10. Software testing overview

Software Engineering Tutorial
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Software Testing is evaluation of the software against requirements gathered from
users and system specifications. Testing is conducted at the phase level in
software development life cycle or at module level in program code. Software
testing comprises of Validation and Verification.
Software Validation
Validation is process of examining whether or not the software satisfies the user
requirements. It is carried out at the end of the SDLC. If the software matches
requirements for which it was made, it is validated.
 Validation ensures the product under development is as per the user
requirements.
 Validation answers the question – "Are we developing the product which
attempts all that user needs from this software ?".
 Validation emphasizes on user requirements.
Software Verification
Verification is the process of confirming if the software is meeting the business
requirements, and is developed adhering to the proper specifications and
methodologies.
 Verification ensures the product being developed is according to design
specifications.
 Verification answers the question– "Are we developing this product by firmly
following all design specifications ?"
 Verifications concentrates on the design and system specifications.
Target of the test are -
 Errors - These are actual coding mistakes made by developers. In addition,
there is a difference in output of software and desired output, is considered
as an error.
Software Testing Overview
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Prepared By: Ghayour Abbas

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 Fault - When error exists fault occurs. A fault, also known as a bug, is a
result of an error which can cause system to fail.
 Failure - failure is said to be the inability of the system to perform the
desired task. Failure occurs when fault exists in the system.
Manual Vs Automated Testing
Testing can either be done manually or using an automated testing tool:
 Manual - This testing is performed without taking help of automated
testing tools. The software tester prepares test cases for different sections
and levels of the code, executes the tests and reports the result to the
manager.
Manual testing is time and resource consuming. The tester needs to confirm
whether or not right test cases are used. Major portion of testing involves
manual testing.
 Automated This testing is a testing procedure done with aid of automated
testing tools. The limitations with manual testing can be overcome using
automated test tools.
A test needs to check if a webpage can be opened in Internet Explorer. This can
be easily done with manual testing. But to check if the web-server can take the
load of 1 million users, it is quite impossible to test manually.
There are software and hardware tools which helps tester in conducting load
testing, stress testing, regression testing.
Testing Approaches
Tests can be conducted based on two approaches –
1. Functionality testing
2. Implementation testing
When functionality is being tested without taking the actual implementation in
concern it is known as black-box testing. The other side is known as white-box
testing where not only functionality is tested but the way it is implemented is also
analyzed.
Exhaustive tests are the best-desired method for a perfect testing. Every single
possible value in the range of the input and output values is tested. It is not

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possible to test each and every value in real world scenario if the range of values
is large.
Black-box testing
It is carried out to test functionality of the program and also called ‘Behavioral’
testing. The tester in this case, has a set of input values and respective desired
results. On providing input, if the output matches with the desired results, the
program is tested ‘ok’, and problematic otherwise.
In this testing method, the design and structure of the code are not known to the
tester, and testing engineers and end users conduct this test on the software.
Black-box testing techniques:
 Equivalence class - The input is divided into similar classes. If one
element of a class passes the test, it is assumed that all the class is passed.
 Boundary values - The input is divided into higher and lower end values.
If these values pass the test, it is assumed that all values in between may
pass too.
 Cause-effect graphing - In both previous methods, only one input value
at a time is tested. Cause (input) – Effect (output) is a testing technique
where combinations of input values are tested in a systematic way.
 Pair-wise Testing - The behavior of software depends on multiple
parameters. In pairwise testing, the multiple parameters are tested pair-
wise for their different values.
 State-based testing - The system changes state on provision of input.
These systems are tested based on their states and input.
White-box testing
It is conducted to test program and its implementation, in order to improve code
efficiency or structure. It is also known as ‘Structural’ testing.

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In this testing method, the design and structure of the code are known to the
tester. Programmers of the code conduct this test on the code.
The below are some White-box testing techniques:
 Control-flow testing - The purpose of the control-flow testing to set up
test cases which covers all statements and branch conditions. The branch
conditions are tested for both being true and false, so that all statements
can be covered.
 Data-flow testing - This testing technique emphasis to cover all the data
variables included in the program. It tests where the variables were
declared and defined and where they were used or changed.
Testing Levels
Testing itself may be defined at various levels of SDLC. The testing process runs
parallel to software development. Before jumping on the next stage, a stage is
tested, validated and verified.
Testing separately is done just to make sure that there are no hidden bugs or
issues left in the software. Software is tested on various levels -
Unit Testing
While coding, the programmer performs some tests on that unit of program to
know if it is error free. Testing is performed under white-box testing approach.
Unit testing helps developers decide that individual units of the program are
working as per requirement and are error free.
Integration Testing
Even if the units of software are working fine individually, there is a need to find
out if the units if integrated together would also work without errors. For example,
argument passing and data updation etc.

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System Testing
The software is compiled as product and then it is tested as a whole. This can be
accomplished using one or more of the following tests:
 Functionality testing - Tests all functionalities of the software against the
requirement.
 Performance testing - This test proves how efficient the software is. It
tests the effectiveness and average time taken by the software to do desired
task. Performance testing is done by means of load testing and stress
testing where the software is put under high user and data load under
various environment conditions.
 Security & Portability - These tests are done when the software is meant
to work on various platforms and accessed by number of persons.
Acceptance Testing
When the software is ready to hand over to the customer it has to go through last
phase of testing where it is tested for user-interaction and response. This is
important because even if the software matches all user requirements and if user
does not like the way it appears or works, it may be rejected.
 Alpha testing - The team of developer themselves perform alpha testing
by using the system as if it is being used in work environment. They try to
find out how user would react to some action in software and how the
system should respond to inputs.
 Beta testing - After the software is tested internally, it is handed over to
the users to use it under their production environment only for testing
purpose. This is not as yet the delivered product. Developers expect that
users at this stage will bring minute problems, which were skipped to
attend.
Regression Testing
Whenever a software product is updated with new code, feature or functionality,
it is tested thoroughly to detect if there is any negative impact of the added code.
This is known as regression testing.
Testing Documentation
Testing documents are prepared at different stages -

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Before Testing
Testing starts with test cases generation. Following documents are needed for
reference –
 SRS document - Functional Requirements document
 Test Policy document - This describes how far testing should take place
before releasing the product.
 Test Strategy document - This mentions detail aspects of test team,
responsibility matrix and rights/responsibility of test manager and test
engineer.
 Traceability Matrix document - This is SDLC document, which is related
to requirement gathering process. As new requirements come, they are
added to this matrix. These matrices help testers know the source of
requirement. They can be traced forward and backward.
While Being Tested
The following documents may be required while testing is started and is being
done:
 Test Case document - This document contains list of tests required to be
conducted. It includes Unit test plan, Integration test plan, System test plan
and Acceptance test plan.
 Test description - This document is a detailed description of all test cases
and procedures to execute them.
 Test case report - This document contains test case report as a result of
the test.
 Test logs - This document contains test logs for every test case report.
After Testing
The following documents may be generated after testing :
 Test summary - This test summary is collective analysis of all test reports
and logs. It summarizes and concludes if the software is ready to be
launched. The software is released under version control system if it is
ready to launch.

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Testing vs. Quality Control & Assurance and Audit
We need to understand that software testing is different from software quality
assurance, software quality control and software auditing.
 Software quality assurance - These are software development process
monitoring means, by which it is assured that all the measures are taken
as per the standards of organization. This monitoring is done to make sure
that proper software development methods were followed.
 Software quality control - This is a system to maintain the quality of
software product. It may include functional and non-functional aspects of
software product, which enhance the goodwill of the organization. This
system makes sure that the customer is receiving quality product for their
requirement and the product certified as ‘fit for use’.
 Software audit - This is a review of procedure used by the organization to
develop the software. A team of auditors, independent of development team
examines the software process, procedure, requirements and other aspects
of SDLC. The purpose of software audit is to check that software and its
development process, both conform standards, rules and regulations.

10. Software testing overview

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