Download as PDF, PPTX
![General Impacts of ASGM
Environmental
Sustainability
Traditional knowledge
and wisdom
Cultural practices and
identity
Natural resources
potential and heritage
[-] [+]
The right to live in a
healthy environment
Jobs (to die for)
Ripple economy
effect (vs rip-off
effects)
Local economic
development
Wealth/rich
‘Green economy’
New research
findings
Environmental
degradation
Threats for existing
livelihood
Uncontrolled migration/
movement of hg and
gold
‘Unknown diseases’,
genocides
Social, cultural, and
physical conflicts
Material world/
corruptions
Ghost towns
Lethal livelihood
Modern/economic
slavery](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/041013asgmyirev-140430183808-phpapp01/85/Artisanal-and-Small-scale-Gold-Mining-Local-Problems-Global-Challenges-Presented-at-IPEN-Heavy-metals-Skillshares-Minamata-4-Oct-2013-22-320.jpg)
![General Impacts of ASGM
Environmental
Sustainability
Traditional knowledge
and wisdom
Cultural practices and
identity
Natural resources
potential and heritage
[-] [+]
The right to live in a
healthy environment
Jobs (to die for)
Ripple economy
effect (vs rip-off
effects)
Local economic
development
Wealth/rich
‘Green economy’
New research
findings
Environmental
degradation
Threats for existing
livelihood
Uncontrolled migration/
movement of hg and
gold
‘Unknown diseases’,
genocides
Social, cultural, and
physical conflicts
Material world/
corruptions
Ghost towns
Lethal livelihood
Modern/economic
slavery](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/041013asgmyirev-140430183808-phpapp01/75/Artisanal-and-Small-scale-Gold-Mining-Local-Problems-Global-Challenges-Presented-at-IPEN-Heavy-metals-Skillshares-Minamata-4-Oct-2013-22-2048.jpg)
Uploaded byYuyun Ismawati Drwiega
Artisanal and Small-scale Gold Mining: Local Problems, Global Challenges. Presented at IPEN Heavy-metals Skillshares, Minamata, 4 Oct 2013.
The document discusses the history, environmental impacts, and socio-economic effects of artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM), highlighting the legacy of mercury contamination from past gold rushes and its ongoing challenges. It emphasizes the need for awareness of the health risks associated with mercury exposure and the complex socio-economic dynamics surrounding ASGM. The document also outlines various international agreements and frameworks aimed at reducing mercury use and mitigating health risks in ASGM communities.
More Related Content
Similar to Artisanal and Small-scale Gold Mining: Local Problems, Global Challenges. Presented at IPEN Heavy-metals Skillshares, Minamata, 4 Oct 2013.
Artisanal and Small-scale Gold Mining: Local Problems, Global Challenges. Presented at IPEN Heavy-metals Skillshares, Minamata, 4 Oct 2013.
- 1. Artisanal and Small-scaleGold Mining: Yuyun Ismawati - [email protected] BaliFokus - Indonesia Toxics-Free Network IPEN Lead for ASGM/Mining IPEN International Toxic Metals Skillshare Minamata, Japan 3rd-4th of October, 2013 Local
- 2.
- 3.
- 4.
- 5. Outline Gold rush 160years ago and now ASGM distribution, characteristics and actors General impacts ASGM in mercury treaty and your role
- 6. Gold Rush Legacy1800s Australia About 400,000 metric tonnes mercury released to the environment
- 7. Gold Rush Legacy1800s California, USA The mercury legacy in the red spots remained as big problems for communities, especially the Indigenous Peoples - the native American Indians
- 8. Gold Rush Legacy1980s Serra Pelada, Brazil Mined by 100,000 people in 6 years
- 9. Gold Rush Legacy1980s Serra Pelada, Brazil Photos: Bernadelli, 1983 About half billion USD worth gold was mined released about 100-150 metric tonnes of mercury
- 10. Gold Rush Legacy1980s Serra Pelada, Brazil Closed in 1986, now becomes the most contaminated lake in Brazil
- 11. AP tries AP 77 ASGM countries 19AP countries 33 African countries 19 LAC countries 4 CEE countries 2 North American countries GOLD RUSH TODAY
- 12. Gold Rush inthe 21st Century • Social and environmental production of suffering • UNEP: example of ‘Green Economy’ • 37% of the global emission (727 T/y in average) • Employed 20 millions people in impoverish communities, 1 million women and children • Produced approx. 20-30% of the global gold production - by the end of 2013: 4000 T (China India) Source: UNEP, 2013 Tragic sets of circumstances similar to those of Minamata disease could easily recur in our modern society. We need to be aware of the dangers - Dr. Harada
- 13. Global mercury trade(2011) http://www.zoinet.org/web/sites/default/files/publications/MercuryTradeMap2011.pdf
- 14. An empirical cycleof ASGM Practices Time (year) T R A N SI TI O N RD Trial / exercise Resources deployment Investment supply push Declining period Degradation/scavenging period A B ASGM Sites •Govt. survey •Research papers •Traditional/local knowledge •Subsistence economic activity •Individual •Subsided •Loans •Experienced/ skilled miners •Financiers •Loan •Simple technology •Risk taker/ entrepreneurial mentality •Encroaching •Profit sharing •Loose employment contract •Environmental problems •Human rights violation •Exchange information •Learning by doing •Semi-industrial •Vertical- horizontal conflicts •Social-economic dynamic Declining Stage: “Scavenging Stage” Supply pull •Too many miners, too little gold •Contaminated sites and abandoned mine shafts too dangerous to live with •New regulation issued by the authority •New promising ASGM sites found somewhere else Low quality Production accelerated Early Stage: “Conventional Exploration” A B CRISIS CRISIS Later Stage: “Exploitation Stage” Supply pushThe rate of gold Production (T/y) •Environmental, health and socio-economic problems worsened •Alternative livelihood available •Better opportunity for skilled/experienced miners in new sites Crisis T R A N SI TI O N RD Trial /exercise Resources deployment Investment supply push Crisis CRISIS CRISIS T R A N S I T I O N Ismawati, 2011
- 15. Capital Investor(s) Equipment/production investor Shaft/Hole exploration ‘Expert’UP-STREAM (ORE MINING) MIDDLE-STREAM (ORE PROCESSING) DOWN-STREAM (METALLIC GOLD AND END-SALE) Crushing Load/ unload Supporting team (pumping the air, fire, supplies, etc.) Digging Capital Investor(s) Equipment/production investor Transporter Ball-Mills Unit‘Expert’ Tailings handling Supporting team (generator set up, diesel fuel supplies, etc.) Mixing, burning amalgam (40-60%) Fine Crusher Unit Cyanide Plant Unit‘Expert’ Intermediate Gold buyer/ kiosk Capital Investor(s)/ intermediaries/ gold trader Metallic gold process Gold shop/ jewelry shop MERCURY ADDED Transporter Rehabilitation THE LIFE-CYCLE OF ASGM (ROCK/PRIMARY ORE TYPE) (Ismawati, 2011) MERCURY ADDED
- 16. The Life-Cycle Overviewof ASGM Activities: Up-stream Capital Investor(s)/financiers Equipment/production investor Crushing Load/ unload Supporting team (pumping the air, fire, hg supplies, etc.) Digging Transporters Shaft/Hole exploration ‘Experts’ Sluice box/ panning Boat/ compressor mining Hg Hg Hg MIDDLE- STREAM UP-STREAM Hg
- 17. Up-Stream Level Actors CapitalInvestor(s)/financiers Equipment/production investor Crushing Load/ unload Supporting team (pumping the air, fire, hg supplies, etc.) Digging Transporters Shaft/Hole exploration ‘Experts’ Sluice box/ panning Boat/ compressor mining Hg Hg Hg Hg Financiers Gold trader Hg trader Landowners Local authorities Local leaders ‘Experts’ Brokers Bosses Miners Helpers Sellers Hookers/sex workers Transporters Coolies Drugs dealers Security Thugs Health workers Researchers Utilities suppliers Opportunists Anti-mining campaigners Development workers Gate/portal keepers Journalists Repair/handyman
- 18. The Life-Cycle Overviewof ASGM Activities: Middle-stream Capital Investors/ financiers Equipment/production investor Ball-Mills Unit‘Experts’ Tailings handling Mixing/burning amalgam Fine Crusher Unit MIDDLE- STREAM UP-STREAM DOWN- STREAM Transporters Coarse Crusher Unit Utilities (water/oil/ electricity) suppliers Wastewater management Transporters Gold 20-60% Hg Hg Hg Hg Hg
- 19. Middle-Stream Level Actors CapitalInvestors/ financiers Equipment/production investor Ball-Mills Unit‘Experts’ Tailings handling Mixing/burning amalgam Fine Crusher Unit Transporters Coarse Crusher Unit Utilities (water/oil/ electricity) suppliers Wastewater management Transporters Gold 20-60% Hg Hg Hg Hg Hg Hg traders/ smugglers Landowners Local authorities Local leaders Brokers Bosses Helpers Sellers Sex workers Transporters Coolies Drugs dealers Security Researchers Utilities suppliers Development workers Repair/handyman Metal workshops Gold shops Gold trader Financiers Religious leaders/workers
- 20. The Life-Cycle Overviewof ASGM Activities: Down-stream UP-STREAM DOWN-STREAM Cyanide Plant‘Experts’ Intermediate Gold buyer/kiosk Capital Investor(s)/ intermediaries/ gold trader Metallic gold process Gold shop/ jewellery shop Transporter MIDDLE-STREAM Tailings/ contaminated environment Hg Hg Hg
- 21. DOWN-STREAM Cyanide Plant‘Experts’ Intermediate Gold buyer/kiosk CapitalInvestor(s)/ intermediaries/ gold trader Metallic gold process Gold shop/ jewellery shop Transporter Tailings/ contaminated environment Hg Hg Hg Downstream-Stream Level Actors Landowners Local leaders Chemicals suppliers Transporters Coolies Utilities suppliers Development workers Gold shops Gold trader Financiers Conservations/forests researchers Pimps Helpers UP-STREAM Sex workers Brokers
- 22. General Impacts ofASGM Environmental Sustainability Traditional knowledge and wisdom Cultural practices and identity Natural resources potential and heritage [-] [+] The right to live in a healthy environment Jobs (to die for) Ripple economy effect (vs rip-off effects) Local economic development Wealth/rich ‘Green economy’ New research findings Environmental degradation Threats for existing livelihood Uncontrolled migration/ movement of hg and gold ‘Unknown diseases’, genocides Social, cultural, and physical conflicts Material world/ corruptions Ghost towns Lethal livelihood Modern/economic slavery
- 23. Mercury poisoning inASGM areas Non exposed group Low exposed group Medium exposed group High exposed group Total number Philippines 1999 37 106 50 39 232 Indonesia - Kalimantan 2003 0 67 31 70 168 Indonesia - Sulawesi 2003 21 17 22 62 122 Tanzania 2003 31 50 34 103 218 Zimbabwe 2004 36 22 18 117 193 Zimbabwe 2006 43 54 13 13 123 Mongolia 41 92 13 50 196 Total 209 408 181 454 1252 Source: Bose-O’Reilly, 2013
- 24. Mercury intoxication inASGM areas Typical symptoms (ataxia, coordination problems, tremor) + High mercury levels in human specimens = Chronic mercury intoxication Drasch G, The Mt. Diwata study on the Philippines 1999--assessing mercury intoxication of the population by small scale gold mining. Sci Total Environ 2001 Bose-O'Reilly S. Health assessment of artisanal gold miners in Indonesia. Sci Total Environ 2010. Bose-O'Reilly S. Health assessment of artisanal gold miners in Tanzania. Sci Total Environ 2010. Steckling N. Mercury exposure in female artisanal small-scale gold miners (ASGM) in Mongolia: An analysis of human biomonitoring (HBM) data from 2008. Sci Total Environ 2011. Source: Bose-O’Reilly, 2013
- 25. THE NIP, THENAP, AND THE GAPS • Art. 2 - definitions • (k). Use allowed” means any use by a Party of mercury or mercury compounds consistent with this Convention, including, but not limited to, uses consistent with Articles 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7. • Art. 3 - supply sources and trade - inventory toolkits, import and export of mercury, sunset date of hg use in ASGM, gold trade • Art. 7 - ASGM - with the associated Annex C on ASGM’s NAP - global reduction target ? what kind of health measures ? • Art. 8 9 - Emissions and releases to land and water - safe level standard, contamination in food chains, fish advisory
- 26. THE NIP, THENAP, AND THE GAPS..... cont. • Art.10 - interim storage of mercury - hg imported for ASGM, tight control, potential hotspot • Art.12 - contaminated sites - on-going and at the abandoned sites/water • Art.16 - Health aspects - early detection of mercury poisoning, treatment, biomonitoring • Art.17 - Information exchange - lessons learned, guidance, advisory • Art.20 - Implementation plan - consisted of several sectoral NAPs, local action plans
- 27. what’s next ? •Declare: more than insignificant -- inventory, NIPs, NAPs and LAPs • Pay attentions to: • import/export of mercury - UNCOMTRADE HS280540, country’s import-export statistic • gold production statistic • biomonitoring results • news clippings - hotspots map, database, profile • 10 top diseases in the ASGM hotspots or neighbouring areas • abandoned mining sites/waters/contaminated sites
- 28. Thank you foryour attention