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12.3.1E Civil Rights Movements FINAL.pptx
- 1. CIVIL SOCIETY PROTEST1950S TO 1990S: The American Civil Rights Movement (Source-based question)
- 2. DEFINITIONS Segregation: the racialseparation of all public amenities Supreme Court: the highest court in the U.S.; its function is to make sure that all state and federal laws are in line with the principles set out in the Constitution Federal government: the central national government in Washington DC Civil disobedience: Peaceful protest in which people violate laws they think are unfair or unconstitutional • Sheriffs: government officials acting on behalf of the courts to make sure that federal laws are met in every state
- 3. THE ORIGIN ANDREASONS OF THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT IN THE USA (BACKGROUND INFORMATION ONLY) During the American Civil War,African-Americans were released New laws gave them their voting rights Whites in the southern states still made sure the rights of African-Americans were deprived Legislation took away African-Americans' voting rights Strict segregation laws were promulgated Ku Klux Klan white secret association used violence and fear to enforce the segregation laws •
- 4. ESTABLISHMENT OFTHE NAACP TheNAACP (the National Association for the Advancement of Coloured People) was established in 1909 They fought against segregation and discrimination During World War II, many African-Americans worked in war industries More than 1 million African-Americans have fought in the U.S. military • After the war,African-Americans were determined to put an end to • segregation
- 5. BROWN AGAINSTTHE EDUCATIONCOUNCIL OFTOPEKA COURT CASE • In 1950, the NAACP challenged the public education • sector in a court case • Brown against the Education Council ofTopeka • The local school inTopeka refused that a black learner be enrolled in the white primary school • The NCAAP referred the case to the Supreme Court • 1954 -Verdict: Segregation in the public education system is illegal • In terms of the ruling, most schools and public amenities remained segregated •
- 6. THE ROLE, IMPACTAND INFLUENCE OF MARTIN LUTHER KING JUNIOR Martin Luther King was a member of the NAACP His involvement in the Montgomery bus boycott made him a hero Was in favor of non-violent protest He founded the SCLC (Southern Christian Leadership Conference Goal:To train civil rights activists to deal with police, and media Brilliant public speaker speeches focus on impunity, prejudice and protest Philosophy: Civil disobedience (non-violent protest) Believed that black people and white people could live together in equality and friendship Many times, arrested during his campaigns • Received Nobel Peace Prize in 1964
- 7. THE INFLUENCE OF(GANDHI) AND PASSIVE RESISTANCE Martin Luther King's policy of non-violent resistance was influenced by the philosophy of Mahatma Ghandi Ghandi stayed in South Africa for 20 years He led non-violent protests against the discrimination of the Indian community After his return to India- he used non-violent resistance against the British rule too Ghandi's tactics: strikes, marches and refusal to obey unfair laws • India independently acquired india in 1974
- 8. FORMS OF PROTESTBY CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE: Beliefs and actions of the Civil Rights Movement Non-violent protest by acts of civil disobedience Mass action through various forms of peaceful resisting Marches Newspaper petitions Sitting Strikes Songs • Voter Registration Campaigns
- 9. MONTGOMERY BUS BOYCOTT 1955, SIT -, PROTEST MARCHES 1Dec 1955:Rosa Parks refused to give her seat to a white man Open challenge of the segregation laws She was arrested violating a segregation law The black community boycotted the city's bus service The Montgomery Improvement Association (HIA) is formed Martin Luther King minister of Montgomery –first president of MIA Boycott lasts a year Bus company loses 65% of its revenue White racists set churches on fire in the black communities
- 10. SUPREME COURT RULINGONTHE ROSA PARKS CASE Success: Segregation on buses is against the Constitution of the US • Rosa parks have inspired others to stand up for their rights
- 11. SIT -INS AND OTHERFORMS OF PROTEST By the end of the 1950s,Afro—Americans were frustrated about slow change Black and white student supported the SNCC (Student Non-violent Co-ordinating Committee) 1960 :SNCC students held a "sit-ins at Woolworths Greensboro" at a dinner counter in the department store-4 students refused to move until they were served Black student was not allowed to use the restaurant facilities Sit-ins- spread further to other states- non-violence action resulted into insults and attacks from whites 70,000 student join protect action followed : "kneel -ins, read- ins", wade-ins at public pools" etc.. • Public support for desegregation increase-in Nashville and many Southern towns- desegregated public facilities accrued
- 12. “FREEDOM RIDERS" Thousands ofblack and white people have engaged in non-violent civil disobedience Claim desegregation of public amenities Other Civil Rights activists have become "freedom riders" on interstate buses Hope of integration of buses and bus stations in the southern states Goal with freedom riders: Seek media attention to force the federal government to do more for civil rights • Many of the freedom riders were assaulted by angry whites
- 13. "FREEDOM SUMMER OF1964" James Meredith black student is enrolled at University of Mississippi Upon arrival, he is attacked by thousands of white student and angry white residents 50,000 Army troops are sent to restore the order In the "Freedom Summer of 1964, black and white Civil Rights members went to Mississippi to open "Freedom Schools" • African-Americans were encouraged to register as voters
- 14. SUCCESS OF "FREEDOM SCHOOLS" 60,000new black voters registered
- 15. INTERSTATE BUS SYSTEMIS DESEGREGATED Success: from the Freedom riders
- 16. LINCOLN MEMORIAL MARCH:28 AUGUST1963 Civil rights members held massive protest marches in the capital –Washington DC 250,000 protest attendees At the Lincoln Memorial Stone- claim total racial equality ;civil rights and job for all • Peacefully March
- 17. SUCCESS OF THE LINCOLNMEMORIAL MARCH Martin Luther's speech: "I have a dream" The support for the Civil Rights Movement has grown •
- 18. BIRMINGHAM CAMPAIGN Birmingham policeand Police Chief Bull Connor were known for their racism They also had ties to the Ku Klux Klan King arranges a march in Birmingham Goal:To draw attention to ongoing segregation in Birmingham Police use violence to suppress the peaceful protest: Electric cattle shock sticks, dogs and fire hoses 1000 Protesters Are Arrested—Including Martin Luther King Tensions remained—September 1963, four black children were killed in a church by a Ku Klux Klan—bomb •
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- 20. SUCCESS: BIRMINGHAM CAMPAIGN PresidentKennedy ordered the protesters to be released • Segregation is ended
- 21. SELMA MONTGOMERY MARCHES; 7March 1965, the Civil Rights Movement arranged a march in Selma, Montgomery Selma was known for his racist and brutal sheriff- Jim Clark Only 2.4% of African-Americans were registered Although the march was banned from Selma to Montgomery, it continued • 600 Protesters Were Brutally Attacked by Police : Bloody Sunday • 9 March second March planned but was banned-confronted with state troopers • Protesters return back • 21 March 1965 3rd march organized declared as legal –march successful
- 22. SUCCESS OFTHE SELMAMONTGOMERY MARCHES Support for the Civil Rights Movement has grown African-Americans have registered in Selma • 6 August 1965Voting Rights Act was sign by President Johnson
- 23. SCHOOL DESEGREGATION: CASE STUDY(LITTLE ROCK,ARKANSAS) Despite the Supreme Court ruling in 1954, segregation was still present in the public school system of the southern states Central High School in Little Rock,Arkansas was one of the best schools in the south 1957 saw 9 black student trying to enroll The governor of Arkansas called up state troopers (National Guard) to prevent learners from entering school Outside the school, angry whites gathered and directed insults against the 9 students
- 24. SUCCESS OF THECIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT IN LITTLE ROCK President Eisenhower intervened 1000 Federal troops were sent to maintain order For six weeks, troops remained until tensions declined •
- 25. SHORT -TERM AND LONG-TERMGAINS. In 1964, the Civil Rights Act was promulgated Segregation and discrimination are prohibited in all facilities King and the SCLC urged African-Americans to register as voters Within 18 months, half a million black voters were on the voter's lists 1965:Voting Rights Act was accepted- this helped to end discrimination in the southern states Long-term: peaceful protest could bring meaningful change Was an inspiration to other parts of the world where racial discrimination occurred •