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12.08.08: Histology of the Urinary Tract

The document outlines the histology of the urinary tract, focusing on kidney organization, blood supply, and nephron structure. It details kidney functions like filtration, reabsorption, and secretion, and discusses the structural components including renal corpuscles, tubules, and the juxtaglomerular complex. The material, authored by Michael Hortsch and published in 2009, is intended for educational purposes and is protected under Creative Commons licensing.

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Histology of the Urinary Tract Michael Hortsch, Ph.D. Department of Cell and Developmental Biology University of Michigan Fall 2008
James A. Shannon, Robert Berliner, and Homer W. Smith (center) prior to Smith s lecture on April 26, 1960 (NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA). National Library of Medicine (1939)
Objectives Renal Histology: •  Study the general organization of the kidney and how cortical and medullar structures relate to each other. •  Follow the blood supply distribution network throughout the kidney tissue. •  Define the nephron as the principle functional unit of the kidney. •  Learn about the different renal glomerular components and how they accomplish blood filtration. •  Discuss filtrate conditioning by the proximal convoluted tubules. •  Study the changes in the epithelial lining along the nephron and collecting tubules and how they tie into the physiological role of the kidney •  Understand the organization and function of the different postglomerular blood vessels. •  Recognize the cellular components of the juxtaglomerular junctions and their physiological roles. •  Learn about the histological appearance of the ureter and bladder.
Kidney Functions: •  Filtration of most small molecules from blood plasma to form a filtrate. •  Selective reabsorption of most of the water and other molecules from the filtrate, leaving behind waste products to be secreted. •  Secretion of some excretory products directly into the filtrate (e.g., H+ by Na+/H+ exchanger). •  Endocrine functions: Maintenance of blood pressure (renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system), synthesis of erythropoietin, and activation/hydroxylation of 25-OH vitamin D3 (Ca2+ metabolism).
U.S. Federal Government Wheater s Functional Histology; 4th edition, 2000, Young and Heath; Churchill Livingstone Elsevier Fig.16.3 The kidney is subdivided in lobes with medullary and cortical areas
Medium magnification of a single kidney lobe: The medulla is characterized by long straight tubules, which extend into cortical areas. It has a triangular shape with the tip pointing to the hilum (medullary pyramid) Wheater s Functional Histology; 4th edition, 2000, Young and Heath; Churchill Livingstone Elsevier Fig 16.5
Proximal Convoluted Tubule Distal Renal or Convolute Malpighian d Tubule corpuscle Source Undetermined The nephron is the principle functional unit of the kidney. There Loop of Henle —Descending Collecting are about 1.3 million nephrons in a & Ascending Duct normal human kidney. It consists of a ball-shaped renal or Malpighian corpuscle, which carries out blood filtration, and a long tubular part, which carries out filtrate conditioning and processing. Gray s Anatomy
cortical nephron U.S. Federal Government Gray s Anatomy cortico medullary nephron would be here Histology – A Text and Atlas; 5th edition, 2006, Ross and Pawlina, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins Fig 20.6
Arteriogram of a human kidney: Blood supply and drainage is via the hialum by the renal artery and the renal vein, respectively. Histology – A Text and Atlas; 5th edition, 2006, Ross and Pawlina, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins Fig 20.6
Interlobar arteries split at the cortico- medullary junction into arcuate arteries. Arcuate arteries branch into interlobular arteries, intralobular arteries, which both supply Piotr Michał Jaworski, Wikipedia afferent arterioles. 1. Renal pyramid 10. Inferior renal capsule 2. Interlobar artery 11. Superior renal capsule 3. Renal artery 12. Interlobar vein 4. Renal vein 13. Nephron 5. Renal hylum 14. Minor calyx 6. Renal pelvis 15. Major calyx 7. Ureter 16. Renal papilla 8. Minor calyx 17. Renal column 9. Renal capsule
Blood filtration takes place in the renal corpuscle through the walls of the capillaries in the renal corpuscle. The residual blood components are drained by the efferent arteriole. Gray s Anatomy
Reproduction of Gray's figure 1130 by Mysid, Wikipedia. The capillary system of a renal corpuscle is called the glomerulus
Scanning electron micrograph of a cast of several glomeruli Color Atlas of Histology; 1992; Erlandsen and Magney; Mosby Book Fig 18-4
Blood supply of a glomerulus is supplied by the afferent arteriole and drained by the efferent arteriole. Both arterioles enter/ exit the renal corpuscle at the vascular pole. Wheater s Functional Histology; 4th edition, 2000, Young and Heath; Churchill Livingstone Elsevier Fig 16.10
Color Atlas of Histology, 1992, Erlandsen and Magney, Mosby Book Fig 18-8 The renal blood filtration barrier consists of a specialized basement membrane and two cellular components, the fenestrated (diameter 50-100 nm) capillary endothelium and the podocytes.
Extensions of the podocyte cell, called pedicels, wrap around the capillary system of the glomeruli Color Atlas of Histology, 1992, Erlandsen and Magney, Mosby Book Fig 18-10
Image of renal filtration barrier removed Artistic illustration of the renal filtration barrier
Image of renal filtration barrier removed The pedicels of the podocytes form filtration slits, which are on average about 25 nm wide.
The renal filtration basement membrane is 240-350 nm thick and is produced by both by podocytes and capillary endothelial cells. It is rich in negatively charged glycoproteins. Since it is a double basement membrane, it contains two lamina rara layers. It will exclude particles larger than 10 nm and 60,000 to 70,000 Daltons in size. Color Atlas of Histology, 1992, Erlandsen and Magney, Mosby Book Modified from 18-11
Concise Histology by Fawcett and Jensh, 1997, Chapman & Hall Fig 21-8 Electron micrograph of the renal filtration barrier
A Text and Atlas; 5th edition, 2006, Ross and Pawlina, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins Fig 20.10 Mesangial cells maintain the glomerular basement membrane and also contribute to its formation.
Electron micrograph micrograph of a mesangial cell. In response to angiotensin II the extensions of mesangial cells contract and reduce the blood flow through the glomerular capillaries. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) causes mesangial cells to relax. Cell and Tissue Ultrastructure – A Functional Perspective; 1993; Cross and Mercer, Freeman and Co. Fig. page 325
Bowman s capsule has a visceral (podocyte layer) and a parietal cell layer (simple squamous epithelium). The primary filtration product is collected between the two layers in the urinary space and is drained from the renal corpuscle at the urinary pole. National Modified by M. Hortsch from Wheater s Functional Histology; 3rd edition, 1993, Burkitt, Young, Library of and Heath; Churchill Livingstone Fig. 16.19 Medicine
At the urinary pole starts the proximal convoluted tubular system (PCT). Color Atlas of Basic Histology, 1993, Berman, Appelton and Lange Fig 16-8
The PCT system has a Image of PCT simple cuboidal System removed epithelium, that contains a characteristic apical brush border.
The PCT section is the longest subregion of the nephron tubular system (in humans about 15 mm). Therefore, in the cortex most cross-sections of tubules will represent PCT. Color Atlas of Basic Histology, 1993, Berman, Appelton and Lange Fig 16-7
This electron micrograph shows the characteristic brush border and numerous mitochondria that provide energy for various pump and salvage processes. Cell and Tissue Ultrastructure – A Functional Perspective; 1993; Cross and Mercer, Freeman and Co.page 329
The PCT epithelium is sealed by tight junctions. Salt and small nutrient molecules are transported to the basal aspect of the epithelium. The basolateral plasma membrane is enriched in Na +/K+-ATPase complexes, which act as sodium pumps. Source Undetermined
The intial and the last segment of the Henle s loop is lined by a simple cuboidal epithelium The middle segment or thin limb of Henle s loop is lined by a simple squamous Image of the DCT epithelium. removed Original from Basic Histology – Text & Atlas; 10th edition, 2003; Junqueira and Carneiro, Lange McGraw-Hill Figure 19-16 Transverse section of pyramidal substance of kidney of pig, the bloodvessels of which are injected. a. Large collecting tube, cut across, lined with cylindrical epithelium. b. Branch of collecting tube, cut across, lined with cubical epithelium. c, d. Henle s loops cut across. e. Bloodvessels cut across. D. Connective tissue ground substance. Source Undetermined, Wikipedia
The PCT turns into the loop of Henle and continues downwards into the medulla. The initial segment is the straight descending thick limp (simple cuboidal epithelium with an apical brush border). Around the outer part of the medulla it abruptly changes into the thin descending limb, loosing its brush border and turning into a simple squamous epithelium. Concise Histology by Fawcett and Jensh, 1997, Chapman & Hall Fig 21-12 Originally Osvaldo and Latta J. of Ultrastructure Research 15: 144, 1966
Human Histology, 2nd edition, 1997, Stevens and Lowe, Mosby Fig 15.19 The thin limb of the loop of Henle has a similar appearance as blood capillaries.
Color Atlas of Histology, 1992, Erlandsen and Magney, Mosby Book Fig 18-18 In the medulla the thin limb of the loop of Henle makes a turn back towards the renal corpuscle at the beginning of the nephron.
Histological differences between the outer and the inner (deep) medulla Outer medulla Japanese slide set (Humio Mizoguti, Department of Anatomy, Kobe University Inner medulla Gray s Anatomy School of Medicine, Slides #454 and #458
The Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT) is shorter (about 5 mm in humans) than the PCT segment and has no apical Image of the DCT brush border. removed vs. Color Textbook of Histology; 3rd edition, 2007; Gartner and Hiatt; Elsevier Figures 19-12 and 19-13 PCT DCT
Wheater s Functional Histology; 3rd edition, 1993, Burkitt, Young, and Heath; Churchill Livingstone, Fig 16.18b PCT = Proximal Convoluted Tubule DCT = Distal Convoluted Tubule
DCT from several nephrons Image of the DCT release the processed filtrate removed into collecting tubules, which merge to form collecting ducts. Transverse section of pyramidal substance of kidney of pig, the bloodvessels of which are injected. a. Large collecting tube, cut across, lined with cylindrical epithelium. b. Branch of collecting tube, cut across, lined with cubical epithelium. c, d. Henle s loops cut across. e. Bloodvessels cut across. D. Connective tissue ground substance.
Collecting tubules can be recognized by a clear lateral demarcation between neighboring epithelial cells. In contrast to the other tubular parts of the nephron, lateral membrane infoldings and interdigitations are missing, making the lateral cell contacts more visible. Color Atlas of Basic Histology; 1993; Berman; Appelton and Lange, Fig 16-13
Collecting ducts are formed by the fusion of collecting tubules and extend towards the renal papilla and the renal calyx. Color Atlas of Basic Histology; 1993; Berman; Appelton and Lange Fig 16-14
Human Histology, 2nd edition, 1997, Stevens and Lowe, Mosby, Fig 15.36 The large collecting ducts at the tip of the medullary pyramid are referred to as the ducts of Bellini. The final processed filtration product is collecting in the major calyces. Source Undetermined, Wikipedia
Image of the DCT removed Changes of the lining epithelium along the nephron and the Original from Basic Histology – Text & Atlas; 10th edition, 2003; collecting tubules/ducts Junqueira and Carneiro, Lange McGraw-Hill Figure 19-16
300 mOs Flow of the renal filtration fluid and selective removal of salt and water creates an osmolarity gradient between cortical and medullar regions. This is called the counter-current multiplier system. 1200 mOs Human Histology, 2nd edition, 1997, Stevens and Lowe, Mosby Fig 15.20
Aldosterone increases sodium uptake in the DCT. ADH (Antidiuretic hormone) regulates the water permeability of the distal part of the nephron and thereby influences the volume and concentration of the final filtration product. Wheater s Functional Histology; 4th edition, 2000, Young and Heath; Churchill Livingstone Elsevier Fig. 16.21
The efferent arterioles split into a second capillary system, the peritubular network, which nourishes and supplies the convoluted tubles. The peritubular capillary endothelial cells are also a source of erythropoietin. Cortico-medullary nephrons also extend a capillary branch deep into the medulla. These capillaries are called the vasa recta system. Human Histology, 2nd edition, 1997, Stevens and Lowe, Mosby Fig 15.4a
The vasa recta capillaries follow the collecting tubules/ ducts into the deep medulla. Human Histology, 2nd edition, 1997, Stevens and Lowe, Mosby Fig 16.35b
300 mOs The vasa recta capillaries pass through a region of high osmolarity. This results in an exchange of blood fluid/water. This is called the counter-current exchange system. 1200 mOs Human Histology, 2nd edition, 1997, Stevens and Lowe, Mosby Fig 15.25
(also Goormaghtigh cells or extraglomerular mesangial cells) Human Histology, 2nd edition, 1997, Stevens and Lowe, Mosby, Modified from Fig 15.28a The juxtaglomerular complex (shown by D) has important control and regulation functions.
The DCT passes between the afferent and efferent arteriole at the vascular pole of the renal corpuscle. A thickening in the DCT epithelium signifies the macular densa. The macula densa regulates mesangial and juxtaglomerular cells and thereby influences the blood flow through the glomerular network and the blood pressure and the renin- Human Histology, 2nd edition, 1997, Stevens and Lowe, Mosby, Fig 15.28b angiotensin system (see next slides).
Color Atlas of Histology; 1992; Erlandsen and Magney; Mosby Book Fig 18-20 National Library of Medicine Specialized smooth muscle cells in the afferent arteriolar wall (called juxtaglomerular cells) produce the hormone renin as shown in this immunocytochemical micrograph. Renin or angiotensinogenase is an enzyme with a proteolytic activity that cleaves angiotensinogen into angiotensin I.
Renin secretion is triggered by ATP release from the macular densa. It induces the activation of angiotensin, which in turn induces the release of aldosterone, resulting in sodium and A. Rad, Wikipedia water retention in the kidney.
The ureter is lined by a transitional epithelium and has a rather disorganized smooth muscle layer. Color Atlas of Basic Histology; 1993; Berman; Appelton and Lange Fig 16-17
Michigan Medical Histology Slide Collection Slide 212 Relaxed transitional epithelium Michigan Medical Histology Slide Collection Slide 19-1 Distended transitional epithelium
Source Undetermined Source Undetermined Relaxed transitional epithelium Source Undetermined Source Undetermined Distended transitional epithelium
Color Atlas of Basic Histology; 1993; Berman; Appelton and Lange, Fig 16-18 Similarly, the bladder is lined by a transitional epithelium and has three rather unorganized smooth muscle layers.
Additional Source Information for more information see: http://open.umich.edu/wiki/CitationPolicy Slide 4: National Library of Medicine Slide 7: Kidney , U.S Federal Government, Histology Image , Wheater s Functional Histology, 4th edition, 2000, Young and Heath, Churchill Livingstone Elsevier Fig.16.3 Slide 8: Wheater s Functional Histology, 4th edition, 2000, Young and Heath, Churchill Livingstone Elsevier Fig 16.5 Slide 9: Marcello Malpighi , Source Undetermined; Nephron , Gray s Anatomy Slide 10: Kidney , U.S Federal Government, Histology Image , A Text and Atlas, 5th edition, 2006, Ross and Pawlina, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins Fig 20.6; Kidney Sketch , Gray s Anatomy Slide 11: Histology – A Text and Atlas, 5th edition, 2006, Ross and Pawlina, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins Fig 20.6 Slide 12: Piotr Michał Jaworski , Wikipedia, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:KidneyStructures_PioM.svg, CC: BY-SA 3.0 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ Slide 13: Gray s Anatomy Slide 14: Vectorized in CorelDraw by Mysid, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Mysid, from the online edition of Gray's Anatomy, Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gray1130.svg Slide 15: Glomeruli , Color Atlas of Histology, 1992, Erlandsen and Magney, Mosby Book Fig 18-4 Slide 16: Wheater s Functional Histology, 4th edition, 2000, Young and Heath, Churchill Livingstone Elsevier Fig 16.10 Slide 17: Color Atlas of Histology, 1992, Erlandsen and Magney, Mosby Book Fig 18-8 Slide 18: Color Atlas of Histology, 1992, Erlandsen and Magney, Mosby Book Fig 18-10 Slide 21: Color Atlas of Histology, 1992, Erlandsen and Magney, Mosby Book Modified from 18-11 Slide 22: Concise Histology by Fawcett and Jensh, 1997, Chapman & Hall Fig 21-8 Slide 23: A Text and Atlas, 5th edition, 2006, Ross and Pawlina, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins Fig 20.10 Slide 24: Cell and Tissue Ultrastructure – A Functional Perspective, 1993, Cross and Mercer, Freeman and Co. Fig. page 325 Slide 25: Bowman s Capsule , Modified by M. Hortsch from Wheater s Functional Histology, 3rd edition, 1993, Burkitt, Young, and Heath, Churchill Livingstone Fig. 16.19; William Bowman , National Library of Medicine, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:William_Bowman.jpg Slide 26: Color Atlas of Basic Histology, 1993, Berman, Appelton and Lange Fig 16-8 Slide 28: Color Atlas of Basic Histology, 1993, Berman, Appelton and Lange Fig 16-7 Slide 29: Cell and Tissue Ultrastructure – A Functional Perspective; 1993, Cross and Mercer, Freeman and Co.page 329 Slide 30: Source Undetermined
Slide 31: Jacob Henle , Source Undetermined, Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Henle; Henle s Loop Basic Histology – Text & Atlas, 10th edition, 2003, Junqueira and Carneiro, Lange McGraw-Hill Figure 19-16 Slide 32: Concise Histology by Fawcett and Jensh, 1997, Chapman & Hall Fig 21-12 Originally Osvaldo and Latta J. of Ultrastructure Research 15: 144, 1966 Slide 33: Human Histology, 2nd edition, 1997, Stevens and Lowe, Mosby Fig 15.19 Slide 34: Color Atlas of Histology, 1992, Erlandsen and Magney, Mosby Book Fig 18-18 Slide 35: Gray s Anatomy; Japanese slide set (Humio Mizoguti, Department of Anatomy, Kobe University School of Medicine, Slides #454 and #458 Slide 36: Color Textbook of Histology, 3rd edition, 2007, Gartner and Hiatt, Elsevier Figures 19-12 and 19-13 Slide 37: Wheater s Functional Histology, 3rd edition, 1993, Burkitt, Young, and Heath, Churchill Livingstone, Fig 16.18b Slide 39: Color Atlas of Basic Histology, 1993, Berman, Appelton and Lange, Fig 16-13 Slide 40: Color Atlas of Basic Histology, 1993, Berman, Appelton and Lange Fig 16-14 Slide 41: Human Histology, 2nd edition, 1997, Stevens and Lowe, Mosby, Fig 15.36; Bellini Source Undetermined, Wikipedia Slide 43: Human Histology, 2nd edition, 1997, Stevens and Lowe, Mosby Fig 15.20 Slide 44: Wheater s Functional Histology; 4th edition, 2000, Young and Heath; Churchill Livingstone Elsevier Fig. 16.21 Slide 45: Human Histology, 2nd edition, 1997, Stevens and Lowe, Mosby Fig 15.4a Slide 46: Human Histology, 2nd edition, 1997, Stevens and Lowe, Mosby Fig 16.35b Slide 47: Human Histology, 2nd edition, 1997, Stevens and Lowe, Mosby Fig 15.25 Slide 49: Human Histology, 2nd edition, 1997, Stevens and Lowe, Mosby, Fig 15.28b Slide 50: National Library of Medicine, Color Atlas of Histology, 1992, Erlandsen and Magney, Mosby Book Fig 18-20 Slide 51: A. Rad, Wikipedia, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone_system.png , GNU FDL 1.2, http://www.gnu.org/licenses/fdl-1.2.html#TOC1 Slide 52: Color Atlas of Basic Histology, 1993, Berman, Appelton and Lange Fig 16-17 Slide 53: Michigan Medical Histology Slide Collection Slide 212; Michigan Medical Histology Slide Collection Slide 19-1 Slide 54: Source Undetermined all Slide 55: Color Atlas of Basic Histology, 1993, Berman, Appelton and Lange, Fig 16-18

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In this document
Powered by AI

Overview of licensing under Creative Commons for sharing and adapting educational material.

Discussion of renal histology by Michael Hortsch, placing emphasis on structure.

References the historical figures in kidney research, noting the importance of their contributions.

Goals include understanding kidney organization, nephron function, blood supply, and histological features.

Kidneys filter blood, reabsorb water, secrete waste and perform endocrine functions like blood pressure regulation.

Detailed structure of the kidney including lobes and blood supply through various arteries.

Mechanisms of blood filtration in the renal corpuscle, including details on glomeruli formation.

Examination of the filtration barrier in renal corpuscles, including components like podocytes and mesangial cells.

Process of urine formation, emphasizing segments like proximal convoluted tubule and its cellular structure.

Characteristics of the loop of Henle and distal convoluted tubule, detailing epithelial features and functions.

Information on collecting tubules/ducts and their role, including structural observations at various sites.

Counter-current multiplier system leading to osmolarity gradient and hormonal effects on nephron functions.

Describes the importance of peritubular networks and juxtaglomerular cells in kidney regulation.

Transitional epithelium in ureters and bladder, observing structural details for functionality.

Citiation policies and additional resources for further referencing of the histological content.

12.08.08: Histology of the Urinary Tract

  • 1.
    Author(s): Michael Hortsch,Ph.D., 2009 License: Unless otherwise noted, this material is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution–Non-commercial–Share Alike 3.0 License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ We have reviewed this material in accordance with U.S. Copyright Law and have tried to maximize your ability to use, share, and adapt it. The citation key on the following slide provides information about how you may share and adapt this material. Copyright holders of content included in this material should contact [email protected] with any questions, corrections, or clarification regarding the use of content. For more information about how to cite these materials visit http://open.umich.edu/education/about/terms-of-use. Any medical information in this material is intended to inform and educate and is not a tool for self-diagnosis or a replacement for medical evaluation, advice, diagnosis or treatment by a healthcare professional. Please speak to your physician if you have questions about your medical condition. Viewer discretion is advised: Some medical content is graphic and may not be suitable for all viewers.
  • 2.
    Citation Key for more information see: http://open.umich.edu/wiki/CitationPolicy Use + Share + Adapt { Content the copyright holder, author, or law permits you to use, share and adapt. } Public Domain – Government: Works that are produced by the U.S. Government. (17 USC §105) Public Domain – Expired: Works that are no longer protected due to an expired copyright term. Public Domain – Self Dedicated: Works that a copyright holder has dedicated to the public domain. Creative Commons – Zero Waiver Creative Commons – Attribution License Creative Commons – Attribution Share Alike License Creative Commons – Attribution Noncommercial License Creative Commons – Attribution Noncommercial Share Alike License GNU – Free Documentation License Make Your Own Assessment { Content Open.Michigan believes can be used, shared, and adapted because it is ineligible for copyright. } Public Domain – Ineligible: Works that are ineligible for copyright protection in the U.S. (17 USC § 102(b)) *laws in your jurisdiction may differ { Content Open.Michigan has used under a Fair Use determination. } Fair Use: Use of works that is determined to be Fair consistent with the U.S. Copyright Act. (17 USC § 107) *laws in your jurisdiction may differ Our determination DOES NOT mean that all uses of this 3rd-party content are Fair Uses and we DO NOT guarantee that your use of the content is Fair. To use this content you should do your own independent analysis to determine whether or not your use will be Fair.
  • 3.
    Histology of theUrinary Tract Michael Hortsch, Ph.D. Department of Cell and Developmental Biology University of Michigan Fall 2008
  • 4.
    James A. Shannon,Robert Berliner, and Homer W. Smith (center) prior to Smith s lecture on April 26, 1960 (NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA). National Library of Medicine (1939)
  • 5.
    Objectives Renal Histology: • Study the general organization of the kidney and how cortical and medullar structures relate to each other. •  Follow the blood supply distribution network throughout the kidney tissue. •  Define the nephron as the principle functional unit of the kidney. •  Learn about the different renal glomerular components and how they accomplish blood filtration. •  Discuss filtrate conditioning by the proximal convoluted tubules. •  Study the changes in the epithelial lining along the nephron and collecting tubules and how they tie into the physiological role of the kidney •  Understand the organization and function of the different postglomerular blood vessels. •  Recognize the cellular components of the juxtaglomerular junctions and their physiological roles. •  Learn about the histological appearance of the ureter and bladder.
  • 6.
    Kidney Functions: •  Filtrationof most small molecules from blood plasma to form a filtrate. •  Selective reabsorption of most of the water and other molecules from the filtrate, leaving behind waste products to be secreted. •  Secretion of some excretory products directly into the filtrate (e.g., H+ by Na+/H+ exchanger). •  Endocrine functions: Maintenance of blood pressure (renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system), synthesis of erythropoietin, and activation/hydroxylation of 25-OH vitamin D3 (Ca2+ metabolism).
  • 7.
    U.S. Federal Government Wheater s Functional Histology; 4th edition, 2000, Young and Heath; Churchill Livingstone Elsevier Fig.16.3 The kidney is subdivided in lobes with medullary and cortical areas
  • 8.
    Medium magnification ofa single kidney lobe: The medulla is characterized by long straight tubules, which extend into cortical areas. It has a triangular shape with the tip pointing to the hilum (medullary pyramid) Wheater s Functional Histology; 4th edition, 2000, Young and Heath; Churchill Livingstone Elsevier Fig 16.5
  • 9.
    Proximal Convoluted Tubule Distal Renal or Convolute Malpighian d Tubule corpuscle Source Undetermined The nephron is the principle functional unit of the kidney. There Loop of Henle —Descending Collecting are about 1.3 million nephrons in a & Ascending Duct normal human kidney. It consists of a ball-shaped renal or Malpighian corpuscle, which carries out blood filtration, and a long tubular part, which carries out filtrate conditioning and processing. Gray s Anatomy
  • 10.
    cortical nephron U.S. Federal Government Gray s Anatomy cortico medullary nephron would be here Histology – A Text and Atlas; 5th edition, 2006, Ross and Pawlina, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins Fig 20.6
  • 11.
    Arteriogram of ahuman kidney: Blood supply and drainage is via the hialum by the renal artery and the renal vein, respectively. Histology – A Text and Atlas; 5th edition, 2006, Ross and Pawlina, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins Fig 20.6
  • 12.
    Interlobar arteries split at the cortico- medullary junction into arcuate arteries. Arcuate arteries branch into interlobular arteries, intralobular arteries, which both supply Piotr Michał Jaworski, Wikipedia afferent arterioles. 1. Renal pyramid 10. Inferior renal capsule 2. Interlobar artery 11. Superior renal capsule 3. Renal artery 12. Interlobar vein 4. Renal vein 13. Nephron 5. Renal hylum 14. Minor calyx 6. Renal pelvis 15. Major calyx 7. Ureter 16. Renal papilla 8. Minor calyx 17. Renal column 9. Renal capsule
  • 13.
    Blood filtration takes place in the renal corpuscle through the walls of the capillaries in the renal corpuscle. The residual blood components are drained by the efferent arteriole. Gray s Anatomy
  • 14.
    Reproduction of Gray'sfigure 1130 by Mysid, Wikipedia. The capillary system of a renal corpuscle is called the glomerulus
  • 15.
    Scanning electron micrographof a cast of several glomeruli Color Atlas of Histology; 1992; Erlandsen and Magney; Mosby Book Fig 18-4
  • 16.
    Blood supply ofa glomerulus is supplied by the afferent arteriole and drained by the efferent arteriole. Both arterioles enter/ exit the renal corpuscle at the vascular pole. Wheater s Functional Histology; 4th edition, 2000, Young and Heath; Churchill Livingstone Elsevier Fig 16.10
  • 17.
    Color Atlas ofHistology, 1992, Erlandsen and Magney, Mosby Book Fig 18-8 The renal blood filtration barrier consists of a specialized basement membrane and two cellular components, the fenestrated (diameter 50-100 nm) capillary endothelium and the podocytes.
  • 18.
    Extensions of the podocyte cell, called pedicels, wrap around the capillary system of the glomeruli Color Atlas of Histology, 1992, Erlandsen and Magney, Mosby Book Fig 18-10
  • 19.
    Image of renal filtration barrier removed Artistic illustration of the renal filtration barrier
  • 20.
    Image of renal filtration barrier removed The pedicels of the podocytes form filtration slits, which are on average about 25 nm wide.
  • 21.
    The renal filtration basement membrane is 240-350 nm thick and is produced by both by podocytes and capillary endothelial cells. It is rich in negatively charged glycoproteins. Since it is a double basement membrane, it contains two lamina rara layers. It will exclude particles larger than 10 nm and 60,000 to 70,000 Daltons in size. Color Atlas of Histology, 1992, Erlandsen and Magney, Mosby Book Modified from 18-11
  • 22.
    Concise Histology byFawcett and Jensh, 1997, Chapman & Hall Fig 21-8 Electron micrograph of the renal filtration barrier
  • 23.
    A Text andAtlas; 5th edition, 2006, Ross and Pawlina, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins Fig 20.10 Mesangial cells maintain the glomerular basement membrane and also contribute to its formation.
  • 24.
    Electron micrograph micrograph of a mesangial cell. In response to angiotensin II the extensions of mesangial cells contract and reduce the blood flow through the glomerular capillaries. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) causes mesangial cells to relax. Cell and Tissue Ultrastructure – A Functional Perspective; 1993; Cross and Mercer, Freeman and Co. Fig. page 325
  • 25.
    Bowman s capsulehas a visceral (podocyte layer) and a parietal cell layer (simple squamous epithelium). The primary filtration product is collected between the two layers in the urinary space and is drained from the renal corpuscle at the urinary pole. National Modified by M. Hortsch from Wheater s Functional Histology; 3rd edition, 1993, Burkitt, Young, Library of and Heath; Churchill Livingstone Fig. 16.19 Medicine
  • 26.
    At the urinarypole starts the proximal convoluted tubular system (PCT). Color Atlas of Basic Histology, 1993, Berman, Appelton and Lange Fig 16-8
  • 27.
    The PCT systemhas a Image of PCT simple cuboidal System removed epithelium, that contains a characteristic apical brush border.
  • 28.
    The PCT sectionis the longest subregion of the nephron tubular system (in humans about 15 mm). Therefore, in the cortex most cross-sections of tubules will represent PCT. Color Atlas of Basic Histology, 1993, Berman, Appelton and Lange Fig 16-7
  • 29.
    This electron micrograph shows the characteristic brush border and numerous mitochondria that provide energy for various pump and salvage processes. Cell and Tissue Ultrastructure – A Functional Perspective; 1993; Cross and Mercer, Freeman and Co.page 329
  • 30.
    The PCT epitheliumis sealed by tight junctions. Salt and small nutrient molecules are transported to the basal aspect of the epithelium. The basolateral plasma membrane is enriched in Na +/K+-ATPase complexes, which act as sodium pumps. Source Undetermined
  • 31.
    The intial andthe last segment of the Henle s loop is lined by a simple cuboidal epithelium The middle segment or thin limb of Henle s loop is lined by a simple squamous Image of the DCT epithelium. removed Original from Basic Histology – Text & Atlas; 10th edition, 2003; Junqueira and Carneiro, Lange McGraw-Hill Figure 19-16 Transverse section of pyramidal substance of kidney of pig, the bloodvessels of which are injected. a. Large collecting tube, cut across, lined with cylindrical epithelium. b. Branch of collecting tube, cut across, lined with cubical epithelium. c, d. Henle s loops cut across. e. Bloodvessels cut across. D. Connective tissue ground substance. Source Undetermined, Wikipedia
  • 32.
    The PCT turnsinto the loop of Henle and continues downwards into the medulla. The initial segment is the straight descending thick limp (simple cuboidal epithelium with an apical brush border). Around the outer part of the medulla it abruptly changes into the thin descending limb, loosing its brush border and turning into a simple squamous epithelium. Concise Histology by Fawcett and Jensh, 1997, Chapman & Hall Fig 21-12 Originally Osvaldo and Latta J. of Ultrastructure Research 15: 144, 1966
  • 33.
    Human Histology, 2ndedition, 1997, Stevens and Lowe, Mosby Fig 15.19 The thin limb of the loop of Henle has a similar appearance as blood capillaries.
  • 34.
    Color Atlas ofHistology, 1992, Erlandsen and Magney, Mosby Book Fig 18-18 In the medulla the thin limb of the loop of Henle makes a turn back towards the renal corpuscle at the beginning of the nephron.
  • 35.
    Histological differences between the outer and the inner (deep) medulla Outer medulla Japanese slide set (Humio Mizoguti, Department of Anatomy, Kobe University Inner medulla Gray s Anatomy School of Medicine, Slides #454 and #458
  • 36.
    The Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT) is shorter (about 5 mm in humans) than the PCT segment and has no apical Image of the DCT brush border. removed vs. Color Textbook of Histology; 3rd edition, 2007; Gartner and Hiatt; Elsevier Figures 19-12 and 19-13 PCT DCT
  • 37.
    Wheater s FunctionalHistology; 3rd edition, 1993, Burkitt, Young, and Heath; Churchill Livingstone, Fig 16.18b PCT = Proximal Convoluted Tubule DCT = Distal Convoluted Tubule
  • 38.
    DCT from severalnephrons Image of the DCT release the processed filtrate removed into collecting tubules, which merge to form collecting ducts. Transverse section of pyramidal substance of kidney of pig, the bloodvessels of which are injected. a. Large collecting tube, cut across, lined with cylindrical epithelium. b. Branch of collecting tube, cut across, lined with cubical epithelium. c, d. Henle s loops cut across. e. Bloodvessels cut across. D. Connective tissue ground substance.
  • 39.
    Collecting tubules canbe recognized by a clear lateral demarcation between neighboring epithelial cells. In contrast to the other tubular parts of the nephron, lateral membrane infoldings and interdigitations are missing, making the lateral cell contacts more visible. Color Atlas of Basic Histology; 1993; Berman; Appelton and Lange, Fig 16-13
  • 40.
    Collecting ducts areformed by the fusion of collecting tubules and extend towards the renal papilla and the renal calyx. Color Atlas of Basic Histology; 1993; Berman; Appelton and Lange Fig 16-14
  • 41.
    Human Histology, 2ndedition, 1997, Stevens and Lowe, Mosby, Fig 15.36 The large collecting ducts at the tip of the medullary pyramid are referred to as the ducts of Bellini. The final processed filtration product is collecting in the major calyces. Source Undetermined, Wikipedia
  • 42.
    Image of theDCT removed Changes of the lining epithelium along the nephron and the Original from Basic Histology – Text & Atlas; 10th edition, 2003; collecting tubules/ducts Junqueira and Carneiro, Lange McGraw-Hill Figure 19-16
  • 43.
    300 mOs Flow of the renal filtration fluid and selective removal of salt and water creates an osmolarity gradient between cortical and medullar regions. This is called the counter-current multiplier system. 1200 mOs Human Histology, 2nd edition, 1997, Stevens and Lowe, Mosby Fig 15.20
  • 44.
    Aldosterone increases sodium uptake in the DCT. ADH (Antidiuretic hormone) regulates the water permeability of the distal part of the nephron and thereby influences the volume and concentration of the final filtration product. Wheater s Functional Histology; 4th edition, 2000, Young and Heath; Churchill Livingstone Elsevier Fig. 16.21
  • 45.
    The efferent arteriolessplit into a second capillary system, the peritubular network, which nourishes and supplies the convoluted tubles. The peritubular capillary endothelial cells are also a source of erythropoietin. Cortico-medullary nephrons also extend a capillary branch deep into the medulla. These capillaries are called the vasa recta system. Human Histology, 2nd edition, 1997, Stevens and Lowe, Mosby Fig 15.4a
  • 46.
    The vasa recta capillaries follow the collecting tubules/ ducts into the deep medulla. Human Histology, 2nd edition, 1997, Stevens and Lowe, Mosby Fig 16.35b
  • 47.
    300 mOs Thevasa recta capillaries pass through a region of high osmolarity. This results in an exchange of blood fluid/water. This is called the counter-current exchange system. 1200 mOs Human Histology, 2nd edition, 1997, Stevens and Lowe, Mosby Fig 15.25
  • 48.
    (also Goormaghtigh cells or extraglomerular mesangial cells) Human Histology, 2nd edition, 1997, Stevens and Lowe, Mosby, Modified from Fig 15.28a The juxtaglomerular complex (shown by D) has important control and regulation functions.
  • 49.
    The DCT passes between the afferent and efferent arteriole at the vascular pole of the renal corpuscle. A thickening in the DCT epithelium signifies the macular densa. The macula densa regulates mesangial and juxtaglomerular cells and thereby influences the blood flow through the glomerular network and the blood pressure and the renin- Human Histology, 2nd edition, 1997, Stevens and Lowe, Mosby, Fig 15.28b angiotensin system (see next slides).
  • 50.
    Color Atlas ofHistology; 1992; Erlandsen and Magney; Mosby Book Fig 18-20 National Library of Medicine Specialized smooth muscle cells in the afferent arteriolar wall (called juxtaglomerular cells) produce the hormone renin as shown in this immunocytochemical micrograph. Renin or angiotensinogenase is an enzyme with a proteolytic activity that cleaves angiotensinogen into angiotensin I.
  • 51.
    Renin secretion is triggeredby ATP release from the macular densa. It induces the activation of angiotensin, which in turn induces the release of aldosterone, resulting in sodium and A. Rad, Wikipedia water retention in the kidney.
  • 52.
    The ureter islined by a transitional epithelium and has a rather disorganized smooth muscle layer. Color Atlas of Basic Histology; 1993; Berman; Appelton and Lange Fig 16-17
  • 53.
    Michigan Medical HistologySlide Collection Slide 212 Relaxed transitional epithelium Michigan Medical Histology Slide Collection Slide 19-1 Distended transitional epithelium
  • 54.
    Source Undetermined Source Undetermined Relaxed transitional epithelium Source Undetermined Source Undetermined Distended transitional epithelium
  • 55.
    Color Atlas ofBasic Histology; 1993; Berman; Appelton and Lange, Fig 16-18 Similarly, the bladder is lined by a transitional epithelium and has three rather unorganized smooth muscle layers.
  • 56.
    Additional Source Information for more information see: http://open.umich.edu/wiki/CitationPolicy Slide 4: National Library of Medicine Slide 7: Kidney , U.S Federal Government, Histology Image , Wheater s Functional Histology, 4th edition, 2000, Young and Heath, Churchill Livingstone Elsevier Fig.16.3 Slide 8: Wheater s Functional Histology, 4th edition, 2000, Young and Heath, Churchill Livingstone Elsevier Fig 16.5 Slide 9: Marcello Malpighi , Source Undetermined; Nephron , Gray s Anatomy Slide 10: Kidney , U.S Federal Government, Histology Image , A Text and Atlas, 5th edition, 2006, Ross and Pawlina, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins Fig 20.6; Kidney Sketch , Gray s Anatomy Slide 11: Histology – A Text and Atlas, 5th edition, 2006, Ross and Pawlina, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins Fig 20.6 Slide 12: Piotr Michał Jaworski , Wikipedia, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:KidneyStructures_PioM.svg, CC: BY-SA 3.0 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ Slide 13: Gray s Anatomy Slide 14: Vectorized in CorelDraw by Mysid, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Mysid, from the online edition of Gray's Anatomy, Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gray1130.svg Slide 15: Glomeruli , Color Atlas of Histology, 1992, Erlandsen and Magney, Mosby Book Fig 18-4 Slide 16: Wheater s Functional Histology, 4th edition, 2000, Young and Heath, Churchill Livingstone Elsevier Fig 16.10 Slide 17: Color Atlas of Histology, 1992, Erlandsen and Magney, Mosby Book Fig 18-8 Slide 18: Color Atlas of Histology, 1992, Erlandsen and Magney, Mosby Book Fig 18-10 Slide 21: Color Atlas of Histology, 1992, Erlandsen and Magney, Mosby Book Modified from 18-11 Slide 22: Concise Histology by Fawcett and Jensh, 1997, Chapman & Hall Fig 21-8 Slide 23: A Text and Atlas, 5th edition, 2006, Ross and Pawlina, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins Fig 20.10 Slide 24: Cell and Tissue Ultrastructure – A Functional Perspective, 1993, Cross and Mercer, Freeman and Co. Fig. page 325 Slide 25: Bowman s Capsule , Modified by M. Hortsch from Wheater s Functional Histology, 3rd edition, 1993, Burkitt, Young, and Heath, Churchill Livingstone Fig. 16.19; William Bowman , National Library of Medicine, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:William_Bowman.jpg Slide 26: Color Atlas of Basic Histology, 1993, Berman, Appelton and Lange Fig 16-8 Slide 28: Color Atlas of Basic Histology, 1993, Berman, Appelton and Lange Fig 16-7 Slide 29: Cell and Tissue Ultrastructure – A Functional Perspective; 1993, Cross and Mercer, Freeman and Co.page 329 Slide 30: Source Undetermined
  • 57.
    Slide 31: JacobHenle , Source Undetermined, Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Henle; Henle s Loop Basic Histology – Text & Atlas, 10th edition, 2003, Junqueira and Carneiro, Lange McGraw-Hill Figure 19-16 Slide 32: Concise Histology by Fawcett and Jensh, 1997, Chapman & Hall Fig 21-12 Originally Osvaldo and Latta J. of Ultrastructure Research 15: 144, 1966 Slide 33: Human Histology, 2nd edition, 1997, Stevens and Lowe, Mosby Fig 15.19 Slide 34: Color Atlas of Histology, 1992, Erlandsen and Magney, Mosby Book Fig 18-18 Slide 35: Gray s Anatomy; Japanese slide set (Humio Mizoguti, Department of Anatomy, Kobe University School of Medicine, Slides #454 and #458 Slide 36: Color Textbook of Histology, 3rd edition, 2007, Gartner and Hiatt, Elsevier Figures 19-12 and 19-13 Slide 37: Wheater s Functional Histology, 3rd edition, 1993, Burkitt, Young, and Heath, Churchill Livingstone, Fig 16.18b Slide 39: Color Atlas of Basic Histology, 1993, Berman, Appelton and Lange, Fig 16-13 Slide 40: Color Atlas of Basic Histology, 1993, Berman, Appelton and Lange Fig 16-14 Slide 41: Human Histology, 2nd edition, 1997, Stevens and Lowe, Mosby, Fig 15.36; Bellini Source Undetermined, Wikipedia Slide 43: Human Histology, 2nd edition, 1997, Stevens and Lowe, Mosby Fig 15.20 Slide 44: Wheater s Functional Histology; 4th edition, 2000, Young and Heath; Churchill Livingstone Elsevier Fig. 16.21 Slide 45: Human Histology, 2nd edition, 1997, Stevens and Lowe, Mosby Fig 15.4a Slide 46: Human Histology, 2nd edition, 1997, Stevens and Lowe, Mosby Fig 16.35b Slide 47: Human Histology, 2nd edition, 1997, Stevens and Lowe, Mosby Fig 15.25 Slide 49: Human Histology, 2nd edition, 1997, Stevens and Lowe, Mosby, Fig 15.28b Slide 50: National Library of Medicine, Color Atlas of Histology, 1992, Erlandsen and Magney, Mosby Book Fig 18-20 Slide 51: A. Rad, Wikipedia, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone_system.png , GNU FDL 1.2, http://www.gnu.org/licenses/fdl-1.2.html#TOC1 Slide 52: Color Atlas of Basic Histology, 1993, Berman, Appelton and Lange Fig 16-17 Slide 53: Michigan Medical Histology Slide Collection Slide 212; Michigan Medical Histology Slide Collection Slide 19-1 Slide 54: Source Undetermined all Slide 55: Color Atlas of Basic Histology, 1993, Berman, Appelton and Lange, Fig 16-18