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GRPHICS06 - Shading
Shading and shadows are crucial for defining 3D objects, with various models available for shading, including flat, Gouraud, and Phong. While flat shading provides quick results, it lacks realism, whereas Gouraud and Phong shading improve visual output by interpolating light intensity and surface normals. Shadows, which enhance realism and depth perception, are typically rendered using shadow mapping techniques, although this method is an approximation of light occlusion.
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GRPHICS06 - Shading
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- 2. INTRODUCTION Shading isan important part of creating realistic objects. It adds nuance and definition to otherwise flat representations. Illumination may fall unevenly across a polygon. Can be calculated individually for each pixel. Expensive to calculate. Faster shading algorithms exist.
- 3. SHADING There areseveral key determinants in the level of shading across a polygon. Surface properties Texture Colour Material Light sources Relative positions and orientations
- 4. SHADING Shading isimportant as a mechanism for conveying information about 3D shapes in 2D. Representation of shapes with single colours render the images as 2D to our eyes.
- 5. LOCAL RENDERING OFLIGHT Modelled in one of three ways. Perfect specular reflection. Light is reflected directionally. Imperfect specular reflection. Light is reflected imperfectly Perfect diffuse reflection Light is scattered in all directions. These three models can be used to determine the shading of polygons.
- 6. FLAT SHADING Flatshading works by applying a single pixel colour across an entire polygon. It cannot handle specular reflection. Very quick and efficient, but realism is limited. Especially for low polygon counts. Separate polygons are clearly visible.
- 7. FLAT SHADING Thehuman eye is especially good at noticing edges. Flat shading is thus acting against our biology. Better results can be obtained by interpolation of shading across a polygon’s surface. Common technique for this is Gouraud Shading. Used when polygons are approximating curved surfaces. This provides a linear colour gradient over the polygon.
- 8. GOURAUD SHADING First,must calculate vertex intensity. Simple method is to average the light intensity of all polygons sharing a vertex. More complex method involves modelling light interaction at each vertex. More computation, but more realistic output. The arrows indicate surface normals
- 9. GOURAUD SHADING Lightintensity at each vertex used to calculate light intensity of pixels in polygon. 10 0 20 15 10 5 10 172 10
- 10. FLAT VERSUS GOURAUD FlatShading Model – note individual polygons easily identifiable. Gouraud Shading Model – interpolation of pixel colours across polygons hides edges better.
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- 13. PHONG REFLECTION MODEL The Phong Reflection Model works by estimating the colours of pixels. Light described as the combination of: Ambient light Diffuse light Specular Light
- 14. PHONG SHADING Problemof visible edges mitigated by Gouraud shading Not eliminated Minimum and maximum intensity will always occur at vertexes. Calculation works on the basis of interpolation. Interpolation works slightly differently.
- 15. SURFACE NORMALS Whendetermining the way light interacts with a polygon, we base it on the surface normal. A hypothetical line that extends perpendicularly from the point. With flat shading, we base the intersection on the surface normal of the middle pixel of a polygon. This gives a rough measure of light intensity. With Gouraud, we base it on the intensity of each vertex. More nuanced.
- 16. PHONG SHADING PhongShading interpolates the surface normals across a polygon. Intensity is estimated based on these interpolated normals. The arrows indicate surface normals
- 17. SHADING MODELS Phong ShadingFlat Shading Gouraud Shading
- 18. SPECULAR REFLECTION Specularreflection can have its own colour. A snooker ball’s highlight is the colour of the light, not the colour of the ball. Several specular models exist Phong Basic, but good output Cook-Tor Optimised version of Phong, handles hardness Blinn Also handles softness of highlight Toon Simulates cartoon style shading Play about with these in Blender.
- 19. SHADOWS Shadows aretremendously important in 3D images. They give cues for depth, shape, structure, and light source positions Texture of an image represented by variation across a surface. Gouraud and Phong scenes lack shadows and texture. Simple approach to paste shadows onto the scene.
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- 21. SHADOWS Scene without shadowslacks definition and detail. Obviously unrealistic. Scene with shadows has much greater detail and provides visual cues as to light sources and shapes.
- 22. SHADOWS Shadow algorithmsprovide approximations. Limited consideration of light characteristics. Point lights create sharp shadows Other sources create softer shadows. Most common algorithm used for shadow generation is shadow mapping. Also known as shadow z-buffering
- 23. SHADOW MAPPING Processworks similarly to z-buffering. Trace the light from each light source. If a pixel is occluded, it is in shadow. We use the light-source in the same way as we use a view-port in z-buffering. Count the level of shadow depth Two pass algorithm. Calculate shadows across a scene Reusable data Calculate z-buffering for rasterisation.
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- 25. SHADOW MAPPING Pixels maybe illuminated from many sources or from many paths of light. Pixels in the umbra are entirely shadowed. Pixels in the penumbra are in shadow from only some parts of the light source. Requires the use of Extended Light Sources
- 26. SHADOW MAPPING Number ofpaths calculated from light source is a simplification. Too hard to compute. Number of paths determined by sample points. Image on the left uses one sample point, Image on the right uses 36 sample points. Takes much longer to render!
- 27. SUMMARY Shading andshadows important for 3D definition. Different models exist for managing shading Flat Gouraud Phong Shadows important for realism. Mostly done using shadow mapping. Only an approximation of light occlusion.