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Automotive Systems course (Module 10) - Active and Passive Safety Systems for road vehicles

The document provides an overview of automobile safety systems, detailing the definitions and examples of active and passive safety systems designed to minimize road traffic accidents. It discusses road accident statistics, safety regulations, and the importance of active safety technologies such as braking and stability systems, as well as passive technologies like airbags and seatbelts. Current trends in vehicle safety emphasize advancements in crash avoidance and pedestrian protection.

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Introduction to vehicle safety systems, including active and passive safety definitions, examples, statistics, and glossary.

Discussion on active safety systems like ABS, TCS, and emerging technologies aimed at preventing accidents.

Overview of passive safety features such as airbags, seatbelts, and structural deformations that mitigate accident consequences.

Presentation of global road accident statistics and their significance in evaluating vehicle safety and regulations.

Insights into Euro NCAP ratings and regulations that assess vehicle safety performance across various metrics.

Comparative discussion on safety implications while incorporating autonomous driving systems and technologies.

Detailed examination of braking control mechanisms in active safety systems including ABS and their operational dynamics.

In-depth analysis of ABS functionality, its operational phases, and requirements for motorcycle safety integration.

Functionality and technological aspects of traction control systems (TCS) and their roles in stability management.

Modern steering technologies and adaptive cruise control systems, explaining how they enhance driving safety.

Explanation of programmed structural deformations and Supplemental Restraint Systems (SRS) enhancing occupant safety.

Forecast and technological advancements in airbag and seat belt systems, emphasizing market trends and safety benefits.

Summary of key terms discussed and recommended references for further information on automotive safety systems.

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29 de novembro de 2016 | 1 SistemasAutomóveis Safety Systems Mário Alves (mjf@isep.ipp.pt)
29 de novembro de 2016 | 2 SistemasAutomóveis Outline • Definition of active/passive safety • Examples of active and passive safety systems • Road accident statistics • Safety regulations • Active safety • brake, traction, stability, steering, cruise control systems • Passive Safety • programmed structural deformation, Supplemental Restraint Systems (SRS) (airbags + seat belt pre-tensioners) • Glossary • Recommended references
29 de novembro de 2016 | 3 SistemasAutomóveis Definitions • Automobile safety • scientific domain that is related to the study, design, construction and regulation of technology to minimize the occurrence and consequences of road traffic accidents • Active safety systems • help preventing accidents • they control the dynamics of the vehicle • Passive safety systems • help mitigating the consequences of accidents • they protect occupants and pedestrians http://www.livelifedrive.com/news/guide-choosing- safe-car-buy/28101
29 de novembro de 2016 | 4 SistemasAutomóveis Examples of active safety systems • Typical • Anti-lock Braking System (ABS) • Traction Control System (TCS) • Stability Control system (ESP) • Emerging • cruise control (ACC) • steering control • suspension control • road sign detection • Intelligent Speed Assistance (ISA) • Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) • cross-traffic assist • blind spot detection • lane departure warning • light Source recognition • pedestrian detection • vision enhancement (night/augmented vision, adaptive headlights) https://www.autoliv.com/ProductsAndInnovations/ActiveSafetySystems http://eandt.theiet.org/magazine/2014/10/car-safety.cfm?origin=EtOtherStories
29 de novembro de 2016 | 5 SistemasAutomóveis Examples of active safety systems (sensor technology) http://eandt.theiet.org/magazine/2014/10/car-safety.cfm?origin=EtOtherStories
29 de novembro de 2016 | 6 SistemasAutomóveis Examples of passive safety systems • Typical • seatbelts • airbags • body structure with programmed deformation • retractable steering column • head restraints • seats with “anti-submarine” effect • fuel cut-off • Emerging • automatic emergency call (eCall) • automatic message to an emergency call centre in case of a crash • … http://www.euroncap.com/en/vehicle-safety/the-rewards-explained/ecall/
29 de novembro de 2016 | 7 SistemasAutomóveis Examples of passive safety systems http://www.citroenet.org.uk/passenger-cars/psa/c4/c4-data/c4-05.html
29 de novembro de 2016 | 8 SistemasAutomóveis Classification of safety systems http://www.eetimes.com/document.asp?doc_id=1272754 • Classification • Active • Collision mitigation • Vehicle control • Passive • Passive safety • Driver support
29 de novembro de 2016 | 9 SistemasAutomóveis Road accident statistics http://www.zdfirm.com/blog/car-accidents/annual-global-road-crash-statistics-infographic/
29 de novembro de 2016 | 10 SistemasAutomóveis Road accident statistics http://visual.ly/road-traffic-accidents-infographic
29 de novembro de 2016 | 11 SistemasAutomóveis Road accident statistics http://visual.ly/road-traffic-accidents-infographic
29 de novembro de 2016 | 12 SistemasAutomóveis Road accident statistics http://visual.ly/road-traffic-accidents-infographic
29 de novembro de 2016 | 13 SistemasAutomóveis Road accident statistics http://www.worldlifeexpectancy.com/cause-of-death/road-traffic-accidents/by-country/
29 de novembro de 2016 | 14 SistemasAutomóveis Road accident statistics https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_traffic_safety http://etsc.eu/transport-safety-performance-in-the-eu-a-statistical-overview/ 2001 data 2012 data
29 de novembro de 2016 | 15 SistemasAutomóveis Road accident statistics http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Transport_accident_statistics
29 de novembro de 2016 | 16 SistemasAutomóveis Safety regulations • Euro NCAP (New Car Assessment Programme) • objective and independent assessment of the safety performance of new vehicles on the European market • It scores vehicle safety performance in four main areas • Adult Occupant Protection (AOP) • Child Occupant Protection (COP) • Pedestrian Protection (PP) • Safety Assist (SA) http://ae-plus.com/news/euro-ncap-sets-out-its-roadmap-for-2020-tests
29 de novembro de 2016 | 17 SistemasAutomóveis Safety regulations • The overall number of deaths on European roads has continued to decrease over the last decade • thanks to a wider adoption safety systems • more robust and forgiving to human mistakes • Trend is for • crash avoidance • pedestrian protection http://www.euroncap.com/en/vehicle-safety/the-ratings-explained/pedestrian-protection/aeb-pedestrian/ http://euroncap.blob.core.windows.net/media/16472/euro-ncap-2020-roadmap-rev1-march-2015.pdf
29 de novembro de 2016 | 18 SistemasAutomóveis Safety regulations • Safety (star) rating • determined from a series of vehicle tests, designed and carried out by Euro NCAP • represent, in a simplified way, important real life accident scenarios that could result in injured or killed car occupants or other road users • From 2016, Euro NCAP allows two star ratings for the same vehicle • a base rating that indicates the safety of the car fitted only with safety equipment which is standard on the model range throughout EU28; • and, if the manufacturer wishes, a second rating for the car fitted with a ‘safety pack’ which may be offered as optional http://euroncap.blob.core.windows.net/media/16472/euro-ncap-2020-roadmap-rev1-march-2015.pdf
29 de novembro de 2016 | 19 SistemasAutomóveis Safety regulations • Safety (star) rating • 5 stars safety • overall good performance in crash protection; well equipped with robust crash avoidance technology • 4 stars safety • overall good performance in crash protection; additional crash avoidance technology may be present • 3 stars safety • average to good occupant protection but lacking crash avoidance technology • 2 stars safety • nominal crash protection but lacking crash avoidance technology • 1 star safety • marginal crash protection http://www.euroncap.com/en/about-euro-ncap/how-to-read-the-stars/
29 de novembro de 2016 | 20 SistemasAutomóveis Safety regulations http://www.slideshare.net/GlobalNCAP/ncap-roundtable-euro-ncap AEB = Autonomous Emergency Braking VRU = Vulnerable Road User (pedestrian)
29 de novembro de 2016 | 22 SistemasAutomóveis Safety vs. Autonomous systems http://www.transport.govt.nz/ourwork/technology/specific-transport- technologies/road-vehicle/autonomous-vehicles/
29 de novembro de 2016 | 23 SistemasAutomóveis Safety vs. Autonomous systems http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/industry/ engineering/11502870/Will-Britain-be-in-the-driving-seat-for-autonomous-cars.html
29 de novembro de 2016 | 24 SistemasAutomóveis Safety vs. Autonomous systems http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/industry/engineering/11502870/Wi ll-Britain-be-in-the-driving-seat-for-autonomous-cars.html
29 de novembro de 2016 | 25 SistemasAutomóveis Active Safety: “all-in-one” holistic perspective • Braking control • ABS: controls per-wheel brake fluid pressure when braking to maintain directional stability, ensure steerability, and reduce stopping distance • EBD: controls distribution of brake fluid pressure to the front and rear wheels according to vehicle load, road surface, and vehicle speed conditions, preventing lock-up of rear wheels • EBA/AEB: helps the driver in emergency situations, increasing braking fluid pressure • Traction control • optimizes traction according to road and driving conditions to improve starting and acceleration performance and safety • Stability control • suppresses over-steer and under-steer tendencies when turning by controlling engine output and braking of each wheel to assure driving safety • Speed/cruise control • keeps the vehicle’s pre-set speed and distance/time gap from vehicles ahead • Steering control • adjusts steering ratio depending on the driving situation http://nema.club/2014wsm/service%20highlights/books/n6w04/html/id041500103300.html
29 de novembro de 2016 | 26 SistemasAutomóveis Active Safety: “all-in-one” holistic perspective http://www.pakwheels.com/forums/news-articles-motorists- education/150007-esc-esp-dsc-tcs-vids
29 de novembro de 2016 | 27 SistemasAutomóveis Active Safety: braking control • Anti-Lock Braking System (ABS) • prevents the wheels from locking when braking so that the vehicle maintains the steer-ability, directional stability and road adhesion during vehicle deceleration • it dynamically maximizes braking force, according to wheel slip • maximum wheel friction is achieved when wheels slip around 20% http://the-contact-patch.com/book/road/c0816-stopping
29 de novembro de 2016 | 28 SistemasAutomóveis Active Safety: braking control • Braking force changes according to road conditions • braking force greatly depends on road pavement material and weather-related conditions • braking force is related to wheel-road friction (coefficient) http://pubs.sciepub.com/ajvd/2/1/2/ https://www.researchgate.net/publication/269274084_Road_surface_condition_detection_based_on_road_surface_temperature_and_solar_radiation
29 de novembro de 2016 | 29 SistemasAutomóveis Active Safety: braking control • Steer-ability (dashed line) decays with wheel slip • ABS operates in the shaded areas (hold and release zones) http://the-contact-patch.com/book/road/c0816-stopping
29 de novembro de 2016 | 30 SistemasAutomóveis Active Safety: braking control http://www.bosch-presse.de/presseforum/details.htm?txtID=6534&tk_id=108&locale=en
29 de novembro de 2016 | 31 SistemasAutomóveis Active Safety: braking control • ABS is now mandatory for motorcycles • new European rules to make motorcycles safer and greener have been defined in 2012 • ABS mandatory for all motorcycles that have an engine displacement greater than 125 cc, while ABS or combined brake systems (CBS) could be fitted to smaller ones (under 125 cc), including scooters • they apply to all two-, three- and quad-wheel vehicles, from 2016 onwards http://www.bosch- motorcycle.com/en/de/fahrsicherheit_fuer_zweiraeder/motorrad_abs/gesetzgebung/legislation.html#
29 de novembro de 2016 | 32 SistemasAutomóveis Active Safety: braking control • Basic diagram and operation • ABS ECU compares wheels & vehicle speed • it controls brake fluid flow from the master cylinder to the brakes, through solenoid valves (hydraulic unit) • it modulates the braking pressure of each wheel http://www.rx7club.com/3rd-generation-specific-1993-2002-16/how-fd-anti- lock-brakes-abs-controlled-978049/
29 de novembro de 2016 | 33 SistemasAutomóveis Active Safety: braking control • ABS operation – pressure increase phase • the driver presses the brake pedal • no wheel slipping occurs • the ABS solenoid valves are open (inactive) • brake fluid hits the brakes • this is “normal braking”, i.e. the ABS takes no control action over the brakes • (red represents brake fluid under high pressure) http://www.techtalk.ie/technical_articles/blue-print-instruction-on-abs- system-diagnostics-part-3/
29 de novembro de 2016 | 34 SistemasAutomóveis Active Safety: braking control • ABS operation – pressure hold/retention phase • driver keeps pressing the brake  one or more wheels at risk of locking • ECU senses that a wheel is rotating much slower than it should • the solenoid valve of the slow wheel is moved upwards to block the hydraulic pipe from the master cylinder • the pressure produced up to this point at the wheel brake is maintained (held) at that level – driver has now little influence on the brake pressure • pump runs for preparing the next phase (note that the pump is housed in the modulator assembly itself) • the wheel speed should be maintained at a point just before the onset of skidding, providing maximum braking force • (purple represents brake fluid under average pressure) http://www.techtalk.ie/technical_articles/blue-print-instruction-on-abs- system-diagnostics-part-3/
29 de novembro de 2016 | 35 SistemasAutomóveis Active Safety: braking control • ABS operation – pressure reduction phase • if the wheel slows excessively and still skids, brake pressure must be reduced • a higher current (5 A) is sent to the solenoid valve, opening it fully • brake fluid is pumped to the reservoir, reducing the pressure at the brake and allowing the wheel to speed up, regaining grip • (green represents brake fluid under low pressure) http://www.techtalk.ie/technical_articles/blue-print-instruction-on-abs- system-diagnostics-part-3/
29 de novembro de 2016 | 36 SistemasAutomóveis Active Safety: braking control • ABS control cycle • pressure regulation actuation occur 15-20 times per second (every 50-70 ms) • pressure increase, hold, reduction, depends on diff BTW vehicle and wheel speeds • braking pressure varies accordingly http://www.rx7club.com/3rd-generation-specific-1993-2002- 16/how-fd-anti-lock-brakes-abs-controlled-978049/
29 de novembro de 2016 | 37 SistemasAutomóveis Active Safety: braking control • ABS components • (brake pedal/handle) • (master cylinder, pipes) • (disk/drum brakes) • wheel speed sensors (one per wheel) • ABS unit (AKA ABS module) – 1 for all or 1 rear + 1 front • ECU • hydraulic pump/modulator • solenoid valves • 1 per wheel: 3-position reduction-hold-increase valves or • 2 per wheel: 2-position opened/closed valves – one inlet valve and one outlet valve • sensors (pressure, temperature) http://www.techtalk.ie/technical_articles/blue-print-instruction-on-abs- system-diagnostics-part-3/
29 de novembro de 2016 | 38 SistemasAutomóveis Active Safety: braking control • ABS unit 1. Pump motor fastening bolt (x2) 2. Pump motor 3. Guide sleeve 4. Pump/valve housing 5. Outlet valves (x4) 6. Inlet valves (x4) 7. Printed circuit board with semiconductor relay 8. ABS control unit 9. ABS control unit cover 10. ABS control unit fastening bolt (x4) 11. Pressure sensor (only ABS 8.0/ESP) 12. USV valve (x2) 13. ASV/HSV valve (x2) 14. Pressure control valve (x2) http://workshop-manuals.com/vauxhall/corsa-c/h__brakes/abs_8/description_and_operation/anti- lock_braking_system_(abs_8.0_and_abs_8.0_esp)/
29 de novembro de 2016 | 39 SistemasAutomóveis Active Safety: braking control • Two (inlet + outlet) valves per channel a) Pump + valves b) ECU + solenoids http://www.brakeandfrontend.com/troubleshooting-abs-modulator-mechanical-problems/
29 de novembro de 2016 | 40 SistemasAutomóveis Active Safety: braking control http://www.autozone.com/repairinfo/repairguide/repairGuideContent.jsp?pageId=0996b43f80378880
29 de novembro de 2016 | 41 SistemasAutomóveis Active Safety: braking control http://www.autozone.com/repairinfo/repairguide/repairGuideContent.jsp?pageId=0996b43f80378880
29 de novembro de 2016 | 42 SistemasAutomóveis Active Safety: braking control • Wheel speed sensors • inductive, magnetoresistive, Hall http://www.brakeandfrontend.com/wheel-speed-sensors-abs-and-tcs-signal-use/ http://www.kstuned.com/products/speed-sensor-bracket-abs
29 de novembro de 2016 | 43 SistemasAutomóveis Active Safety: braking control • Acura RSX http://www.wiringdiagrams21.com/2012/11/14/acura-rsx-abs-modulator-system/
29 de novembro de 2016 | 44 SistemasAutomóveis Active Safety: braking control • Bosch ABS 8.0 http://www.ls1gto.com/forums/showthread.php?t=417188 http://workshop-manuals.com/skoda/fabia- mk1/chassis/abs_adr_tcs_edl_esp/hydraulic_control_unit_(abs_systems_bosch_8.0)_brake_servo_unit/master_brake_cylinder/removing_and_installing_the_hydraulic_control_unit_rhd_version/
29 de novembro de 2016 | 45 SistemasAutomóveis Active Safety: braking control • Evolution of Bosch car ABS http://forum.monzeiros.com/viewtopic.php?t=24151
29 de novembro de 2016 | 46 SistemasAutomóveis Active Safety: braking control • Evolution of Bosch motorcycle ABS http://www.ashonbikes.com/content/bosch-abs-testing
29 de novembro de 2016 | 47 SistemasAutomóveis Active Safety: braking control • Electronic Brake Distribution (EBD) • detects the slip ratio between the front and rear wheels from the ABS wheel-speed sensor signals • if the slip ratio of the rear wheels as compared to the front wheels is larger than the fixed limit, the ABS unit reduces brake pressure to the rear wheels • brake pressure distribution is constantly optimized according to vehicle load, road surface conditions and vehicle speed • if ABS control conditions are met during EBD control, EBD control is stopped and ABS control is given priority http://www.thaimazda3.com/svmanual/esicont/en/srvc/html/B3E041343750T08.html …
29 de novembro de 2016 | 48 SistemasAutomóveis Active Safety: braking control https://www.obd-codes.com/faq/ebd-explained.php http://www.pakwheels.com/forums/news-articles-motorists-education/150007-esc-esp-dsc-tcs-vids
29 de novembro de 2016 | 49 SistemasAutomóveis Active Safety: braking control 1. Speed 2. EBD initial control value 3. ABS initial control value 4. Vehicle speed 5. Rear wheel speed 6. Front wheel speed 7. High 8. Time 9. Rear solenoid valve control 10. Brake fluid pressure 11. Pressure reduction 12. Pressure maintained 13. Pressure increase 14. EBD control area 15. ABS control area 16. Front brake fluid pressure 17. Rear brake fluid pressure http://www.thaimazda3.com/svmanual/esicont/en/srvc/html/B3E041343750T08.html
29 de novembro de 2016 | 50 SistemasAutomóveis Active Safety: traction control • Steerability is important also when accelerating http://www.bobbellnissan.com/blogs/729/you-auto-know-mondays-great-car-ownership-tips/nissan- and-kia-traction-control-tips-when-to-turn-it-off/
29 de novembro de 2016 | 51 SistemasAutomóveis Active Safety: traction control • Braking/Traction force coefficients are almost symmetrical http://www.rx7club.com/3rd-generation-specific-1993-2002-16/how-fd-anti-lock-brakes-abs- controlled-978049/
29 de novembro de 2016 | 52 SistemasAutomóveis Active Safety: traction control • Traction Control System (TCS) • ABS, TCS and SCS systems share the same (4) wheel speed sensors. • TCS requires two additional solenoids in the hydraulic modulator assembly; these solenoids isolate the brake circuits to the drive wheels from the non-drive wheels during wheel spin • electric pump + accumulator are used to apply the wheel brake on the wheel that has lost its traction • if one of the wheels loses traction, TCS applies pressurized fluid to its brake http://www.rx7club.com/3rd-generation-specific-1993-2002-16/how-fd-anti-lock-brakes-abs- controlled-978049/
29 de novembro de 2016 | 53 SistemasAutomóveis Active Safety: traction control • TCS dynamically controls the following systems • braking (via ABS/TCS ECU) • throttle (via engine ECU) • fuel injection (via engine ECU) • ignition (via engine ECU) http://www.freeasestudyguides.com/tcs-traction-control-system.html
29 de novembro de 2016 | 54 SistemasAutomóveis Active Safety: stability control • SCS = ESP = VSA = ESC = VDC = VSC = … http://www.hirscheautomotive.com/acronyms.html
29 de novembro de 2016 | 55 SistemasAutomóveis Active Safety: stability control • Understeering and oversteering situations http://www.hirscheautomotive.com/acronyms.html
29 de novembro de 2016 | 56 SistemasAutomóveis Active Safety: stability control • Basic operation • dynamic behavior of the vehicle is perceived via several sensors • vehicle speed (m/s) • engine speed (RPM) • wheels speed (individually) • yaw (AKA attitude, rotation) sensor • lateral acceleration sensor • drivers’ steering intentions measured via a steering-angle sensor • located in the steering column, it measures the direction the driver intends to aim the car • if there are differences between the direction of the steering wheel and the direction the car, DSC takes control actions • it controls brakes (individually) and accelerator shared with ABS/TCS exclusive for DSC
29 de novembro de 2016 | 57 SistemasAutomóveis Active Safety: stability control • Bosch DSC III (v5.7) • rotation rate sensor (yaw) and lateral acceleration sensor have been combined into one unit located under the drivers seat under the carpet http://www.bimmerfest.com/forums/showpost.php?p=4205801
29 de novembro de 2016 | 58 SistemasAutomóveis Active Safety: stability control • Mazda 6 2014 • ABS + • TCS + • EBD + • SCS http://nema.club/2014wsm/service%20highlights/books/n6w04/html/id041500103300.html
29 de novembro de 2016 | 59 SistemasAutomóveis Active Safety: stability control 1. During normal braking • solenoid valves are not energized (all of them are off), so they are open • brake pedal is depressed  brake fluid pressure is transmitted from the master cylinder, through the inlet solenoid valves, and then to the caliper piston http://nema.club/2014wsm/service%20highlights/books/n6w04/html/id041500103300.html
29 de novembro de 2016 | 60 SistemasAutomóveis Active Safety: stability control 1. During normal braking http://nema.club/2014wsm/service%20highlights/books/n6w04/html/id041500103300.html
29 de novembro de 2016 | 61 SistemasAutomóveis Active Safety: stability control 2. During ABS and EBD control • when wheel lock-up is about to occur • the linear control solenoid valves are not energized • the inlet and outlet solenoid valves are energized and controlled in three pressure modes (increase, reduction or maintain), thereby adjusting brake fluid pressure • brake fluid during pressure reduction is temporarily stored in the reservoir and afterwards the pump motor operates the pump to return the fluid to the master cylinder • the following figure shows these conditions: • right front wheel pressure increased • left front wheel pressure maintained • both rear wheels pressure reduced http://nema.club/2014wsm/service%20highlights/books/n6w04/html/id041500103300.html
29 de novembro de 2016 | 62 SistemasAutomóveis Active Safety: stability control 2. During ABS and EBD • right front wheel pressure increased • left front wheel pressure maintained • both rear wheels pressure reduction http://nema.club/2014wsm/service%20highlights/books/n6w04/html/id041500103300.html
29 de novembro de 2016 | 63 SistemasAutomóveis Active Safety: stability control 3. During TCS control • when a driving wheel spin is detected, the linear control solenoid valves are energized, switching the hydraulic circuits • at the same time, the pump motor is actuated to operate the pump, thereby increasing pressure by supplying brake fluid pressure to the front caliper piston of the slipping driving wheel • after a pressure increase, brake fluid pressure is adjusted using the three pressure modes (reduction, maintain, increase) so that the target wheel speed is obtained. • the following figure shows a control of right front wheel spin (during pressure increase mode) http://nema.club/2014wsm/service%20highlights/books/n6w04/html/id041500103300.html
29 de novembro de 2016 | 64 SistemasAutomóveis Active Safety: stability control 3. During TCS control • control of right front wheel spin (during pressure increase mode) http://nema.club/2014wsm/service%20highlights/books/n6w04/html/id041500103300.html
29 de novembro de 2016 | 65 SistemasAutomóveis Active Safety: stability control 4. During DSC control (to suppress oversteer tendency) • when a large oversteer tendency is determined, the linear control solenoid valves are energized, switching the hydraulic circuits • at the same time, the pump motor is actuated to operate the pump, thereby increasing pressure by supplying brake fluid pressure to the outer front caliper piston • also at this time, the inlet solenoid valve of the inner rear wheel is energized and the hydraulic circuit of this wheel is closed. • after a pressure increase, brake fluid pressure is adjusted using the three pressure modes (reduction, maintain, increase) so that the target wheel speed is obtained • the following figure shows a left turn (during pressure increase mode) http://nema.club/2014wsm/service%20highlights/books/n6w04/html/id041500103300.html
29 de novembro de 2016 | 66 SistemasAutomóveis Active Safety: stability control 4. During DSC control (to suppress oversteer tendency) • left turn (during pressure increase mode) • brakes RF wheel http://nema.club/2014wsm/service%20highlights/books/n6w04/html/id041500103300.html
29 de novembro de 2016 | 67 SistemasAutomóveis Active Safety: stability control 5. During DSC control (to suppress understeer tendency) • when a large understeer tendency is determined, the linear control solenoid valves are energized, switching the hydraulic circuits • at the same time, the pump motor is actuated to operate the pump, supplying brake fluid pressure from the reservoir to the inner rear caliper piston • also at this time, the inlet solenoid valve of the outer front wheel is energized and the hydraulic circuit of this wheel is closed. • after a pressure increase, brake fluid pressure is adjusted using the three pressure modes (reduction, maintain, increase) so that the target wheel speed is obtained. • the following figure shows control during a left turn during pressure increase mode http://nema.club/2014wsm/service%20highlights/books/n6w04/html/id041500103300.html
29 de novembro de 2016 | 68 SistemasAutomóveis Active Safety: stability control 5. During DSC control (to suppress understeer tendency) • left turn (during pressure increase mode) • brakes LR wheel http://nema.club/2014wsm/service%20highlights/books/n6w04/html/id041500103300.html
29 de novembro de 2016 | 69 SistemasAutomóveis Active Safety: stability control • Mazda 6 2014 • control block diagram http://nema.club/2014wsm/service%20highlights/books/n6w04/html/id041500103300.html
29 de novembro de 2016 | 70 SistemasAutomóveis Active Safety: stability control http://www.automotiveitnews.org/articles/share/384781/
29 de novembro de 2016 | 71 SistemasAutomóveis Active Safety: stability control http://www.bosch-presse.de/presseforum/details.htm?txtID=7467&locale=en
29 de novembro de 2016 | 72 SistemasAutomóveis Active Safety: steering control • Automatic steering control • traditionally, the driver’s steering angle input it is directly transferred to the wheels using a predetermined steering ratio • power steering systems assist the driver by adding torque to the input thus reducing driver effort, and these systems can be hydraulic or electric motor driven • active steering systems use electronic controls to adjust the steering ratio depending on the driving situation http://www.cvel.clemson.edu/auto/AuE835_Projects_2013/Pachahara_project.html http://www.bosch-automotive-steering.com/en/products/car-steering-systems/active-steering.html
29 de novembro de 2016 | 73 SistemasAutomóveis Active Safety: steering control • Automatic steering control • planetary gearset is the “heart” of the system • δs = steering wheel angle, δm = electric motor angle, δp = pinion angle • id = ratio between steering wheel and pinion • im = ratio between motor shaft and pinion • the system responds in a fraction of a second http://www.cvel.clemson.edu/auto/AuE835_Projects_2013/Pachahara_project.html
29 de novembro de 2016 | 74 SistemasAutomóveis Active Safety: steering control • BMW automatic steering system (planetary gearset-based) http://www.mwerks.com/artman/publish/bmw_news/printer_136.shtml
29 de novembro de 2016 | 75 SistemasAutomóveis Active Safety: steering control • Audi dynamic steering (harmonic drive-based) • an electric motor turns an elliptical inner rotor which, via a ball bearing, alters the shape of a thin sunwheel connected to the steering input shaft. • At the vertical axes of the ellipse, the sunwheel meshes with the teeth of an annulus or ring gear, which acts on the steering output shaft. • When the inner rotor is turned, the main axis of the ellipse changes, and with it the extent of gear tooth meshing. • Since the sunwheel has fewer teeth than the annulus, there is relative movement between them – the superimposed movement used to alter the effective steering ratio. http://mag.ebmpapst.com/en/industries/automotive/audi-a4-the-adaptive-steering_1321/ http://www.audi-technology-portal.de/en/chassis/wheel-suspension-steering/dynamic-steering
29 de novembro de 2016 | 76 SistemasAutomóveis Active Safety: steering control • Lexus automatic steering system (harmonic drive- based) • gearbox built into the steering column, between the steering wheel and the pinion gear • unlike BMW’s active steering system (employs a planetary gearbox), Lexus’s Variable Gear Ratio Steering (VGRS) uses a wave generator and a flexible gear • Lexus claims its system is more accurate and quicker than others http://jckronbauer.blogspot.pt/2012/05/lexus-variable-gear-ratio-steering.html
29 de novembro de 2016 | 77 SistemasAutomóveis Active Safety: adaptive speed/cruise control • Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) • keeps the vehicle’s pre-set speed automatically • keeps a pre-set distance/time gap from vehicles up ahead • uses RF, LASER or video camera-based radars http://crankydriver.com/word/what-the-hell-is-adaptive-cruise-control/ http://www.embedded.com/print/4011081
29 de novembro de 2016 | 78 SistemasAutomóveis Active Safety: adaptive speed/cruise control • Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) market forecast • … http://www.marketsandmarkets.com/Market-Reports/blind-spot-detection-adaptive-cruise-control- system-market-117989633.html
29 de novembro de 2016 | 79 SistemasAutomóveis Passive Safety: programmed structural deformation • Serious injuries versus cabin intrusion (Japan) http://www.toyota-global.com/innovation/safety_technology/safety_technology/technology_file/passive/body.html
29 de novembro de 2016 | 80 SistemasAutomóveis Passive Safety: programmed structural deformation • Deformable body structure http://www.toyota-global.com/innovation/safety_technology/safety_technology/technology_file/passive/body.html http://www.mario-sequeira.atlantidaweb.com/Informacao%20Tecnica/Seguranca/Seguranca_UK.html#prettyPhoto
29 de novembro de 2016 | 81 SistemasAutomóveis Passive Safety: programmed structural deformation • Deformable steering column/wheel http://www.volvocars.com/us/cars/new-models/xc60/specifications http://www.mazda.com/en/innovation/technology/safety/passive_safety/steeringsystem/
29 de novembro de 2016 | 82 SistemasAutomóveis Passive Safety: Supplemental Restraint Systems (SRS) http://www.nissan-global.com/EN/TECHNOLOGY/OVERVIEW/srs.html …
29 de novembro de 2016 | 83 SistemasAutomóveis Passive Safety: Supplemental Restraint Systems (SRS) … http://www.toyota-global.com/innovation/safety_technology/safety_technology/technology_file/passive/airbag.html • SRS airbags • supplement the seat belt to enhance passenger safety upon collision • by increasing the time during which the force is applied • by spreading the force over a wider area of the body
29 de novembro de 2016 | 84 SistemasAutomóveis Passive Safety: Supplemental Restraint Systems (SRS) … http://textilelearner.blogspot.pt/2012/09/air-bags-for-automobiles-materials-and.html • Airbag inflating/deflating timing
29 de novembro de 2016 | 85 SistemasAutomóveis Passive Safety: Supplemental Restraint Systems (SRS) … http://www.toyota-global.com/innovation/safety_technology/safety_technology/technology_file/passive/airbag.html • NXP • …
29 de novembro de 2016 | 86 SistemasAutomóveis Passive Safety: Supplemental Restraint Systems (SRS) … • Infineon • … http://www.infineon.com/cms/en/applications/automotive/safety/airbag-restraint/
29 de novembro de 2016 | 87 SistemasAutomóveis Passive Safety: Supplemental Restraint Systems (SRS) … • Airbag block diagram (Renesas) • … https://www.renesas.com/en-in/solutions/automotive/chassis/air-bag.html
29 de novembro de 2016 | 88 SistemasAutomóveis Passive Safety: Supplemental Restraint Systems (SRS) • Dainese D-air® • J-KIT • Electronic system cover • Airbag • Electronic system and batteries • Gas generators • Electronic system housing • Wave back protector • Kidney belt • M-KIT (J-KIT + the following) 2 – ECU and system management and monitoring unit with GUI 3 – 2 three-axis accelerometers mounted on the front fork (one on each leg) 4 – skid sensor mounted under the seat http://www.dainese.com/br_en/d-air/street/
29 de novembro de 2016 | 89 SistemasAutomóveis Passive Safety: Supplemental Restraint Systems (SRS) … http://www.mazda.com/en/innovation/technology/safety/passive_safety/pre_load_seatbelt/ • SRS belt pre-tensioners and load limiters • a pretensioner retracts the seatbelt when a collision occurs, to restrain occupants quickly and reducing the amount they are thrown forward in a frontal crash • a load limiter helps protect occupants from seatbelt-inflicted injury; upon a crash, the pretensioner restrains the occupant until certain amount of force is applied; at this point, the load limiter releases the belt gradually for not exerting too much force on the occupant’s chest
29 de novembro de 2016 | 90 SistemasAutomóveis Passive Safety: Supplemental Restraint Systems (SRS) … http://www.marketsandmarkets.com/Market-Reports/air-bag-seat-belt-market-21466612.html • Airbag and seat belt market forecast
29 de novembro de 2016 | 91 SistemasAutomóveis Glossary (English/Portuguese) • …
29 de novembro de 2016 | 92 SistemasAutomóveis Recommended references • http://euroncap.blob.core.windows.net/media/16470/ratings-group-report-2015-version- 10-with-appendix.pdf • …

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Automotive Systems course (Module 10) - Active and Passive Safety Systems for road vehicles

  • 1.
    29 de novembrode 2016 | 1 SistemasAutomóveis Safety Systems Mário Alves ([email protected])
  • 2.
    29 de novembrode 2016 | 2 SistemasAutomóveis Outline • Definition of active/passive safety • Examples of active and passive safety systems • Road accident statistics • Safety regulations • Active safety • brake, traction, stability, steering, cruise control systems • Passive Safety • programmed structural deformation, Supplemental Restraint Systems (SRS) (airbags + seat belt pre-tensioners) • Glossary • Recommended references
  • 3.
    29 de novembrode 2016 | 3 SistemasAutomóveis Definitions • Automobile safety • scientific domain that is related to the study, design, construction and regulation of technology to minimize the occurrence and consequences of road traffic accidents • Active safety systems • help preventing accidents • they control the dynamics of the vehicle • Passive safety systems • help mitigating the consequences of accidents • they protect occupants and pedestrians http://www.livelifedrive.com/news/guide-choosing- safe-car-buy/28101
  • 4.
    29 de novembrode 2016 | 4 SistemasAutomóveis Examples of active safety systems • Typical • Anti-lock Braking System (ABS) • Traction Control System (TCS) • Stability Control system (ESP) • Emerging • cruise control (ACC) • steering control • suspension control • road sign detection • Intelligent Speed Assistance (ISA) • Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) • cross-traffic assist • blind spot detection • lane departure warning • light Source recognition • pedestrian detection • vision enhancement (night/augmented vision, adaptive headlights) https://www.autoliv.com/ProductsAndInnovations/ActiveSafetySystems http://eandt.theiet.org/magazine/2014/10/car-safety.cfm?origin=EtOtherStories
  • 5.
    29 de novembrode 2016 | 5 SistemasAutomóveis Examples of active safety systems (sensor technology) http://eandt.theiet.org/magazine/2014/10/car-safety.cfm?origin=EtOtherStories
  • 6.
    29 de novembrode 2016 | 6 SistemasAutomóveis Examples of passive safety systems • Typical • seatbelts • airbags • body structure with programmed deformation • retractable steering column • head restraints • seats with “anti-submarine” effect • fuel cut-off • Emerging • automatic emergency call (eCall) • automatic message to an emergency call centre in case of a crash • … http://www.euroncap.com/en/vehicle-safety/the-rewards-explained/ecall/
  • 7.
    29 de novembrode 2016 | 7 SistemasAutomóveis Examples of passive safety systems http://www.citroenet.org.uk/passenger-cars/psa/c4/c4-data/c4-05.html
  • 8.
    29 de novembrode 2016 | 8 SistemasAutomóveis Classification of safety systems http://www.eetimes.com/document.asp?doc_id=1272754 • Classification • Active • Collision mitigation • Vehicle control • Passive • Passive safety • Driver support
  • 9.
    29 de novembrode 2016 | 9 SistemasAutomóveis Road accident statistics http://www.zdfirm.com/blog/car-accidents/annual-global-road-crash-statistics-infographic/
  • 10.
    29 de novembrode 2016 | 10 SistemasAutomóveis Road accident statistics http://visual.ly/road-traffic-accidents-infographic
  • 11.
    29 de novembrode 2016 | 11 SistemasAutomóveis Road accident statistics http://visual.ly/road-traffic-accidents-infographic
  • 12.
    29 de novembrode 2016 | 12 SistemasAutomóveis Road accident statistics http://visual.ly/road-traffic-accidents-infographic
  • 13.
    29 de novembrode 2016 | 13 SistemasAutomóveis Road accident statistics http://www.worldlifeexpectancy.com/cause-of-death/road-traffic-accidents/by-country/
  • 14.
    29 de novembrode 2016 | 14 SistemasAutomóveis Road accident statistics https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_traffic_safety http://etsc.eu/transport-safety-performance-in-the-eu-a-statistical-overview/ 2001 data 2012 data
  • 15.
    29 de novembrode 2016 | 15 SistemasAutomóveis Road accident statistics http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Transport_accident_statistics
  • 16.
    29 de novembrode 2016 | 16 SistemasAutomóveis Safety regulations • Euro NCAP (New Car Assessment Programme) • objective and independent assessment of the safety performance of new vehicles on the European market • It scores vehicle safety performance in four main areas • Adult Occupant Protection (AOP) • Child Occupant Protection (COP) • Pedestrian Protection (PP) • Safety Assist (SA) http://ae-plus.com/news/euro-ncap-sets-out-its-roadmap-for-2020-tests
  • 17.
    29 de novembrode 2016 | 17 SistemasAutomóveis Safety regulations • The overall number of deaths on European roads has continued to decrease over the last decade • thanks to a wider adoption safety systems • more robust and forgiving to human mistakes • Trend is for • crash avoidance • pedestrian protection http://www.euroncap.com/en/vehicle-safety/the-ratings-explained/pedestrian-protection/aeb-pedestrian/ http://euroncap.blob.core.windows.net/media/16472/euro-ncap-2020-roadmap-rev1-march-2015.pdf
  • 18.
    29 de novembrode 2016 | 18 SistemasAutomóveis Safety regulations • Safety (star) rating • determined from a series of vehicle tests, designed and carried out by Euro NCAP • represent, in a simplified way, important real life accident scenarios that could result in injured or killed car occupants or other road users • From 2016, Euro NCAP allows two star ratings for the same vehicle • a base rating that indicates the safety of the car fitted only with safety equipment which is standard on the model range throughout EU28; • and, if the manufacturer wishes, a second rating for the car fitted with a ‘safety pack’ which may be offered as optional http://euroncap.blob.core.windows.net/media/16472/euro-ncap-2020-roadmap-rev1-march-2015.pdf
  • 19.
    29 de novembrode 2016 | 19 SistemasAutomóveis Safety regulations • Safety (star) rating • 5 stars safety • overall good performance in crash protection; well equipped with robust crash avoidance technology • 4 stars safety • overall good performance in crash protection; additional crash avoidance technology may be present • 3 stars safety • average to good occupant protection but lacking crash avoidance technology • 2 stars safety • nominal crash protection but lacking crash avoidance technology • 1 star safety • marginal crash protection http://www.euroncap.com/en/about-euro-ncap/how-to-read-the-stars/
  • 20.
    29 de novembrode 2016 | 20 SistemasAutomóveis Safety regulations http://www.slideshare.net/GlobalNCAP/ncap-roundtable-euro-ncap AEB = Autonomous Emergency Braking VRU = Vulnerable Road User (pedestrian)
  • 21.
    29 de novembrode 2016 | 22 SistemasAutomóveis Safety vs. Autonomous systems http://www.transport.govt.nz/ourwork/technology/specific-transport- technologies/road-vehicle/autonomous-vehicles/
  • 22.
    29 de novembrode 2016 | 23 SistemasAutomóveis Safety vs. Autonomous systems http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/industry/ engineering/11502870/Will-Britain-be-in-the-driving-seat-for-autonomous-cars.html
  • 23.
    29 de novembrode 2016 | 24 SistemasAutomóveis Safety vs. Autonomous systems http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/industry/engineering/11502870/Wi ll-Britain-be-in-the-driving-seat-for-autonomous-cars.html
  • 24.
    29 de novembrode 2016 | 25 SistemasAutomóveis Active Safety: “all-in-one” holistic perspective • Braking control • ABS: controls per-wheel brake fluid pressure when braking to maintain directional stability, ensure steerability, and reduce stopping distance • EBD: controls distribution of brake fluid pressure to the front and rear wheels according to vehicle load, road surface, and vehicle speed conditions, preventing lock-up of rear wheels • EBA/AEB: helps the driver in emergency situations, increasing braking fluid pressure • Traction control • optimizes traction according to road and driving conditions to improve starting and acceleration performance and safety • Stability control • suppresses over-steer and under-steer tendencies when turning by controlling engine output and braking of each wheel to assure driving safety • Speed/cruise control • keeps the vehicle’s pre-set speed and distance/time gap from vehicles ahead • Steering control • adjusts steering ratio depending on the driving situation http://nema.club/2014wsm/service%20highlights/books/n6w04/html/id041500103300.html
  • 25.
    29 de novembrode 2016 | 26 SistemasAutomóveis Active Safety: “all-in-one” holistic perspective http://www.pakwheels.com/forums/news-articles-motorists- education/150007-esc-esp-dsc-tcs-vids
  • 26.
    29 de novembrode 2016 | 27 SistemasAutomóveis Active Safety: braking control • Anti-Lock Braking System (ABS) • prevents the wheels from locking when braking so that the vehicle maintains the steer-ability, directional stability and road adhesion during vehicle deceleration • it dynamically maximizes braking force, according to wheel slip • maximum wheel friction is achieved when wheels slip around 20% http://the-contact-patch.com/book/road/c0816-stopping
  • 27.
    29 de novembrode 2016 | 28 SistemasAutomóveis Active Safety: braking control • Braking force changes according to road conditions • braking force greatly depends on road pavement material and weather-related conditions • braking force is related to wheel-road friction (coefficient) http://pubs.sciepub.com/ajvd/2/1/2/ https://www.researchgate.net/publication/269274084_Road_surface_condition_detection_based_on_road_surface_temperature_and_solar_radiation
  • 28.
    29 de novembrode 2016 | 29 SistemasAutomóveis Active Safety: braking control • Steer-ability (dashed line) decays with wheel slip • ABS operates in the shaded areas (hold and release zones) http://the-contact-patch.com/book/road/c0816-stopping
  • 29.
    29 de novembrode 2016 | 30 SistemasAutomóveis Active Safety: braking control http://www.bosch-presse.de/presseforum/details.htm?txtID=6534&tk_id=108&locale=en
  • 30.
    29 de novembrode 2016 | 31 SistemasAutomóveis Active Safety: braking control • ABS is now mandatory for motorcycles • new European rules to make motorcycles safer and greener have been defined in 2012 • ABS mandatory for all motorcycles that have an engine displacement greater than 125 cc, while ABS or combined brake systems (CBS) could be fitted to smaller ones (under 125 cc), including scooters • they apply to all two-, three- and quad-wheel vehicles, from 2016 onwards http://www.bosch- motorcycle.com/en/de/fahrsicherheit_fuer_zweiraeder/motorrad_abs/gesetzgebung/legislation.html#
  • 31.
    29 de novembrode 2016 | 32 SistemasAutomóveis Active Safety: braking control • Basic diagram and operation • ABS ECU compares wheels & vehicle speed • it controls brake fluid flow from the master cylinder to the brakes, through solenoid valves (hydraulic unit) • it modulates the braking pressure of each wheel http://www.rx7club.com/3rd-generation-specific-1993-2002-16/how-fd-anti- lock-brakes-abs-controlled-978049/
  • 32.
    29 de novembrode 2016 | 33 SistemasAutomóveis Active Safety: braking control • ABS operation – pressure increase phase • the driver presses the brake pedal • no wheel slipping occurs • the ABS solenoid valves are open (inactive) • brake fluid hits the brakes • this is “normal braking”, i.e. the ABS takes no control action over the brakes • (red represents brake fluid under high pressure) http://www.techtalk.ie/technical_articles/blue-print-instruction-on-abs- system-diagnostics-part-3/
  • 33.
    29 de novembrode 2016 | 34 SistemasAutomóveis Active Safety: braking control • ABS operation – pressure hold/retention phase • driver keeps pressing the brake  one or more wheels at risk of locking • ECU senses that a wheel is rotating much slower than it should • the solenoid valve of the slow wheel is moved upwards to block the hydraulic pipe from the master cylinder • the pressure produced up to this point at the wheel brake is maintained (held) at that level – driver has now little influence on the brake pressure • pump runs for preparing the next phase (note that the pump is housed in the modulator assembly itself) • the wheel speed should be maintained at a point just before the onset of skidding, providing maximum braking force • (purple represents brake fluid under average pressure) http://www.techtalk.ie/technical_articles/blue-print-instruction-on-abs- system-diagnostics-part-3/
  • 34.
    29 de novembrode 2016 | 35 SistemasAutomóveis Active Safety: braking control • ABS operation – pressure reduction phase • if the wheel slows excessively and still skids, brake pressure must be reduced • a higher current (5 A) is sent to the solenoid valve, opening it fully • brake fluid is pumped to the reservoir, reducing the pressure at the brake and allowing the wheel to speed up, regaining grip • (green represents brake fluid under low pressure) http://www.techtalk.ie/technical_articles/blue-print-instruction-on-abs- system-diagnostics-part-3/
  • 35.
    29 de novembrode 2016 | 36 SistemasAutomóveis Active Safety: braking control • ABS control cycle • pressure regulation actuation occur 15-20 times per second (every 50-70 ms) • pressure increase, hold, reduction, depends on diff BTW vehicle and wheel speeds • braking pressure varies accordingly http://www.rx7club.com/3rd-generation-specific-1993-2002- 16/how-fd-anti-lock-brakes-abs-controlled-978049/
  • 36.
    29 de novembrode 2016 | 37 SistemasAutomóveis Active Safety: braking control • ABS components • (brake pedal/handle) • (master cylinder, pipes) • (disk/drum brakes) • wheel speed sensors (one per wheel) • ABS unit (AKA ABS module) – 1 for all or 1 rear + 1 front • ECU • hydraulic pump/modulator • solenoid valves • 1 per wheel: 3-position reduction-hold-increase valves or • 2 per wheel: 2-position opened/closed valves – one inlet valve and one outlet valve • sensors (pressure, temperature) http://www.techtalk.ie/technical_articles/blue-print-instruction-on-abs- system-diagnostics-part-3/
  • 37.
    29 de novembrode 2016 | 38 SistemasAutomóveis Active Safety: braking control • ABS unit 1. Pump motor fastening bolt (x2) 2. Pump motor 3. Guide sleeve 4. Pump/valve housing 5. Outlet valves (x4) 6. Inlet valves (x4) 7. Printed circuit board with semiconductor relay 8. ABS control unit 9. ABS control unit cover 10. ABS control unit fastening bolt (x4) 11. Pressure sensor (only ABS 8.0/ESP) 12. USV valve (x2) 13. ASV/HSV valve (x2) 14. Pressure control valve (x2) http://workshop-manuals.com/vauxhall/corsa-c/h__brakes/abs_8/description_and_operation/anti- lock_braking_system_(abs_8.0_and_abs_8.0_esp)/
  • 38.
    29 de novembrode 2016 | 39 SistemasAutomóveis Active Safety: braking control • Two (inlet + outlet) valves per channel a) Pump + valves b) ECU + solenoids http://www.brakeandfrontend.com/troubleshooting-abs-modulator-mechanical-problems/
  • 39.
    29 de novembrode 2016 | 40 SistemasAutomóveis Active Safety: braking control http://www.autozone.com/repairinfo/repairguide/repairGuideContent.jsp?pageId=0996b43f80378880
  • 40.
    29 de novembrode 2016 | 41 SistemasAutomóveis Active Safety: braking control http://www.autozone.com/repairinfo/repairguide/repairGuideContent.jsp?pageId=0996b43f80378880
  • 41.
    29 de novembrode 2016 | 42 SistemasAutomóveis Active Safety: braking control • Wheel speed sensors • inductive, magnetoresistive, Hall http://www.brakeandfrontend.com/wheel-speed-sensors-abs-and-tcs-signal-use/ http://www.kstuned.com/products/speed-sensor-bracket-abs
  • 42.
    29 de novembrode 2016 | 43 SistemasAutomóveis Active Safety: braking control • Acura RSX http://www.wiringdiagrams21.com/2012/11/14/acura-rsx-abs-modulator-system/
  • 43.
    29 de novembrode 2016 | 44 SistemasAutomóveis Active Safety: braking control • Bosch ABS 8.0 http://www.ls1gto.com/forums/showthread.php?t=417188 http://workshop-manuals.com/skoda/fabia- mk1/chassis/abs_adr_tcs_edl_esp/hydraulic_control_unit_(abs_systems_bosch_8.0)_brake_servo_unit/master_brake_cylinder/removing_and_installing_the_hydraulic_control_unit_rhd_version/
  • 44.
    29 de novembrode 2016 | 45 SistemasAutomóveis Active Safety: braking control • Evolution of Bosch car ABS http://forum.monzeiros.com/viewtopic.php?t=24151
  • 45.
    29 de novembrode 2016 | 46 SistemasAutomóveis Active Safety: braking control • Evolution of Bosch motorcycle ABS http://www.ashonbikes.com/content/bosch-abs-testing
  • 46.
    29 de novembrode 2016 | 47 SistemasAutomóveis Active Safety: braking control • Electronic Brake Distribution (EBD) • detects the slip ratio between the front and rear wheels from the ABS wheel-speed sensor signals • if the slip ratio of the rear wheels as compared to the front wheels is larger than the fixed limit, the ABS unit reduces brake pressure to the rear wheels • brake pressure distribution is constantly optimized according to vehicle load, road surface conditions and vehicle speed • if ABS control conditions are met during EBD control, EBD control is stopped and ABS control is given priority http://www.thaimazda3.com/svmanual/esicont/en/srvc/html/B3E041343750T08.html …
  • 47.
    29 de novembrode 2016 | 48 SistemasAutomóveis Active Safety: braking control https://www.obd-codes.com/faq/ebd-explained.php http://www.pakwheels.com/forums/news-articles-motorists-education/150007-esc-esp-dsc-tcs-vids
  • 48.
    29 de novembrode 2016 | 49 SistemasAutomóveis Active Safety: braking control 1. Speed 2. EBD initial control value 3. ABS initial control value 4. Vehicle speed 5. Rear wheel speed 6. Front wheel speed 7. High 8. Time 9. Rear solenoid valve control 10. Brake fluid pressure 11. Pressure reduction 12. Pressure maintained 13. Pressure increase 14. EBD control area 15. ABS control area 16. Front brake fluid pressure 17. Rear brake fluid pressure http://www.thaimazda3.com/svmanual/esicont/en/srvc/html/B3E041343750T08.html
  • 49.
    29 de novembrode 2016 | 50 SistemasAutomóveis Active Safety: traction control • Steerability is important also when accelerating http://www.bobbellnissan.com/blogs/729/you-auto-know-mondays-great-car-ownership-tips/nissan- and-kia-traction-control-tips-when-to-turn-it-off/
  • 50.
    29 de novembrode 2016 | 51 SistemasAutomóveis Active Safety: traction control • Braking/Traction force coefficients are almost symmetrical http://www.rx7club.com/3rd-generation-specific-1993-2002-16/how-fd-anti-lock-brakes-abs- controlled-978049/
  • 51.
    29 de novembrode 2016 | 52 SistemasAutomóveis Active Safety: traction control • Traction Control System (TCS) • ABS, TCS and SCS systems share the same (4) wheel speed sensors. • TCS requires two additional solenoids in the hydraulic modulator assembly; these solenoids isolate the brake circuits to the drive wheels from the non-drive wheels during wheel spin • electric pump + accumulator are used to apply the wheel brake on the wheel that has lost its traction • if one of the wheels loses traction, TCS applies pressurized fluid to its brake http://www.rx7club.com/3rd-generation-specific-1993-2002-16/how-fd-anti-lock-brakes-abs- controlled-978049/
  • 52.
    29 de novembrode 2016 | 53 SistemasAutomóveis Active Safety: traction control • TCS dynamically controls the following systems • braking (via ABS/TCS ECU) • throttle (via engine ECU) • fuel injection (via engine ECU) • ignition (via engine ECU) http://www.freeasestudyguides.com/tcs-traction-control-system.html
  • 53.
    29 de novembrode 2016 | 54 SistemasAutomóveis Active Safety: stability control • SCS = ESP = VSA = ESC = VDC = VSC = … http://www.hirscheautomotive.com/acronyms.html
  • 54.
    29 de novembrode 2016 | 55 SistemasAutomóveis Active Safety: stability control • Understeering and oversteering situations http://www.hirscheautomotive.com/acronyms.html
  • 55.
    29 de novembrode 2016 | 56 SistemasAutomóveis Active Safety: stability control • Basic operation • dynamic behavior of the vehicle is perceived via several sensors • vehicle speed (m/s) • engine speed (RPM) • wheels speed (individually) • yaw (AKA attitude, rotation) sensor • lateral acceleration sensor • drivers’ steering intentions measured via a steering-angle sensor • located in the steering column, it measures the direction the driver intends to aim the car • if there are differences between the direction of the steering wheel and the direction the car, DSC takes control actions • it controls brakes (individually) and accelerator shared with ABS/TCS exclusive for DSC
  • 56.
    29 de novembrode 2016 | 57 SistemasAutomóveis Active Safety: stability control • Bosch DSC III (v5.7) • rotation rate sensor (yaw) and lateral acceleration sensor have been combined into one unit located under the drivers seat under the carpet http://www.bimmerfest.com/forums/showpost.php?p=4205801
  • 57.
    29 de novembrode 2016 | 58 SistemasAutomóveis Active Safety: stability control • Mazda 6 2014 • ABS + • TCS + • EBD + • SCS http://nema.club/2014wsm/service%20highlights/books/n6w04/html/id041500103300.html
  • 58.
    29 de novembrode 2016 | 59 SistemasAutomóveis Active Safety: stability control 1. During normal braking • solenoid valves are not energized (all of them are off), so they are open • brake pedal is depressed  brake fluid pressure is transmitted from the master cylinder, through the inlet solenoid valves, and then to the caliper piston http://nema.club/2014wsm/service%20highlights/books/n6w04/html/id041500103300.html
  • 59.
    29 de novembrode 2016 | 60 SistemasAutomóveis Active Safety: stability control 1. During normal braking http://nema.club/2014wsm/service%20highlights/books/n6w04/html/id041500103300.html
  • 60.
    29 de novembrode 2016 | 61 SistemasAutomóveis Active Safety: stability control 2. During ABS and EBD control • when wheel lock-up is about to occur • the linear control solenoid valves are not energized • the inlet and outlet solenoid valves are energized and controlled in three pressure modes (increase, reduction or maintain), thereby adjusting brake fluid pressure • brake fluid during pressure reduction is temporarily stored in the reservoir and afterwards the pump motor operates the pump to return the fluid to the master cylinder • the following figure shows these conditions: • right front wheel pressure increased • left front wheel pressure maintained • both rear wheels pressure reduced http://nema.club/2014wsm/service%20highlights/books/n6w04/html/id041500103300.html
  • 61.
    29 de novembrode 2016 | 62 SistemasAutomóveis Active Safety: stability control 2. During ABS and EBD • right front wheel pressure increased • left front wheel pressure maintained • both rear wheels pressure reduction http://nema.club/2014wsm/service%20highlights/books/n6w04/html/id041500103300.html
  • 62.
    29 de novembrode 2016 | 63 SistemasAutomóveis Active Safety: stability control 3. During TCS control • when a driving wheel spin is detected, the linear control solenoid valves are energized, switching the hydraulic circuits • at the same time, the pump motor is actuated to operate the pump, thereby increasing pressure by supplying brake fluid pressure to the front caliper piston of the slipping driving wheel • after a pressure increase, brake fluid pressure is adjusted using the three pressure modes (reduction, maintain, increase) so that the target wheel speed is obtained. • the following figure shows a control of right front wheel spin (during pressure increase mode) http://nema.club/2014wsm/service%20highlights/books/n6w04/html/id041500103300.html
  • 63.
    29 de novembrode 2016 | 64 SistemasAutomóveis Active Safety: stability control 3. During TCS control • control of right front wheel spin (during pressure increase mode) http://nema.club/2014wsm/service%20highlights/books/n6w04/html/id041500103300.html
  • 64.
    29 de novembrode 2016 | 65 SistemasAutomóveis Active Safety: stability control 4. During DSC control (to suppress oversteer tendency) • when a large oversteer tendency is determined, the linear control solenoid valves are energized, switching the hydraulic circuits • at the same time, the pump motor is actuated to operate the pump, thereby increasing pressure by supplying brake fluid pressure to the outer front caliper piston • also at this time, the inlet solenoid valve of the inner rear wheel is energized and the hydraulic circuit of this wheel is closed. • after a pressure increase, brake fluid pressure is adjusted using the three pressure modes (reduction, maintain, increase) so that the target wheel speed is obtained • the following figure shows a left turn (during pressure increase mode) http://nema.club/2014wsm/service%20highlights/books/n6w04/html/id041500103300.html
  • 65.
    29 de novembrode 2016 | 66 SistemasAutomóveis Active Safety: stability control 4. During DSC control (to suppress oversteer tendency) • left turn (during pressure increase mode) • brakes RF wheel http://nema.club/2014wsm/service%20highlights/books/n6w04/html/id041500103300.html
  • 66.
    29 de novembrode 2016 | 67 SistemasAutomóveis Active Safety: stability control 5. During DSC control (to suppress understeer tendency) • when a large understeer tendency is determined, the linear control solenoid valves are energized, switching the hydraulic circuits • at the same time, the pump motor is actuated to operate the pump, supplying brake fluid pressure from the reservoir to the inner rear caliper piston • also at this time, the inlet solenoid valve of the outer front wheel is energized and the hydraulic circuit of this wheel is closed. • after a pressure increase, brake fluid pressure is adjusted using the three pressure modes (reduction, maintain, increase) so that the target wheel speed is obtained. • the following figure shows control during a left turn during pressure increase mode http://nema.club/2014wsm/service%20highlights/books/n6w04/html/id041500103300.html
  • 67.
    29 de novembrode 2016 | 68 SistemasAutomóveis Active Safety: stability control 5. During DSC control (to suppress understeer tendency) • left turn (during pressure increase mode) • brakes LR wheel http://nema.club/2014wsm/service%20highlights/books/n6w04/html/id041500103300.html
  • 68.
    29 de novembrode 2016 | 69 SistemasAutomóveis Active Safety: stability control • Mazda 6 2014 • control block diagram http://nema.club/2014wsm/service%20highlights/books/n6w04/html/id041500103300.html
  • 69.
    29 de novembrode 2016 | 70 SistemasAutomóveis Active Safety: stability control http://www.automotiveitnews.org/articles/share/384781/
  • 70.
    29 de novembrode 2016 | 71 SistemasAutomóveis Active Safety: stability control http://www.bosch-presse.de/presseforum/details.htm?txtID=7467&locale=en
  • 71.
    29 de novembrode 2016 | 72 SistemasAutomóveis Active Safety: steering control • Automatic steering control • traditionally, the driver’s steering angle input it is directly transferred to the wheels using a predetermined steering ratio • power steering systems assist the driver by adding torque to the input thus reducing driver effort, and these systems can be hydraulic or electric motor driven • active steering systems use electronic controls to adjust the steering ratio depending on the driving situation http://www.cvel.clemson.edu/auto/AuE835_Projects_2013/Pachahara_project.html http://www.bosch-automotive-steering.com/en/products/car-steering-systems/active-steering.html
  • 72.
    29 de novembrode 2016 | 73 SistemasAutomóveis Active Safety: steering control • Automatic steering control • planetary gearset is the “heart” of the system • δs = steering wheel angle, δm = electric motor angle, δp = pinion angle • id = ratio between steering wheel and pinion • im = ratio between motor shaft and pinion • the system responds in a fraction of a second http://www.cvel.clemson.edu/auto/AuE835_Projects_2013/Pachahara_project.html
  • 73.
    29 de novembrode 2016 | 74 SistemasAutomóveis Active Safety: steering control • BMW automatic steering system (planetary gearset-based) http://www.mwerks.com/artman/publish/bmw_news/printer_136.shtml
  • 74.
    29 de novembrode 2016 | 75 SistemasAutomóveis Active Safety: steering control • Audi dynamic steering (harmonic drive-based) • an electric motor turns an elliptical inner rotor which, via a ball bearing, alters the shape of a thin sunwheel connected to the steering input shaft. • At the vertical axes of the ellipse, the sunwheel meshes with the teeth of an annulus or ring gear, which acts on the steering output shaft. • When the inner rotor is turned, the main axis of the ellipse changes, and with it the extent of gear tooth meshing. • Since the sunwheel has fewer teeth than the annulus, there is relative movement between them – the superimposed movement used to alter the effective steering ratio. http://mag.ebmpapst.com/en/industries/automotive/audi-a4-the-adaptive-steering_1321/ http://www.audi-technology-portal.de/en/chassis/wheel-suspension-steering/dynamic-steering
  • 75.
    29 de novembrode 2016 | 76 SistemasAutomóveis Active Safety: steering control • Lexus automatic steering system (harmonic drive- based) • gearbox built into the steering column, between the steering wheel and the pinion gear • unlike BMW’s active steering system (employs a planetary gearbox), Lexus’s Variable Gear Ratio Steering (VGRS) uses a wave generator and a flexible gear • Lexus claims its system is more accurate and quicker than others http://jckronbauer.blogspot.pt/2012/05/lexus-variable-gear-ratio-steering.html
  • 76.
    29 de novembrode 2016 | 77 SistemasAutomóveis Active Safety: adaptive speed/cruise control • Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) • keeps the vehicle’s pre-set speed automatically • keeps a pre-set distance/time gap from vehicles up ahead • uses RF, LASER or video camera-based radars http://crankydriver.com/word/what-the-hell-is-adaptive-cruise-control/ http://www.embedded.com/print/4011081
  • 77.
    29 de novembrode 2016 | 78 SistemasAutomóveis Active Safety: adaptive speed/cruise control • Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) market forecast • … http://www.marketsandmarkets.com/Market-Reports/blind-spot-detection-adaptive-cruise-control- system-market-117989633.html
  • 78.
    29 de novembrode 2016 | 79 SistemasAutomóveis Passive Safety: programmed structural deformation • Serious injuries versus cabin intrusion (Japan) http://www.toyota-global.com/innovation/safety_technology/safety_technology/technology_file/passive/body.html
  • 79.
    29 de novembrode 2016 | 80 SistemasAutomóveis Passive Safety: programmed structural deformation • Deformable body structure http://www.toyota-global.com/innovation/safety_technology/safety_technology/technology_file/passive/body.html http://www.mario-sequeira.atlantidaweb.com/Informacao%20Tecnica/Seguranca/Seguranca_UK.html#prettyPhoto
  • 80.
    29 de novembrode 2016 | 81 SistemasAutomóveis Passive Safety: programmed structural deformation • Deformable steering column/wheel http://www.volvocars.com/us/cars/new-models/xc60/specifications http://www.mazda.com/en/innovation/technology/safety/passive_safety/steeringsystem/
  • 81.
    29 de novembrode 2016 | 82 SistemasAutomóveis Passive Safety: Supplemental Restraint Systems (SRS) http://www.nissan-global.com/EN/TECHNOLOGY/OVERVIEW/srs.html …
  • 82.
    29 de novembrode 2016 | 83 SistemasAutomóveis Passive Safety: Supplemental Restraint Systems (SRS) … http://www.toyota-global.com/innovation/safety_technology/safety_technology/technology_file/passive/airbag.html • SRS airbags • supplement the seat belt to enhance passenger safety upon collision • by increasing the time during which the force is applied • by spreading the force over a wider area of the body
  • 83.
    29 de novembrode 2016 | 84 SistemasAutomóveis Passive Safety: Supplemental Restraint Systems (SRS) … http://textilelearner.blogspot.pt/2012/09/air-bags-for-automobiles-materials-and.html • Airbag inflating/deflating timing
  • 84.
    29 de novembrode 2016 | 85 SistemasAutomóveis Passive Safety: Supplemental Restraint Systems (SRS) … http://www.toyota-global.com/innovation/safety_technology/safety_technology/technology_file/passive/airbag.html • NXP • …
  • 85.
    29 de novembrode 2016 | 86 SistemasAutomóveis Passive Safety: Supplemental Restraint Systems (SRS) … • Infineon • … http://www.infineon.com/cms/en/applications/automotive/safety/airbag-restraint/
  • 86.
    29 de novembrode 2016 | 87 SistemasAutomóveis Passive Safety: Supplemental Restraint Systems (SRS) … • Airbag block diagram (Renesas) • … https://www.renesas.com/en-in/solutions/automotive/chassis/air-bag.html
  • 87.
    29 de novembrode 2016 | 88 SistemasAutomóveis Passive Safety: Supplemental Restraint Systems (SRS) • Dainese D-air® • J-KIT • Electronic system cover • Airbag • Electronic system and batteries • Gas generators • Electronic system housing • Wave back protector • Kidney belt • M-KIT (J-KIT + the following) 2 – ECU and system management and monitoring unit with GUI 3 – 2 three-axis accelerometers mounted on the front fork (one on each leg) 4 – skid sensor mounted under the seat http://www.dainese.com/br_en/d-air/street/
  • 88.
    29 de novembrode 2016 | 89 SistemasAutomóveis Passive Safety: Supplemental Restraint Systems (SRS) … http://www.mazda.com/en/innovation/technology/safety/passive_safety/pre_load_seatbelt/ • SRS belt pre-tensioners and load limiters • a pretensioner retracts the seatbelt when a collision occurs, to restrain occupants quickly and reducing the amount they are thrown forward in a frontal crash • a load limiter helps protect occupants from seatbelt-inflicted injury; upon a crash, the pretensioner restrains the occupant until certain amount of force is applied; at this point, the load limiter releases the belt gradually for not exerting too much force on the occupant’s chest
  • 89.
    29 de novembrode 2016 | 90 SistemasAutomóveis Passive Safety: Supplemental Restraint Systems (SRS) … http://www.marketsandmarkets.com/Market-Reports/air-bag-seat-belt-market-21466612.html • Airbag and seat belt market forecast
  • 90.
    29 de novembrode 2016 | 91 SistemasAutomóveis Glossary (English/Portuguese) • …
  • 91.
    29 de novembrode 2016 | 92 SistemasAutomóveis Recommended references • http://euroncap.blob.core.windows.net/media/16470/ratings-group-report-2015-version- 10-with-appendix.pdf • …