol Chal, consumer culture too had its place. One is liquid courage, the other culinary madness — both deeply Bengali.
The heart truly swelled when the answers touched upon Baidyanath Bhattacharya and Chandril. Both satirists, both sharp, both essential. It was not just about naming them — it was about understanding what different types of literature means in a Bengali context.
Titumir — the play about a peasant rebel who built his own bamboo fort and dared to challenge the British.
Krishnananda Agamvagisha — the mystical Tantric who shaped how we understand esoteric Bengali spiritualism.
Subhas Chandra Bose — the eternal enigma, the braveheart whose shadow looms large over Bengal’s political psyche.
Probashe Ghorkonna — a story lived by many Bengalis. The medinipur daughter, who made a wholesome family, not only in bengal, but across the borders. This answer wasn’t just information. It was emotion.
By the end, what lingered was not the scoreboard. It was a feeling.
The feeling of sitting in a room where Chalchitro meets Chabiwala, where Jamai Shosthi shares the stage with Gayatri Spivak, where Bhupen Hazarika sings with Hemanga Biswas, and where Alimuddin Road and Webskitters occupy the same mental map.
You don’t just remember questions from this quiz.
You remember how it made you feel.
You remember smiling at Keet Keet, nodding at Prabuddha Dasgupta, getting goosebumps at the mention of Bose, and tearing up quietly when someone got Radhunipagol Chal right.
This wasn’t a quiz.
This was an emotional ride of Bangaliyana.
This was — and will remain — Prottutponnomotittwa.
RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS
1. Cartesian Product of Sets:
If A and B are two non-empty sets, then their Cartesian product is:
A × B = {(a, b) | a ∈ A, b ∈ B}
Number of elements: |A × B| = |A| × |B|
2. Relation:
A relation R from set A to B is a subset of A × B.
Domain: Set of all first elements.
Range: Set of all second elements.
Codomain: Set B.
3. Types of Relations:
Empty Relation: No element in R.
Universal Relation: R = A × A.
Identity Relation: R = {(a, a) | a ∈ A}
Reflexive: (a, a) ∈ R ∀ a ∈ A
Symmetric: (a, b) ∈ R ⇒ (b, a) ∈ R
Transitive: (a, b), (b, c) ∈ R ⇒ (a, c) ∈ R
Equivalence Relation: Reflexive, symmetric, and transitive
4. Function (Mapping):
A relation f: A → B is a function if every element of A has exactly one image in B.
Domain: A, Codomain: B, Range ⊆ B
5. Types of Functions:
One-one (Injective): Different inputs give different outputs.
Onto (Surjective): Every element of codomain is mapped.
One-one Onto (Bijective): Both injective and surjective.
Constant Function: f(x) = c ∀ x ∈ A
Identity Function: f(x) = x
Polynomial Function: e.g., f(x) = x² + 1
Modulus Function: f(x) = |x|
Greatest Integer Function: f(x) = [x]
Signum Function: f(x) =
-1 if x < 0,
0 if x = 0,
1 if x > 0
6. Graphs of Functions:
Learn shapes of basic graphs: modulus, identity, step function, etc.
Artificial intelligence Presented by JM.jmansha170
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Important Points about AI:
1. Learning – AI can learn from data (Machine Learning).
2. Automation – It helps automate repetitive tasks.
3. Decision Making – AI can analyze and make decisions faster than humans.
4. Natural Language Processing (NLP) – AI can understand and generate human language.
5. Vision & Recognition – AI can recognize images, faces, and patterns.
6. Used In – Healthcare, finance, robotics, education, and more.
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SEM II 3202 STRUCTURAL MECHANICS, B ARCH, REGULATION 2021, ANNA UNIVERSITY, R...RVSPSOA
Principles of statics. Forces and their effects. Types of force systems. Resultant of concurrent and
parallel forces. Lami’s theorem. Principle of moments. Varignon’s theorem. Principle of equilibrium.
Types of supports and reactions-Bending moment and Shear forces-Determination of reactions for
simply supported beams. Relation between bending moment and shear force.
Properties of section – Centre of gravity, Moment of Inertia, Section modulus, Radius of gyration
for various structural shapes. Theorem of perpendicular axis. Theorem of parallel axis.
Elastic properties of solids. Concept of stress and strain. Deformation of axially loaded simple bars.
Types of stresses. Concept of axial and volumetric stresses and strains. Elastic constants. Elastic
Modulus. Shear Modulus. Bulk Modulus. Poisson’s ratio. Relation between elastic constants.
Principal stresses and strain. Numerical and Graphical method. Mohr’s diagram.
R.K. Bansal, ‘A Text book on Engineering Mechanics’, Lakshmi Publications, Delhi,2008.
R.K. Bansal, ‘A textbook on Strength of Materials’, Lakshmi Publications, Delhi 2010.
Paul W. McMullin, 'Jonathan S. Price, ‘Introduction to Structures’, Routledge, 2016.
P.C. Punmia, ‘Strength of Materials and Theory of Structures; Vol. I’, Lakshmi
Publications, Delhi 2018.
2. S. Ramamrutham, ‘Strength of Materials’, Dhanpatrai and Sons, Delhi, 2014.
3. W.A. Nash, ‘Strength of Materials’, Schaums Series, McGraw Hill Book Company,1989.
4. R.K. Rajput, ‘Strength of Materials’, S.K. Kataria and Sons, New Delhi , 2017.
*Order Hemiptera:*
Hemiptera, commonly known as true bugs, is a large and diverse order of insects that includes cicadas, aphids, leafhoppers, and shield bugs. Characterized by their piercing-sucking mouthparts, Hemiptera feed on plant sap, other insects, or small animals. Many species are significant pests, while others are beneficial predators.
*Order Neuroptera:*
Neuroptera, also known as net-winged insects, is an order of insects that includes lacewings, antlions, and owlflies. Characterized by their delicate, net-like wing venation and large, often prominent eyes, Neuroptera are predators that feed on other insects, playing an important role in biological control. Many species have aquatic larvae, adding to their ecological diversity.
Analysis of Quantitative Data Parametric and non-parametric tests.pptxShrutidhara2
This presentation covers the following points--
Parametric Tests
• Testing the Significance of the Difference between Means
• Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) - One way and Two way
• Analysis of Co-variance (One-way)
Non-Parametric Tests:
• Chi-Square test
• Sign test
• Median test
• Sum of Rank test
• Mann-Whitney U-test
Moreover, it includes a comparison of parametric and non-parametric tests, a comparison of one-way ANOVA, two-way ANOVA, and one-way ANCOVA.
2. 4th Generation Data query,
analysis and reporting
3rd Generation
Imperative
2nd Generation
Assembly
1st Generation
Machine code
High level languages
Low level languages
Programming Languages - Generations
4. Machine code and Assembly code
A programming language that allows
programs to be written using English
keywords and is platform independent
(Definitions)
5. Advantages
• Achieves a smaller memory footprint (compact)
• Achieves better code optimisation and therefore code will run faster and
more efficiently
• Allows direct manipulation if the registers on the processors, giving high
levels of control
• Processors in these systems may be slow and have limited memory so the
efficiency of assembly language or machine code is needed. Also useful
real time control systems where speed is very important
• Since you are writing at machine level you control the level of
of the code created.
• Can be easily modified
Low Level Languages
6. Disadvantages
• More difficult to understand, maintain and debug than
high level languages
• More difficult to write without making errors
• Machine dependent making it difficult to port to a
different instruction set processor
• Memory addresses and operations have to be
remembered
Low Level Languages
8. • High level languages are problem-orientated whereas low level
languages are machine-orientated.
• Problem-orientated means that the commands and the way
the program is structured are based on what the program will
have to do rather than the components of the computer it will
be used with.
• This means that programs of high level languages are portable.
These programs can be written on one computer and then
executed on another.
High Level Languages
9. • There are many types of high level languages, each is written to
cope with the demands of specific types of problems. E.g. some
are designed for scientific applications, manipulating
databases, creating web pages etc.
• There are 2 classified groups of high level languages
–Imperative
–Declarative
High Level Languages