Overview of ICT for Development (ICT4D)
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This document provides an overview of the topic of ICT4D (Information and Communication Technologies for Development). It begins by defining key terms like ICT4D, developing countries, and development paradigms. It then covers foundations of ICT4D including infrastructure requirements, stakeholders, and measures of the digital divide. The document outlines steps for implementing ICT4D strategies and projects and discusses niches for alternative ICT4D tools. Specific examples of ICT4D initiatives in sectors like health, agriculture, education, and governance are also provided.
Overview of ICT for Development (ICT4D)
- 1. IS 627 : Advanced Information Systems Overview of ICT4D D. Shao
- 2. Outline • Understanding ICT4D • Foundations of ICT4D • Implementing ICT4D • Niches of ICT4D • ICT4D in practice • Open issues for research • Reading list
- 4. Objective • To understand the definitions and concepts underlying ICT4D – explain the connection between ICTs and development – categorise the history of ICT4D – categorise key theories and concepts of relevance to ICT4D.
- 5. What is ICT4D? • What Do We Mean By “ICT4D”? • What are the examples of what we mean by ICT4D? • To understand further, look at I, C, T, D in turn.
- 6. Defining Information and Communication Knowledge Information Data
- 7. CIPSO view of ICT system Capture Input Store Process Output Storage Retrieval Data Processed data Information SOURCE RECIPIENT Core information system Wider information system Knowledge
- 8. Different Scopes of ICT ICT Scope 3: All ICT ICT Scope 2: All Electrical ICT Any entity that processes or communicates digital data Any entity that processes or communicates data in electrical form Any entity that processes or communicates data in any form ICT Scope 1: All Digital ICT
- 9. Different Scopes of Development Development Scope 1: Agenda- Specific Development Development Scope 3: Generic Development Development Scope 2: Geography- Specific Development Any progressive change in a society Any progressive change in a developing country Particular progressive changes in a developing country
- 10. What is a Developing Country? • Developing countries are middle-income economies with a GNI per capita of less than $12,736 but more than $1,045 and low-income economies show a GNI per capita of $1,045 or less (World Bank, 2014). • Gross National Income (GNI) is the total domestic and foreign output claimed by residents of a country, consisting of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) plus factor incomes earned by foreign residents, minus income earned in the domestic economy by nonresidents (Todaro & Smith, 2011)
- 11. Defining ICT4D
- 12. Development Paradigms Dominant Phases of Particular Development Paradigms 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Modernisation Growth as development Technology transfer Transfer of ideas/values Dependency Core-periphery position within world system Breaking away Basic Needs Focus on basic needs High degree of state intervention (agricultural policies, credit, etc) Neo-Liberalism Beginning of retreat of the state Focus on markets – getting prices right Human Development Multi-dimensional – micro-credit, gender, environment, poverty, etc. Greater focus on participatory methods Post-Development Idea and discourse of development as problematic Sustainable Development Meeting current needs without compromising future needs; especially environment International Development Goals Millennium Development Goals Sustainable Development Goals
- 13. What Does “ICT4D” Mean? • ICT4D means technology is used to deliver international development agenda. • But what is that agenda? It has changed over time. • *Find the MDGs and SDGs and identify the ICT-specific targets within those goals.
- 15. MDG 8F “In cooperation with the private sector, make available the benefits of new technologies, especially information and communications”
- 16. Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
- 17. SDG 9C “Significantly increase access to information and communications technology and strive to provide universal and affordable access to the Internet in least developed countries by 2020” Plus SDG targets that specifically identify ICTs in relation to: - higher education scholarships (Goal 4 – 4B) - women’s empowerment (Goal 5 – 5B) - innovation capacity (Goal 17 – T17.8)
- 18. Critiques of ICT4D Development Paradigm ICT Role Modernisation ICTs transferred from global North have a central role in delivering economic growth and new cultural values Dependency ICTs transferred from global North could be exploitative, and greater emphasis should be on local development of ICTs which would have a central role in delivering economic growth Neo-Liberalism ICTs have an important role in connected enterprises and countries to local and global markets, and in increasing the efficiency of – and delivering alternatives to – the state Human Development ICTs are not central but locally-appropriate digital applications could deliver social and other development outcomes for those on lowest incomes Post- Development ICTs are not central but are carriers of discourse and sites for both exclusive and alternative approaches to development Sustainable Development ICTs are not central and can deliver either sustainable and just, or unsustainable and unjust development depending on the type of application
- 19. Phases of ICT4D Issue / Phase ICT4D 0.0 (1960s – mid-1990s) ICT4D 1.0 (mid-1990s – mid- /late-2000s) ICT4D 2.0 (mid-/late-2000s onwards) Iconic Technology PC Database Telecentre Mobile Phone Key Application Data Processing Content (& Interaction) Services & Production The Poor Who? Consumers Innovators & Producers Key Goal Organisational Efficiency MDGs Growth & Development? Key Issue Technology's Potential Readiness & Availability Uptake & Impact Key Actor Government Donors & NGOs All Sectors Attitude Ignore --> Isolate Idolise --> Integrate Integrate --> Innovate Innovation Model Northern Pro-Poor --> Para- Poor Para-Poor --> Per- Poor Dominant Discipline Information Systems Informatics / Development Studies Tribrid of CS, IS and DS Development Paradigm Modernisation Human Development Development 2.0
- 21. Objectives • To explain the foundations that need to be in place for ICT4D to work – Explain the ICT4D value chain model – Categorise the technological and human infrastructure of ICT4D – Identify key ICT4D stakeholders and policy components – Critique measures of the digital divide
- 22. The ICT4D Value Chain Precursors -Data systems -Legal -Institutional -Human -Technological -Leadership & Vision -Drivers / Demand Inputs -Data -Money -Labour and Knowledge -Technology -Values and Motivations -Political support -Goals and Objectives Intermediates / Deliverables -Locations (e.g. telecentres) -ICTs (e.g. PC, mobile, tablet) -Software applications Outputs -New communication patterns -New information and decisions -New actions and transactions Outcomes -Financial and other quantitative benefits -Qualitative benefits -Disbenefits Development Impacts -Public goals (e.g. SDGs) - Other impacts (intended and unintended) Strategy Implementation Adoption Use Exogenous Factors READINESS UPTAKE IMPACTAVAILABILITY Sustainability Scalability Enablers Constraints
- 23. Technological Foundations of ICT4D Infrastructure Hardware Software Data Communication & Processing ICT User
- 24. Data quality: OCARA Data Openness Completeness Accuracy Relevance Appropriateness of presentation
- 25. Ladder of ICT4D Roles Digital Non-User Digital Consumer Digital Producer Delinked Intermediated Consumer Indirect Passive Consumer Active User Creator Enabler Producer Innovator CategoryRole
- 26. Global ICT4D Stakeholders ITU UNCTAD UNESCO UNDP FAO UNDESA WHO World Bank Other UNGIS member agencies UNGIS WSIS Action Lines
- 27. ICT4D Stakeholders Government (Public sector) NGOs Development Agencies Private Sector Partnerships Networks Hybrid Organisations ICT4D Hubs / Labs / Clusters
- 28. Domains of ICT4D Policy Technological Infrastructure Legal & Institutional Infrastructure Data Infrastructure Financial Infrastructure Human Capabilities Infrastructure ICT Consumption ICT Production Digital Harm ICT4D Infrastructure ICT4D Production and Use ICT4D Impact
- 29. Social dimensions of the digital divide • What are the digital divides within a country: – Groups who have more access to ICTs and who are the groups who have less access to ICTs? • Technological divisions: •Different divides for different technologies (worse for computers, better for mobiles) •Historical pattern: old divides close (e.g. mobile); new divides open (e.g. broadband) •Social divisions: •Age, Education, Gender, Ethnicity, Disability and Geography
- 31. Objectives • To explain how best to put ICT4D into practice – Explain the steps of ICT4D strategy – Describe good practice in ICT4D implementation – Utilise the design–reality gap model in ICT4D implementation – Identify key determinants of ICT4D adoption and use – Summarise key ICT4D evaluation frameworks and issues
- 32. The ICT4D value chain Precursors -Data systems -Legal -Institutional -Human -Technological -Leadership & vision -Drivers/demand Inputs -Data -Money -Labour and knowledge -Technology -Values and motivations -Political support -Goals and objectives Intermediates/d eliverables -Locations (e.g. telecentres) -ICTs (e.g. PC, mobile, tablet) -Software applications Outputs -New communication patterns -New information and decisions -New actions and transactions Outcomes -Financial and other quantitative benefits -Qualitative benefits -Disbenefits Development impacts -Public goals (e.g. SDGs) - Other impacts (intended and unintended) Strategy Implementation Adoption Use Exogenous factors READINESS UPTAKE IMPACTAVAILABILITY Sustainability Scalability Enablers Constraints The processes that make up ICT4D: strategy, design/implementation, adoption/use, evaluation of impact.
- 33. Overview of ICT4D strategy Where are we now? Where do we want to get to? Where do we want to get to?
- 34. Steps of ICT4D strategy 1. Create ICT4D planning structures/roles 2a. Audit current ICT4D 2b. Get guidance from wider strategy 3. Set ICT4D objectives and principles 4a. Determine ICT4D technical architecture 4b. Determine ICT4D social architecture 5. Disseminate and plan ICT4D actions 6. Manage, evolve and review ICT4D strategy
- 35. ITPOSMO checklist and design– reality gaps Information Technology Processes Objectives and values Staffing and skills Management systems and structures Other resources Information Technology Processes Objectives and values Staffing and skills Management systems and structures Other resources RealityDesign Gap Technical architecture Social architecture
- 36. ICT4D technical architecture ICT4D technical architecture Development processes Data management ICTData Telecommunications Hardware Software Data flow
- 37. ICT4D project evaluation • “World Bank ICT projects with the objective to directly promote target access for the underserved and the poor had limited success; only 30 percent have achieved their objectives.” (IEG 2011:xiv) • “We follow the prospects of 36 private telecenters which were opened at various times between November 2001 and February 2004. By May 2005, 32 of these 36 telecenters had closed.” (Best & Kumar 2008:31) • “Of the papers examined, 70% (28 of the 40) referred to or reflected on some level of failure or unintended negative outcomes related to the use, uptake, or adoption of ICTs in developing communities.” (Dodson et al. 2013:23)
- 38. • There’s a lot of ICT4D failure around. • Not unique to ICT4D but wasteful.
- 39. Principles for digital development
- 40. Diffusion of Innovations attributes • Relative advantage • Compatibility • Complexity • Trialability • Observability
- 41. ICT4D evaluation overview Why? For Whom? What? How? (1) When? How? (2) Pilot & Action
- 42. NICHE FOR ICT4D SESSION 4
- 43. Niche for ICT4D • ICT4D community developed some useful ‘alternative tools’ responding to prevailing inequalities in access and participation from the technological perspective
- 44. Freedom Fone Zimbabwean Innovation Voice-based dial up services voice reporting voice recognition voice menus SMS polls no online access needed open source bridging literature and language barriers
- 45. Ushahidi Kenyan Innovation multiple-channel crowdsourcing information to map (visualize) platform • Information emergency response, election monitoring, peace building… e.tc • open source
- 46. Frontline SMS Bulk messaging tool send, receive, and organize text messages through a mobile device and a laptop • offline support • open source
- 47. Speak2Tweet Google & Twitter launch in reaction to Egyptian government internet shut-down Creating tweet by calling a phone • Automatic country hashtag
- 48. GeoChat • enabling self-organizing • group communication based on SMS, email, and Twitter • Simplifying team communications, logistics and data reporting • open source
- 50. Health Sector facilitation of health communication medical supply coordination distance diagnosis pre and post natal health public health education awareness creation / social change advocacy
- 51. My Question • allows young people to send in questions about sexual reproductive health and/or HIV/AIDS anonymously to trained counselors via SMS, voice, or through email.
- 52. Stock-out campaign Pill check week revealing shortages of essential medicines in Kenya, Malawi, Uganda, and Zambia SMS text messages were sent when data collectors discovered stock-outs of essential medicines Computers running FrontlineSMS processed and validated data before sending to Ushahidi interface to be visualized on the web
- 54. Adverse Reaction Reporting - Tanzania • A multi platform application for reporting adverse reactions caused by Drugs, Cosmetics or Medical Devices – Developed by CIVE for TFDA
- 55. Agricultural Sector • market price information • market supply and demand information • information on production techniques
- 56. Mfarm Kenya Transparency tool for farmers • local farmers receive crop prices and market information by sending SMS shortcode • digital marketplace in which subscribing farmers can sell their crops & by farm inputs • Online platform to connect and sell collectively
- 57. iCow Kenya
- 58. Education Sector Mobile learning Distance learning Literacy teaching formal / informal education life skills etc.
- 59. GraphoGAME • Grapho Learning Initiative • digital-based learning game to teach basic literacy and supply further access to reading materials in local languages via mobile
- 60. eShangazi Tanzania • Tanzanian based Initiative • Facebook based on the Reproductive and HIV/AIDS Education • AI app
- 61. Rights & Democracy • access to information and free • call for action, mobilization • coordination of action • visualizing injustice • voter education & voter registration • election monitoring • violation reporting • e-governance / e-government
- 62. witness.org • using power of video and storytelling to open the eyes of the world to human rights abuses • Training human rights defenders to use video to fight injustice, and to transform personal stories of abuse into powerful tools that can pressure those in power or with power to act
- 63. alavateli Freedom of information request platform supporting citizens requesting government information all replies made public platform Transparency / accountability open source
- 64. Good Governance • Tools for promoting good governance • Tools for promoting transparency and accountability
- 65. Wagosy - Tanzania • WaGoSy is an integrated and innovative ICT system designed to enhance participation, transparency, accountability and awareness among LVB water resources stakeholders. – Developed by CIVE- UDOM for VICRES
- 66. mRushwa - Tanzania • mRushwa is a mobile base tool for reporting briber act anonymously
- 67. Your Turn • What other ICT4D projects do you know?
- 68. OPEN ISSUES FOR RESEARCH SESSION 6
- 69. Open Issues for Research • ICT and Economic Development • Aim – to understand how ICTs can help deliver economic growth – Key strategies and key foundations for economic growth in developing countries – The informational context of growth in developing countries – Models of ICT4D-enabled change for evidence on ICTs and economic growth
- 70. Open Issues for Research • ICTs, poverty and livelihoods • Aim – to understand how ICTs can help eradicate poverty – Relationship between ICTs and financial poverty eradication – Relationship between ICTs and financial poverty eradication – Impact of ICTs on gender equality
- 71. Open Issues for Research • ICTs and Social Development • Aim – to understand how ICTs can help develop human capabilities and well-being – Social and human development as a development goal – Relationship between ICTs and social development (health and education) – Capabilities framework – Implications of the relation between ICTs and capabilities
- 72. Open Issues for Research • E-Governance and development • Aim – to understand how ICTs can help develop improve governance in developing countries – explain governance-related goals in development – define and illustrate public value – analyse the public value of, and challenges to, e- services in developing countries – utilise models to analyse the role of ICTs in e- accountability and e-democracy initiatives – analyse the role of motivation and power in e- governance initiatives.
- 73. Open Issues for Research • ICTs and Environment Sustainability • Aim – to understand how ICTs can support environmentally-sustainable development – Describe the overall relationship between ICTs and environmental sustainability – Explain the different orders of effects of ICTs on pollution and climate change mitigation including green and smart ICT applications – Use analytical frameworks to understand environmental monitoring information systems – Categorise use of ICTs in disaster management – Interpret analytical models of resilience and e-resilience
- 75. Reading List • Duncombe, R. (2006) ‘Analysing ICT Applications for Poverty Reduction via Micro-enterprise Using the Livelihoods Framework’, Development Informatics Working Paper Series, Paper No. 27, IDPM, University of Manchester. • Farrell, G., and Isaacs, S. (eds) (2007) Survey of ICT and Education in Africa: A Summary Report, Based on 53 Country Surveys, infoDev/World Bank, Washington, D.C. • Heeks, R. B. (2008) ‘The ICT4D 2.0 Manifesto’, Development Informatics Working Paper Series, Paper No. 30, IDPM, University of Manchester • Heeks, R. B. (2006) Implementing and Managing eGovernment: An International Text,Sage,London. • Heeks, R. B. (2003) ‘Most eGovernment-for-Development Projects Fail: How Can Risks beReduced?’,iGovernment Working Paper Series, Paper No. 14, IDPM, University of Manchester. • Heeks, R. B. (2002) ‘Failure, Success and Improvisation of Information Systems Projects in Developing Countries’, Development Informatics Working Paper Series, Paper No. 11, IDPM, University of Manchester
- 76. Reading List • Kenny, C. (2006) Overselling the Web?: development and the Internet, Lynne Rienner, Boulder • Krishna, S. and Madon, S. (2003) The Digital Challenge: Information Technology in the Development Context, S. Krishna and S, Madon (eds),Ashgate, Aldershot • Takeuchi, T (2008) ICTs for Development in Ethiopia – A Case of the SchoolNet Project - , A dissertation submitted to the University of Manchester for the degree of MSc in ICT for Development • Takeuchi, T (2012) ‘FOSS as a driver: Perspectives from the ICT development agenda’in Free and Open Source Software Technology for Sustainable Development edited by Sulayman K. Sowe, Govindan Parayil and Atsushi Sunami, United Nations University Press • Toyama, K. (2015) Geek Heresy: Rescuing Social Change from the Cult of Technology, PublicAffairs • Unwin, T (2009) ICT4D: Information and Communication Technology for Development, Cambridge University Press • Amitabh Ojha (2009). E-Governance in Practice, GIFT Publishing.
- 77. THANK YOU
Editor's Notes
- #14: EXERCISE
- #23: The ICT4D value chain ICT processes inputs into outputs; if input–>process–>output adds value to development, it’s an ICT4D value chain. Theory of knowledge; and theory of change Explain readiness – national-level precursors; and initiative-specific inputs Explain availability – hardware and software deliverables Explain uptake – adoption, use but also need sustainability and scalability Explain impact – micro-level outputs; wider costs/benefits as outcomes; development impact
- #27: Institutional foundations of ICT4D ICT4D stakeholders Key global ICT4D stakeholders: World Bank: funds development of ICT infrastructure in developing countries International Telecommunication Union: lead UN agency with responsibilities for digital technologies Other UN agencies which participate in UNGIS, the UN Group on the Information Society, especially UNCTAD, UNDP and UNESCO Explain WSIS summits (2003, 2005) and WSIS action lines and responsibilities
- #28: National-level ICT4D stakeholders: traditional: government, development agencies, NGOs, private sector emerging: hybrids, partnerships, networks, hubs
- #29: ICT4D policies Rationale for policy: address any shortcomings within the digital ecosystem which will act as constraints to effective ICT4D address any disbenefits of ICT4D that emerge within the spheres of inclusion, sustainability and threats Policy domains: infrastructure production/consumption impact
- #35: Understand ICT4D strategy as a series of steps: 1. Create ICT4D planning structures/roles: set up a strategy group to oversee the process. 2a. Audit current ICT4D: “Where are we now?”: available data and information (I); data flows, interactions and transactions (C); technologies are available and used (T); general state of socio-economic development (D). 2b. Get guidance from wider strategy: “Where do we want to get to?”: align ICT4D with wider strategy – development goals of community or organisation or government or donors. 3. Set ICT4D objectives and principles: what change is ICT4D intended to deliver and what principles will it follow when it does that? 4a. Determine ICT4D technical architecture: ICT4D strategy can be seen as needing to lay out the ITPOSMO dimensions for the future. Then proceed to slides 5 and 6 before returning via slide 5 … Later: 5. Disseminate and plan ICT4D actions: disseminate defined ICT4D strategy statement and break into detailed implementation plans. 6. Manage, evolve and review ICT4D strategy: cyclical approach, so monitor implementation: performance against objectives; unintended benefits and problems; resource usage; contextual changes. May lead to incremental or more major changes to the strategy; the latter leading full cycle to repeat.
- #52: Within 24 hours, an answer is sent directly to the phone from which the question was sent