London buses Mike Weston

London buses Mike Weston

• 1.
  Hybrid User Forum 26th May 2011 Mike Weston, Operations Director Transport for London, London Buses
• 2.
  Presentation Overview • Overview of the London Bus Network • Environmental performance – current fleet • Diesel hybrid bus trials • Hydrogen bus trials • Other Environmental Initiatives • Barriers and opportunities to deployment of future technology
• 3.
  The London BusNetwork Buses operate 24 hours Network contracted by TfL per day, 7 days a week from Private Operators 6.4 million 19,500 bus journeys per stops week day 700 routes 8,500 buses
• 4.
  A Transformed BusService ‘Turn up and go’ frequencies Simple, affordable fares Fully Simple accessible information at the stop Low emissions Better traffic management Reliable and quick Drivers trained in customer care CCTV / Policing and equality support
• 5.
  Bus Kilometres Operatedper Year (millions) 100 200 300 400 500 600 0 1963 1965 1967 1969 1971 1973 1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 Bus km (millions) Operated 1985/86 1987/88 1989/90 Pax km (millions) 1991/92 1963-2010 1993/94 Bus usage in London 1963-2010 1995/96 1997/98 1999/00 2001/02 2003/04 London bus network: service volume and usage 2005/06 2007/08 2009/10 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 Passenger Kilometres per Year (millions)
• 6.
  Air Quality inLondon • Air pollution is a serious problem in London - 1,000 premature deaths per year - 1,000 hospital admissions per year • Majority of Londoners concerned about poor air quality and want to see it improved • Particular problems with emissions of particulate matter (PM) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) • Road traffic major source of emissions • Trucks, buses, and coaches largest individual emitters
• 7.
  Environmental achievements •In depth understanding of environmental impact – Route 159 test cycle • Evaluate new fuels and technologies using standard test cycle 60.00 50.00 40.00 Speed (km/h) 30.00 20.00 10.00 0.00 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 Test Time (secs)
• 8.
  Environmental achievements todate • Emissions – all buses meet minimum Euro 2 (1997) and diesel particulate filter (DPF) by December 2005 • March 2010 – 76% fleet meet Euro 3 (2001) and better • Noise – new buses are 3dBA lower than European noise limit
• 9.
  CO2 impact ofthe bus fleet • 5% of London’s transport CO2 emissions come from buses • Buses are largest contributor to TfL’s CO2 footprint accounting for 38% of emissions • Network consumes 240 million litres of diesel per year • 610,000 tonnes of CO2 emissions produced per annum
• 10.
  Hybrid Trials • Hybridbus trials consist of evaluating 56 hybrid buses (2008-2012) Alexander Dennis E400H Optare Tempo Hybrid • 4.5ltr • 6.7ltr • BAE Systems HybriDrive driveline • Series/Parallel blended system • Lithium Ion battery • Nickle Metal Hydride battery • Series hybrid system Wrights/Volvo B5L Wrights (1st Gen) • 5ltr • Ford 1.9Ltr D • ISAM Parallel hybrid system • Siemens Series • Lithium Ion battery • Lithium Ion battery Alexander Dennis E200H Wrights (2nd Gen) • 4.5ltr • Ford 2.4ltr D • BAE Systems TB200 driveline • Siemens Series • Lithium Ion battery • Lithium Ion battery • Series hybrid system
• 11.
  Hybrid types Parallel system •Retains mechanical drive between engine and axle • Electrical motor / generator blended in to assist acceleration and retardation • Drive to the rear axle comes from the engine and electric motor in combination Series system • No mechanical link between engine and axle • Engine drives a generator, electric motor connected to axle • Able to operate in zero emission mode
• 12.
  Emissions Standards andTesting DOUBLE-DECK NOx CO2 Fuel litres Vehicle System Euro HC (g/km) CO (g/km) Pm (g/km) mpg (g/km) (g/km) / 100km Diesels Scania Diesel EGR E4 0.049 0.090 11.546 0.130 1572.1 59.380 4.8 Wright Gemini 2 Diesel SCR E5 0.028 1.985 7.734 0.053 1250.6 47.350 6.0 ADL Enviro400 Diesel SCR E4 0.051 1.620 8.646 0.045 1253.1 47.600 5.9 Volvo B9TL / ADL Diesel SCR E4 0.000 0.013 8.583 0.030 1670.3 63.080 4.5 Hybrids Siemens Wright Gemini 1H E4 0.012 0.039 7.616 0.060 866.0 32.800 8.6 Series Siemens Wright Gemini 2H E4 0.044 0.115 5.248 0.097 734.4 27.746 10.2 Series ADL Enviro400H BAE Series E4 0.053 0.815 8.792 0.029 856.1 32.380 8.7 E5 Volvo ISAM 0.020 0.152 6.738 0.043 937.3 35.400 8.0 +EEV
• 13.
  Emissions Standards andTesting DOUBLE-DECK NOx CO2 Fuel litres Vehicle System Euro HC (g/km) CO (g/km) Pm (g/km) mpg (g/km) (g/km) / 100km Diesels Scania Diesel EGR E4 0.049 0.090 11.546 0.130 1572.1 59.380 4.8 Wright Gemini 2 Diesel SCR E5 0.028 1.985 7.734 0.053 1250.6 47.350 6.0 ADL Enviro400 Diesel SCR E4 0.051 1.620 8.646 0.045 1253.1 47.600 5.9 Volvo B9TL / ADL Diesel SCR E4 0.000 0.013 8.583 0.030 1670.3 63.080 4.5 Hybrids Siemens Wright Gemini 1H E4 0.012 0.039 7.616 0.060 866.0 32.800 8.6 Series Siemens Wright Gemini 2H E4 0.044 0.115 5.248 0.097 734.4 27.746 10.2 Series ADL Enviro400H BAE Series E4 0.053 0.815 8.792 0.029 856.1 32.380 8.7 E5 Volvo ISAM 0.020 0.152 6.738 0.043 937.3 35.400 8.0 +EEV
• 14.
  Emissions Standards andTesting DOUBLE-DECK NOx CO2 Fuel litres Vehicle System Euro HC (g/km) CO (g/km) Pm (g/km) mpg (g/km) (g/km) / 100km Diesels Scania Diesel EGR E4 0.049 0.090 11.546 0.130 1572.1 59.380 4.8 Wright Gemini 2 Diesel SCR E5 0.028 1.985 7.734 0.053 1250.6 47.350 6.0 ADL Enviro400 Diesel SCR E4 0.051 1.620 8.646 0.045 1253.1 47.600 5.9 Volvo B9TL / ADL Diesel SCR E4 0.000 0.013 8.583 0.030 1670.3 63.080 4.5 Hybrids Siemens Wright Gemini 1H E4 0.012 0.039 7.616 0.060 866.0 32.800 8.6 Series Siemens Wright Gemini 2H E4 0.044 0.115 5.248 0.097 734.4 27.746 10.2 Series ADL Enviro400H BAE Series E4 0.053 0.815 8.792 0.029 856.1 32.380 8.7 E5 Volvo ISAM 0.020 0.152 6.738 0.043 937.3 35.400 8.0 +EEV
• 15.
  Hybrid performance (06/02/2011 – 05/03/2011) PERIOD 12 MPG 12.0 12.0 10.0 10.0 8.0 6.0 6.0 MPG 4.0 4.0 2.0 2.0 0.0 0.0 -2.0 Route (Single/Double) → 276 (S) 360 (S) 371 (S) E8 (S) 129 (S) 76 (D) 141 (D) 328 (D) 24 (D) 482 (D) 16 (D) 276 (S) Op 360 (S) WB 371 (S) ADL E8 (S) Op 129 (S) WB 76 (D) V 141 (D) All 328 (D) WB 24 (D) All 482 (D) ADL 16 (D) ADL MPG (Hybrid) 6.7 7.7 10.4 6.8 3.2 7.1 6.4 4.8 6.9 7.7 6.6 MPG (BM) 6.2 7.6 8.5 7.9 6.1 4.9 4.9 4.3 5.9 5.8 5.8 MPG (depot) 7.2 7.6 8.6 6.1 6.4 5.0 4.6 4.3 5.8 5.8 5.7 % change 9% 2% 22% -14% -47% 45% 31% 12% 18% 34% 15% PERIOD 12 YTD MPG 12.0 10.0 10.0 8.0 8.0 6.0 MPG 6.0 4.0 4.0 2.0 2.0 0.0 0.0 -2.0 Route (Single/Double) → 276 (S) 360 (S) 371 (S) E8 (S) 129 (S) 76 (D) 141 (D) 328 (D) 24 (D) 482 (D) 16 (D) 276 (S) 360 (S) 371 (S) E8 (S) 129 (S) 76 (D) 141 (D) 328 (D) 24 (D) 482 (D) 16 (D) MPG (Hybrid) 6.6 7.5 10.0 6.6 8.9 7.1 5.8 4.9 6.7 7.8 6.9 MPG (BM) 6.4 7.7 8.4 8.2 6.1 4.9 4.7 4.2 5.7 5.6 5.6 MPG (depot) 6.9 7.5 8.5 6.4 6.8 5.0 6.2 4.4 5.2 5.5 5.5 % change 3% -3% 19% -19% 45% 45% 24% 16% 18% 38% 22%
• 16.
  Hybrid bus benefitsand concerns Hybrid Benefits Operator Concerns • Low emissions • Added cost and weight – Global warming – CO2 – Local air quality – NOx, particulates • Relatively immature technology • Better fuel economy • Training & maintenance requirements • Smooth acceleration and performance • High voltage concerns • Quieter operation • Battery life • More reliable than alternative fuels • Vehicle financing Financial Incentives • Green Bus Fund • Fuel Saving • Tax Incentives (6p/km in UK)
• 17.
  Hybrid bus costs Targeting 30% CO2 Saving £ ? Time
• 18.
  Hydrogen Hybrid FuelCell bus for 2011 • A fleet of 8 hydrogen hybrid buses will operate on route RV1 and will be introduced in phases throughout 2011 • The new vehicles contain hybrid technology using a hydrogen fuel cell and energy storage system. These vehicles have greater range and higher efficiency than the previous generation
• 19.
  Other Environmental Initiatives • Ethanol • Biodiesel • Gas to Liquid (GTL) • NOx Abatement equipment – Retrofit programme • Eco-Driving (fuel efficient driving) – Training and technology – Acceleration control • Automatic engine shut down
• 20.
  Annual bus emissionsforecasts
• 21.
  Conclusions •London has an expanding bus fleet catering for both population increase and the move to sustainable transport • Good progress made so far in reducing local pollutants, especially particulates, from the bus fleet • Next step is to address carbon dioxide • Hybrids will start to make a substantial reduction in CO2 emissions over the medium term (2012 – 2020) • Hydrogen and fuel cell technology forms part of the long term vision as commercialisation unlikely until 2020
• 22.
  www.tfl.gov.uk