10 Amazing Ancient Egyptian Inventions

10 Amazing Ancient Egyptian Inventions

• 1.
  Pyramids? Pffft! Hereare some really practical inventions from Ancient Egypt Source: http://science.howstuffworks.com/innovati on/inventions/5-amazing-ancient-egyptian-inventions. htm#page=1
• 2.
   Since theyfirst invented eye makeup as far back as 4000 B.C., it's never gone out of style.  Even more impressive, some cosmetically-minded cultures still create makeup using the same techniques pioneered by the Egyptians thousands of years ago.  They combined soot with a mineral called galena to create a black ointment known as kohl, which is still popular today.  They could also create green eye makeup by combining a mineral called malachite with galena to tint the ointment.
• 4.
   For theEgyptians, makeup was not limited to women.  Status and appearance went hand in hand, and as far as the upper class was concerned, the more makeup the better.  Fashion was only part of the reason for the Egyptians' notoriously heavy hand when applying eyeliner.  They also believed that applying a thick coating of the stuff could cure various eye diseases and even keep them from falling victim to the evil eye.
• 5.
   Some debatethat written language developed in Egypt the same time as in Mesopotamia  Pictograms were simple depictions of the words they represented, but they had limitations.  Over time, Egyptians added other elements to their writing system, including alphabet-like characters that stood for certain sounds and other characters, allowing them to write out names and abstract ideas.
• 6.
   The Egyptianshad developed an admirable substitute for paper thousands of years earlier from the papyrus plant  This stiff, reedlike plant grew (and continues to grow) in the marshy areas lining the Nile, among other places.  Its tough, fibrous interior proved ideal for making durable sheets of writing material, along with sails, sandals, mats and other necessities of ancient Egyptian life.  After the sheets were made, they were often combined into scrolls, which were then filled with everything from religious texts to literature and even music.
• 7.
   Without acalendar, ancient Egyptians had no way of knowing when the annual flooding of the Nile would begin.  Without that knowledge, their entire agricultural system would be put at risk, so a few thousand years before the common era, they started using one.  Their civil calendar was so closely tied into farming that the Egyptians divided it up into three main seasons: inundation, growing and harvest.  Each season had four months, with each month divided into 30 days.  Adding it all up, you get 360 days a year -- a bit short of an actual year.  To make up the difference, the Egyptians added five days between the harvest and inundation seasons.  These five epagomenal days, were designated as religious holidays set aside to honor the children of the gods
• 8.
   While historiansaren't entirely certain of where the plow originated, evidence suggests that the Egyptians and Sumerians were among the first societies to employ its use around 4000 B.C.  Likely built from modified hand tools, the plows were so light and ineffective that they are now referred to as "scratch plows" for their inability to dig deep into the ground.  What's more, the plows ran on nothing more than elbow grease.  That all changed in 2000 B.C., when the Egyptians first hooked their plows to oxen.  Early designs were connected to the horns of cattle but proved to interfere with the animal's ability to breathe.  Later versions incorporated a system of straps and were much more effective.  The plow revolutionized farming in ancient Egypt and, combined with the steady rhythm of the Nile River, made farming easier for the Egyptians than perhaps any other society of the time.
• 9.
   The nexttime you eat a mint, you should thank the ancient Egyptians for devising a way to conceal the unpleasant aromas our mouths sometimes exude.  Just as in modern times, bad breath in ancient Egypt often was a symptom of poor dental health.  The stones they used to grind flour for bread contributed a lot of sand and grit to their diet, which wore down tooth enamel to expose the pulp of the tooth, making it vulnerable to infection.  The Egyptians had specialists for many medical problems, but unfortunately, they didn't have dentists or oral surgeons to fix their deteriorating teeth and gums.  Instead, they simply suffered, and scientists who've examined mummies have found severely worn teeth.  To cope with the unpleasant odors from their rotting mouths, Egyptians invented the first mints, which were a combination of frankincense, myrrh and cinnamon boiled with honey and shaped into pellets
• 10.
   In Narmoutheos,a settlement 56 miles (90 kilometers) south of Cairo that dates back to the Roman occupation period in the second and third centuries A.D., archaeologists have discovered a room containing a set of lanes and a collection of balls of various sizes.  Measuring about 13 feet (3.9 meters) long, the 7.9-inch-wide (20-centimeter), 3.8-inch-deep (9.6-centimeter) lane featured a 4.7-inch (11.9-centimeter) square opening at its center.  Unlike modern bowling, in which bowlers strive to knock down pins at the end of the alley, Egyptian bowlers aimed for the hole in the middle.  Competitors stood at opposite ends of the lane and attempted to roll balls of different sizes into the center hole and in the process also knock their opponent's ball off course
• 11.
   Egyptians consideredhair unhygienic, and the sweltering heat of their homeland made long tresses and beards uncomfortable.  Thus, they cut their hair short or shaved their heads and faces regularly.  Priests, who apparently were especially averse to hirsuteness, shaved their entire bodies every three days .  For much of their history, being clean-shaven was considered fashionable, and being stubbly came to be considered a mark of poor social status.  To that end, the Egyptians invented what may have been the first shaving implements, a set of sharp stone blades set in wooden handles, and later replaced those with copper-bladed razors.  They also invented the barbering profession. The first barbers made house calls to wealthy aristocrats' houses but tended to ordinary customers outdoors, seating them on benches underneath shady sycamore trees.
• 12.
   Oddly, though,they also retained a fascination for facial hair, or at least the appearance of having some.  The Egyptians took shorn hair and sheep's wool and fashioned them into wigs and fake beards -- which, even more oddly, were sometimes worn by Egyptian queens as well as kings.  The fake beards had various shapes, to indicate the dignity and social position of their wearer.  Ordinary citizens wore small fake beards about 2 inches (5 centimeters) long, while kings wore their phony whiskers to extravagant lengths and had them trimmed to be square at the end.  Egyptian gods had even more luxurious long beards, which were turned up at the tip
• 14.
   The earliestsuch device, created around 4000 B.C., basically was a pin-tumbler lock, in which a hollowed-out bolt in the door was connected to pins that could be manipulated by insertion of a key.  When the key pushed upward on the pins, they slipped away from the bolt shaft, allowing it to be withdrawn.  One drawback of these ancient locks was their size. The biggest ones were up to 2 feet (0.6 meters) in length.  Egyptian locks actually were more secure than the technology later developed by the Romans, who used a simpler design with a spring rather than a bolt to hold the door in place.  The Roman locks were hidden inside the door, but compared to the Egyptian locks, they were relatively easy to pick
• 15.
   While theydidn't have dentistry, they did make some effort to keep their teeth clean.  Archaeologists have found toothpicks buried alongside mummies, apparently placed there so that they could clean food debris from between their teeth in the afterlife.  Along with the Babylonians, they're also credited with inventing the first toothbrushes, which were frayed ends of wooden twigs.  But the Egyptians also contributed a innovation to dental hygiene, in the form of toothpaste.  Early ingredients included the powder of ox hooves, ashes, burnt eggshells and pumice, which probably made for a less-than-refreshing morning tooth-care ritual.  Archaeologists recently found what appears to be a more advanced toothpaste recipe and how-to-brush guide written on papyrus that dates back to the Roman occupation in the fourth century A.D.  The unknown author explains how to mix precise amounts of rock salt, mint, dried iris flower and grains of pepper, to form a "powder for white and perfect teeth"