Chapter – 6 SQL Lab Tutorial.pdf

SQL Lab Tutorial
Database System
(SWEG2108)

MySQL Outline
• What is SQL
• Connecting MySQL
• MySQL Commands: Admin, DDL, DML, DQL, Advanced Queries
– Use Database
– Create. Drop database
– Show databases, tables
– Create table

Modify table

Drop table
– Insert records

Retrieve records

Update records

Delete records

Count, Like, Order by, Group by
– Join table
– More advanced ones (sub-queries, stored procedures, triggers, views …)

SQL is an ANSI (American National Standards Institute)
standard computer language for accessing and
manipulating database systems. SQL statements are
used to retrieve and update data in a database. SQL works
with database programs like MS Access, DB2, Informix, MS
SQL Server, Oracle, Sybase, MYSQL, etc.
Unfortunately, there are many different versions of the
SQL language, but to be in compliance with the ANSI
standard, they must support the same major keywords
in a similar manner (such as SELECT, UPDATE, DELETE,
INSERT, WHERE, and others).
Note: Most of the SQL database programs also have their
own proprietary extensions in addition to the SQL
standard!
SQL is a Standard - BUT....

Database and Database
Management System
• Database is simply a collection of data. In relational
database, data is organized into tables.
• Database Management System (DBMS) is software to
maintain and utilize the collections of data (Oracle, DB2,
MySQL)

MySQL Introduction
• MySQL is a database management system
• SQL stands for the Structured Query
Language. It defines how to insert, retrieve,
modify and delete data
• Open source free from www.mysql.com

Chapter – 6 SQL Lab Tutorial.pdf

Login
• mysql –h hostname –u username –p [password]
• Example
% mysql -u usrname -p
Enter password: passowrd
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or g.
Your MySQL connection id is 23 to server version: 3.23.41.
Type 'help;' or 'h' for help. Type 'c' to clear the buffer.
mysql>

Create User and Database
• mysql>use mysql;
– Use database mysql, used by the system
• mysql>insert into user (Host, User,
Password) values (‘localhost’, ‘test1’,
password(‘pass1’));
– Create a new database user test1
– An alternative
• GRANT USAGE ON *.* TO ‘test1’@’localhost‘
IDENTIFIED BY ‘pass1’;

Create User and Database (cont.)
• mysql>insert into db (Host, Db, User, Select_priv, Insert_priv,
Update_priv, Delete_priv, Create_priv, Drop_priv) values
(‘localhost’, ‘testdb’, ‘test1‘, ‘Y’, ‘Y’, ‘Y’, ‘Y’, ‘Y’, ‘Y’);
– Create a new database testdb for user test1
• mysql>flush privileges
– Reloads the privileges from the grant tables in the database
mysql
• An alternative
– GRANT SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE,
CREATE, DROP ON testdb.* TO ‘test1’@’localhost’
IDENTIFIED BY ‘pass1’;

What are the current databases at the server?
mysql> show databases;
+--------------+
| Database |
+--------------+
| mysql | mysql is a database (stores users’ password …) used
by system.
| test |
+--------------+
Create a database (make a directory) whose name is MyDB
mysql> create database MyDB;
Select database to use
mysql> use MyDB;
Create Database

Backup Database
• mysqldump
– Writes the contents of database tables into text files
– Example
>mysqldump –p bcb –T ./
• Select … INTO OUTFILE ‘/path/outputfilename’;
– Example
• >SELECT * FROM student INTO OUTFILE ‘/dump/student.txt’;
• mysql –u username –p password –h host database >
/path/to/file
• mysql –u bcb –p tuckseed0 bcb > test

Basic MySQL Data Types
Integer Real Text
TINYINT FLOAT CHAR (<length>)
SMALLINT DOUBLE VARCHAR (<maxlength>)
MEDIUMINT DOUBLE PRECISION
INT REAL
INTEGER DECIMAL
BIGINT DEC
NUMERIC
FIXED

SQL Data Definition Language
(DDL)
The Data Definition Language (DDL) part of SQL permits
database tables to be created or deleted. We can also define
indexes (keys), specify links between tables, and impose
constraints between database tables.
The most important DDL statements in SQL are:
•CREATE TABLE - creates a new database table
•ALTER TABLE - alters (changes) a database table
•DROP TABLE - deletes a database table
•CREATE INDEX - creates an index (search key)
•DROP INDEX - deletes an index

SQL Data Manipulation
Language (DML)
SQL (Structured Query Language) is a syntax for executing
queries. But the SQL language also includes a syntax to
update, insert, and delete records.
These query and update commands together form the Data
Manipulation Language (DML) part of SQL:
•SELECT - extracts data from a database table
•UPDATE - updates data in a database table
•DELETE - deletes data from a database table
•INSERT INTO - inserts new data into a database table

SQL The SELECT Statement
The SELECT statement is used to select data from a table. The
tabular result is stored in a result table (called the result-set).
Syntax
SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name

To select the columns named "LastName" and "FirstName",
use a SELECT statement like this:
SELECT LastName, FirstName FROM Persons
Persons
LastName FirstName Address City
Hansen Ola Timoteivn 10 Sandnes
Svendson Tove Borgvn 23 Sandnes
Pettersen Kari Storgt 20 Stavanger
výsledok
LastName FirstName
Hansen Ola
Svendson Tove
Pettersen Kari

To select all columns from the "Persons" table, use a *
symbol instead of column names, like this:
SELECT * FROM Persons
Hansen Ola Timoteivn 10 Sandnes
Svendson Tove Borgvn 23 Sandnes
Select All Columns

Semicolon is the standard way to separate each SQL statement in
database systems that allow more than one SQL statement to be
executed in the same call to the server.
Some SQL tutorials end each SQL statement with a semicolon. Is
this necessary? However, MS Access and SQL Server 2000 do
not have to put a semicolon after each SQL statement, but some
database programs force you to use it. e.g MySQL
Semicolon after SQL Statements?

The DISTINCT keyword is used to return only distinct (different)
values.
The SELECT statement returns information from table columns.
But what if we only want to select distinct elements?
With SQL, all we need to do is to add a DISTINCT keyword to the
SELECT statement:
Syntax
SELECT DISTINCT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
The SELECT DISTINCT Statement

To select ALL values from the column named "Company" we use
a SELECT statement like this:
SELECT Company FROM Orders
Orders
Company OrderNumber
Sega 3412
W3Schools 2312
Trio 4678
W3Schools 6798
Company
Sega
W3Schools
Trio
W3Schools
Using the DISTINCT keyword

Note that "W3Schools" is listed twice in the result-set.
To select only DIFFERENT values from the column named
"Company" we use a SELECT DISTINCT statement like this:
SELECT DISTINCT Company FROM Orders
Company
Sega
W3Schools
Trio
Orders
Company OrderNumber
Sega 3412
W3Schools 2312
Trio 4678
W3Schools 6798

Select All Columns
The WHERE clause is used to specify a selection criterion.
The WHERE Clause
To conditionally select data from a table, a WHERE clause can
be added to the SELECT statement.
Syntax
SELECT column FROM table
WHERE column operator value

With the WHERE clause, the following operators can be
used:
Operator Description
= Equal
<> Not equal
> Greater than
< Less than
>= Greater than or equal
<= Less than or equal
BETWEEN Between an inclusive range
LIKE Search for a pattern
Note: In some versions of SQL the <> operator may be written as !=

Using the WHERE Clause
To select only the persons living in the city "Sandnes", we add a
WHERE clause to the SELECT statement:
WHERE City='Sandnes'
LastName FirstName Address City Year
Hansen Ola Timoteivn 10 Sandnes 1951
Svendson Tove Borgvn 23 Sandnes 1978
Svendson Stale Kaivn 18 Sandnes 1980
Pettersen Kari Storgt 20 Stavanger 1960
LastName FirstName Address City Year
Hansen Ola Timoteivn 10 Sandnes 1951
Svendson Tove Borgvn 23 Sandnes 1978
Svendson Stale Kaivn 18 Sandnes 1980

Using Quotes
Note that we have used single quotes around the conditional
values in the examples.
SQL uses single quotes around text values (most database
systems will also accept double quotes). Numeric values should
not be enclosed in quotes.
For text values:
This is correct:
SELECT * FROM Persons WHERE FirstName='Tove'
This is wrong:
SELECT * FROM Persons WHERE FirstName=Tove

The LIKE Condition
The LIKE condition is used to specify a search for a pattern in
a column.
Syntax
SELECT column FROM table
WHERE column LIKE pattern
A "%" sign can be used to define wildcards (missing letters
in the pattern) both before and after the pattern.

Using LIKE
The following SQL statement will return persons with first names
that start with an 'O':
WHERE FirstName LIKE 'O%'
that end with an 'a':
WHERE FirstName LIKE '%a'

Using LIKE ...
that contain the pattern 'la':
WHERE FirstName LIKE '%la%'

The INSERT INTO Statement
The INSERT INTO statement is used to insert new rows into
a table.
Syntax
INSERT INTO table_name
VALUES (value1, value2,....)
You can also specify the columns for which you want to insert
data:
INSERT INTO table_name (column1, column2,...)
VALUES (value1, value2,....)

Insert a New Row
And this SQL statement:
INSERT INTO Persons
VALUES ('Hetland', 'Camilla', 'Hagabakka 24', 'Sandnes')
Hetland Camilla Hagabakka 24 Sandnes

Insert Data in Specified Columns
And This SQL statement:
INSERT INTO Persons (LastName, Address)
VALUES ('Rasmussen', 'Storgt 67')
Rasmussen Storgt 67

The Update Statement
The UPDATE statement is used to modify the data in a table.
Syntax
UPDATE table_name
SET column_name = new_value
WHERE column_name = some_value

Update one Column in a Row
Nilsen Fred Kirkegt 56 Stavanger
Rasmussen Storgt 67
We want to add a first name to the person with a last name of
"Rasmussen":
UPDATE Person SET FirstName = 'Nina'
WHERE LastName = 'Rasmussen'
Rasmussen Nina Storgt 67

Update several Columns in a
Row
We want to change the address and add the name of the city:
UPDATE Person
SET Address = 'Stien 12', City = 'Stavanger'
WHERE LastName = 'Rasmussen'
Rasmussen Nina Stien 12 Stavanger
Rasmussen Storgt 67

The Delete Statement
The DELETE statement is used to delete rows in a table.
Syntax
DELETE FROM table_name
WHERE column_name = some_value

Delete a Row
"Nina Rasmussen" is going to be deleted:
DELETE FROM Person WHERE LastName = 'Rasmussen'

Delete All Rows
It is possible to delete all rows in a table without deleting the
table. This means that the table structure, attributes, and indexes
will be intact:
DELETE FROM table_name
Or
DELETE * FROM table_name

More Table Retrieval
• OR
mysql> select name from student where major = 'BCB' OR major = 'CS';
• COUNT (Count query results)
mysql> select count(name) from student where major = 'BCB' OR major = 'CS';
• ORDER BY (Sort query results)
mysql> select name from student where major = 'BCB' OR major = 'CS‘ ORDER BY
name;
mysql> select name from student where major = 'BCB' OR major = 'CS‘ ORDER BY
name DESC;
mysql> select * from student where major = 'BCB' OR major = 'CS‘ ORDER BY
student_id ASC, name DESC
• LIKE (Pattern matching)
mysql> select name from student where name LIKE "J%";
• DISTINCT (Remove duplicates)
mysql> select major from student;
mysql> select DISTINCT major from student;

Group By
• Cluster query results based on different groups
• Example
mysql> select major, count(*) from student GROUP BY major;
+---------+----------+
| major | count(*) |
+---------+----------+
| BBMB | 3 |
| BCB | 3 |
| Chem | 1 |
| CS | 5 |
| IG | 2 |
| Math | 2 |
| MCDB | 3 |
| Stat | 2 |
+---------+------------+
8 rows in set (0.00 sec)

Table Join
• Retrieve information from multiple tables
• Commands: Inner Join, outer join, left, right, full...

Advanced SQL
• Stored Procedures
• Triggers
• …..

Sources
 http://www.cs.kent.edu/~mabuata/DB10_la
b/SQL_tutorial.ppt
 https://web.chandra.ac.th/rawin/database/M
ySQL1.ppt

Chapter – 6 SQL Lab Tutorial.pdf

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