12 holistic dynamic

12 holistic dynamic

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  HOLISTIC-DYNAMIC THEORY BY ABRAHAM MASLOW Presentedby: Mary Anne A. Portuguez, MP, RPm
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  MASLOW'S SELF- ACTUALIZATION POSITION
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  BRIEF BIOGRAPHY • AbrahamHarold (Abe) Maslow had, perhaps, the most lonely and miserable childhood. Born in Manhattan, New York, on April 1, 1908, Maslow spent his unhappy childhood in Brooklyn. Maslow was the oldest of seven children born to Samuel Maslow and Rose Schilosky Maslow.
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  Cheesy Event He wasdeeply in love, a condition that made it difficult to concentrate on school work. Being hopelessly shy, the young man could not muster the courage to approach his beloved in any romantic fashion. Interestingly, the young woman who was the object of his affections was also his first cousin. This situation allowed him to visit his cousin on the pretext of calling on his aunt. He loved his cousin in a distant, bashful sort of way, having never touched her nor expressed his feelings. Then, suddenly a fortuitous event changed his life. While visiting his aunt, his cousin’s older sister shoved the young man toward his cousin, virtually ordering him to kiss her. He did, and to his surprise his cousin did not fight back. She kissed him, and from that time on his life became meaningful.
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  Humanistic Biology andSelf- Actualization • Self-actualization: process whereby the healthy development of people’s abilities enables them to fulfill their own true natures • Humanistic biology: the basic nature of human beings is potentially good and capable of pushing people in the direction of self-realization if the right social conditions prevail
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  Basic Tenets • First,Maslow (1970) adopted a holistic approach to motivation: That is, the whole person, not any single part or function, is motivated. • Second, motivation is usually complex, meaning that a person’s behavior may spring from several separate motives. • A third assumption is that people are continually motivated by one need or another. • Fourth, all people everywhere are motivated by the same basic needs. • Fifth, needs can be arranged on a hierarchy
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  Overview • Maslow (1970cited by Feist & Feist, 2009) referred to it as a holistic- dynamic theory because it assumes that the whole person is constantly being motivated by one need or another and that people have the potential to grow toward psychological health, that is, self- actualization.
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  Hierarchy of HumanNeeds • Humans have two basic sets of needs that are rooted in their biology: • Deficiency needs (basic needs): lower needs that must be gratified before it becomes possible to move into the growth area • Growth needs (meta needs): higher needs that may emerge once the basic needs have been satisfied
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  The Hierarchy ofHuman Needs • Basic needs: • Physiological: needs for food, water, sex, air, sleep • Safety: needs for feeling safe, protection, structure, freedom within limits • Belongingness and love: needs to feel that we have a place and that we are loved • D-love: selfish love in which the individual is more concerned with receiving love and gratifying his or her needs than with giving love to another; also known as deficiency-love • B-love: mature form of love in which the person is more concerned with giving love to benefit others than in receiving love from others to gratify his or her needs; also known as being-love
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  The Hierarchy ofHuman Needs (cont'd.) • Basic needs (cont'd.): • Esteem: needs for respect and recognition • Self-esteem: respect based on our own competence, independence, and achievements • Esteem from others: respect and recognition accorded us by others
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  The Hierarchy ofHuman Needs (cont'd.) • Meta needs: • Once the basic needs have been sufficiently gratified, the needs for self-actualization and cognitive understanding become salient • Jonah complex: fear that exercising our abilities to the maximum will bring with it responsibilities and duties that we will be unable to handle; an unwillingness to sacrifice current safety and security for the unknown
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  The Hierarchy ofHuman Needs (cont'd.) • Meta needs (cont'd.): • Authoritative parenting: disciplinary style in which children are consulted by parents in the establishment of disciplinary rules • Permissive parenting: disciplinary style in which parents make few demands on their children and use little punishment; “dopey parents” • Authoritarian parenting: disciplinary style in which parents discourage verbal give-and-take with their children and instead, expect unquestioning obedience to their judgments
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  B-Cognition and Actualization •B-cognition: state of experiencing that is nonjudgmental and self- validating • D-cognition: state of experiencing that involves judgments of approval and disapproval • Peak experience: intense, mystical experience in which an individual exists in a temporary state of joy and wonderment Additional important term: B-values: These “Being” values are indicators of psychological health and are opposed to deficiency needs; “metaneeds”
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  Characteristics of Self-ActualizingPeople • Self-actualizers: individuals who have gratified their basic needs and developed their potentialities to the point that they can be considered healthy, more fully functioning human beings • Characteristics of self-actualizers: • Problem-centered • Democratic character • Not prejudiced • Cosmopolitan in outlook • Socially responsible • Resist enculturation, where appropriate • Capable of unselfish love • Fresh appreciation of events
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  Assessment Techniques • PersonalOrientation Inventory (POI): measure of self-actualization; This inventory consists of 150 forced-choice items, such as (a) “I can feel comfortable with less than a perfect performance” versus (b) “I feel uncomfortable with anything less than a perfect performance”; (a) “ Two people will get along best if each concentrates on pleasing the other” versus (b) “Two people can get along best if each person feels free to express himself ”
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  Theory's Implications forTherapy • Neurotics are those who have been unable to satisfy their basic needs and thus have been precluded from moving toward the ultimate goal of self-actualization • Therapy must be interpersonal in nature
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  Evaluative Comments • Comprehensiveness:not quite as comprehensive as it first appears • Precision and testability: not very precise and somewhat difficult to test adequately • Parsimony: fails to meet the parsimony criterion; too simplistic • Empirical validity: empirical support is not consistent • Heuristic value: theory has been very stimulating to researchers in a large number of disciplines; strong heuristic value • Applied value: strong applied value in pastoral and educational counseling and in the business world