1 HOA MODULE 1- ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE.pdf
- 1. Architectural Manifestation of Civilization and Thoughts During the Era of Western Dominance towards Post Modernism
- 2. MODULE 1 OVERVIEW 1. ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE 2. GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE 3. RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE
- 3. RELIGION IN THE MIDDLE AGES • Christianity was the chief source of education and culture. • THE MONASTIC SYSTEM • Religious became members of an order with common ties and a common rule, living in a mutually dependent community. • Promoted new methods in agriculture. • Exercised influence on architecture
- 6. • Long trips to visit the relics of Saints • Allowed for the exchange of ideas, including those of architecture and construction. • The Pilgrims’ way was filled with Romanesque churches, monasteries, inns, and castles.
- 9. ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪
- 10. • This style grew in those countries of Western Europe which had been under the rule of Rome. • With the church as the unifying force, this period was devoted to the glorification of Christianity and the church was the predominant building type.
- 11. • Latin Cross plan, bema (area around the altar) evolved into transepts (section of a building that crosses at right angles to the main part, creating a cross shape) • Barrel and Cross/Groin Vault • Towers, at the east or west ends, or at the crossing of transept and nave
- 12. • Sparse Ornamentation (a style of decoration that uses few, uncomplicated details that blend into the setting) • Orientation: Facade faced west (altar was oriented towards east • Characterized by semi-circular arches
- 14. GEOGRAPHICAL INFLUENCE Romanesque Architecture is the combination of Roman and Byzantine Architecture basically roman in style. They grew in the countries under the roman rule.
- 15. GEOLOGICAL INFLUENCE The most common material used for construction were stone, brick marble or terra cotta, as well as ready-made columns and features from the old Romanbuildings.
- 16. CLIMATIC INFLUENCE Northern Portion: Dull climate contributed to the useof: a. Large windowsto admit light. b. high pitch roof to throw off rain and snow Southern Portion: a. Small windowsto minimize sunshading. d. Flat roof
- 17. RELIGIOUS INFLUENCE Christianity resulted into erection of a church. Papacy had great power and influence.
- 18. SOCIAL AND POLITICAL INFLUENCE Establishment of “Feudal System”, Landlord built “castle” to separate them and protect them from the peasants. This castle was made with man-made canals.
- 19. HISTORICAL INFLUENCE The style emerging in Western Europe based on Roman and Byzantine elements last until the Advent of Gothic Architecture in the Mid-12th Century.
- 20. EXPANSION • Thefactors of the expansionof Romanesque were: 1. Development of feudal system(old fashioned)that demanded works (castles) 2. Theexpansionof religiousorders (Benedictines),expanded the monasteries 3. Thepilgrimageroutes 4. Thecrusades
- 22. ARCHITECTURE
- 23. A R C H I T E C T U R E • Consistingof semi-circular arches,relatively massivewalls supported by buttresses, and consequently smaller openings for natural light. • Termcoined around 1825. • Inarchitecture the Romanesqueistypified by the useof the roundarch, tunnelvaults, other features of Romanarchitecture and conspicuously heavy construction.
- 24. A R C H I T E C T U R E • Inpainting and sculpture forms are often expressively distorted to conveyreligious emotion. • Relief sculptureand a fantastic approach to humanform. • Note that Romanrealism isnot part of the Romanesquestyle.
- 26. • Developed in Italy, France, Germany and England • Uses “Rib & Panel Vaulting” CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES
- 27. Two Types of Vaulting 1. Quadripartite (four-part vaulting) 2. Sexpartite (six- part vaulting) (bothwere supportedby “tiers”) CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES
- 28. CHURCHES
- 29. In churches they used Latin Cross Plan
- 30. Use of corbelled Arches underneath the eaves of a church
- 31. Use of Rose Window or Wheel Window Rose Window Wheel Window
- 32. TYPOLOGIES • There are three main architectonical typologies Churches Monasteries Castles
- 33. EXAMPLE OF A ROMANESQUE CATHEDRAL
- 34. Basilica of Saint-Sernin church in Toulouse
- 36. Basilica of Saint- Sernin Church in Toulouse
- 37. Basilica of Saint- Sernin Church in Toulouse
- 39. VAULTS
- 40. • TheRomanesque style of the tenth to the twelfth centuries was remarkable for the tentative useof a new constructionprinciple; the deliberate articulation of structurein whicheach constructionpart played a designed role in establishing equilibrium. • Thegeneral character of the Romanesque style is sober and dignified, while formal massingdepends on the grouping of towers and projection of transepts and choir. • The character depends on the employment of vaulting, based initially on Romanmethods.
- 41. Romancross-vaults were used throughout Europe till the beginning of the twelfth century, but they were heavy and difficult to constructand were gradually superseded by rib and panel’ vaulting, in which a framework of ribs supported thin stone panels. Thenew method considered in designing the profile of the transverse, longitudinal and diagonal ribs to which the form of the panels was adapted.
- 42. TYPES OF VAULT
- 43. TYPES OF COVERS Barrel vault It was used mainly to cover the central nave. A ceiling or roof made of a series of semicircular arches that form a single curve along a distance
- 44. TYPES OF COVERS Groin vault (also sometimes known as a double barrel vault or cross vault) is produced by the intersection at right angles of two barrel vaults. The word "groin" refers to the edge between the intersecting vaults.
- 45. TYPES OF COVERS Dome spherical ,were generally found within crossing towers at the intersection of a church's nave and transept, which conceal the domes externally. Called a tiburio, this tower-like structure often has a blind arcade near the roof.
- 46. Vaults and Roofs Vaults of stone or brick took on several different forms and showed marked development during the period evolving into the pointed arch characteristic of Gothic Architecture. Types of Vaults such as Barrel vault, Groin vault, Ribbed vault, and Pointed arched vault.
- 48. EXAMPLE
- 49. SAINT MADELEINE VEZELAY, FRANCE (1120) The outside of Romanesque churches provided many areas for relief sculptures
- 52. BUTTRESSES
- 53. Romanesque buttresses are generally of flat square profile. In the case of aisled churches, barrel vaults, or half-barrel vaults over the aisles helped to buttress the nave, if it was vaulted. In the cases where half-barrel vaults were used, they effectively became like flying buttresses.
- 54. Often aisles extended through two storeys, so as to better support the weight of a vaulted nave.
- 56. • The arches used in Romanesque architecture are nearly always semi-circular, for openings such as doors and windows, for vaults, and for arcades. • Wide doorways are usually surmounted by a semi- circular arch, except where a door with a lintel is set into a large arched recess and surmounted by a semi-circular "lunette" with decorative carving. These doors sometimes have a carved central jamb
- 57. • Narrow doors and small windows might be surmounted by a solid stone lintel. Larger openings are nearly always arched. A characteristic feature of Romanesque architecture is the pairing of two arched windows or arcade openings, separated by a pillar or colonette and often set within a larger arch. • Ocular windows are common in Italy, particularly in the facade gable, and are also seen in Germany. Later Romanesque churches may have wheel windows or rose windows with plate tracery.
- 58. Worms Cathedral, Germany Displays a great variety of openings and arcades including wheel and rose windows, many small simple windows, galleries, and Lombard courses.
- 61. THE ROUND ARCH
- 62. THE ROUND ARCH
- 63. ARCADES
- 64. Arcades are a common feature of Romanesque architecture, consisting of rows of arches supported by columns or piers. They can be found in churches, cloisters, and other large spaces. Arcades support the weight of roofs and upper floors
- 65. Types of arcades •Blind arcades: Decorative arcades that have no structural function and only a wall or narrow passage behind them •Nave arcades: Arcades in churches that separate the nave from the aisles •Cloister arcades: Arcades in cloisters that allow monks and clergy to move between church structures
- 66. OTHER EXAMPLES
- 73. round arch Roman ▪ “Roman-like”; construction ▪ – load-bearing walls, masonry ceiling, and buttress piers ▪ few and narrow windows, sparse ornament, towers, Latin cross plan, cross vault