Computer
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This document summarizes a lecture on advanced computer architecture given by Dr. Noor M. Sheikh and Dr. Anjum Ali. It introduces the basic concepts of how a computer operates under program instruction control, and provides block diagrams of computer components. It defines computer architecture as the programmer-visible portion of an instruction set. Computer architects design at different levels of abstraction, from the system-level down to circuit-level implementation. Recommended textbooks on computer systems design and architecture are also provided.
Computer
- 1. Advanced Computer Architecture Lecture # 1 by Dr. Noor M. Sheikh Dean, Electrical Engg. Department University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore, And Dr. Anjum Ali Professor, Al-KICS, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore,
- 2. How Computer Operates? A computer operates under the control of instructions stored in its own memory unit, that can accept data (input), process data arithmetically and logically, produce output from the processing, and store the results for future use.
- 4. Block diagram of a modern general purpose digital computer
- 5. Architecture • The art or science of building • A style and method of design and construction
- 6. Computer Architecture • The term Computer Architecture was coined at IBM in the 1960s • It was used to refer to the programmer visible portion of the instruction set of the IBM 360 family of computers
- 7. Computer Architecture (continued…) • The structure of a computer that a machine language programmer must understand to write correct programs for the machine
- 8. Who is a Computer Architect? Answer: A person who designs computers
- 9. What do we mean by “design”? • Design is the process of devising a system, component, or process to meet desired needs.
- 10. What do we mean by “design”? (continued) • It is a decision-making process (usually iterative), in which the basic sciences, and math and engineering sciences are applied to convert resources optimally to meet a stated objective.
- 11. Levels of Abstraction • System Design • Logic Design • Circuit Design
- 12. Digital Design: Levels of Abstraction System Design:  Processor-Memory-Switch (PMS) level- system components and their interconnections are described. The components are specified in a block diagram form. The processor includes the data path and control.  Instruction Set Level - the function of each instruction is defined. The emphasis is on the behavior of the system rather than the hardware structure of the system.  Register Transfer Level - hardware structure is more visible. The basic elements indicated are registers.
- 13. Digital Design: Levels of Abstraction (continued) Logic Design:  Also called gate level abstraction. We use gates and flip-flops. The behavior is less visible, while the hardware structure dominates.
- 14. Digital Design: Levels of Abstraction (continued) Circuit Design:  Gives visibility to resistors, transistors, capacitors, and diodes.  Mask Level – this shows the silicon structure of the chip. The layout and its implementation is given in the Integrated System Design.
- 15. Course text book "Computer Systems Design and Architecture" by V.P. Heuring and H.F. Jordan, Addison Wesley, 1997.
- 16. Reference books • “Computer Architecture: A Qualitative Approach”, 2nd ed” by Hennesy & Patterson, Morgan Kaufmann, 1996. • “Computer Organization and Architecture”, by William Stallings, Prentice Hall, 6th edition.
Editor's Notes
- #2: Welcome statements and intro to the speaker will go here
- #5: Now we want to focus on what a computer is. The speaker may explain the building blocks in this slide
- #7: The term “computer architecture” was first used at IBM in 1964 by Amdahl, Blaauw, and Brooks [H&P, 2e]. Their definition of architecture was  .... the structure of a computer that a machine language programmer must understand to write a correct (time independent) program for that machine.  By architecture they meant the programmer visible portion of the instruction set. Thus a family of machines of the same architecture should be able to run the same software. This concept is now so common that we take it for granted. The x86 architecture is a well known example. Â
- #8: .... the structure of a computer that a machine language programmer must understand to write a correct (time independent) program for that machine. Â By architecture they meant the programmer visible portion of the instruction set. Thus a family of machines of the same architecture should be able to run the same software. This concept is now so common that we take it for granted. The x86 architecture is a well known example.
- #10: This is ABET’s definition of “Design” Most people think of design as a “sketch”. This is the usage of the term as a noun. The standard engineering usage of the term is as a verb, i.e., “design is a process” as explained in this slide. A designer works with a set of stated requirements under a number of constraints to produce the best solution for a given problem. Best may mean a “cost-effective” solution, but not always. Additional or alternate requirements, like efficiency, robustness, etc. may be imposed by the client or the designer
- #13: PMS level eg is networks, so these things will typically be taught in a networks course. DATA PATH is the arithmetic organ of the von Neumann stored program computer Instr. set level &/or RTL topics are usually taught in a Comp. Architecture course or a computer design course In the RTL description, MUXs, decoders, busses, buffers, etc are also used in addition to registers.
- #14: gate level is usually the topic of a Logic circuits or digital logic or logic design course circuit level is covered in (digital) electronics courses and mask level related topics are included in VLSI type courses
- #15: gate level is usually the topic of a Logic circuits or digital logic or logic design course circuit level is covered in (digital) electronics courses and mask level related topics are included in VLSI type courses