19.3

19.3

• 1.
  19.3 Social Impactof the Industrial Revolution
• 2.
  LEQ: What werethe social effects of the Industrial Revolution?
• 3.
  Background: The Industrial Revolutionbrought great riches for entrepreneurs. Millions of workers, however, lived in povery. As standards of living increased, all of society benefited from industrialization. Until then, working people suffered in dangerous and unsanitary conditions, overcrowded housing, and unrelenting poverty.
• 4.
  • urbanization –the movement of people to cities The Industrial Revolution brought rapid urbanization. • Changes in farming, rising population, and the need for workers led people to migrate to cities. • Overnight, towns and cities near coal or iron mines mushroomed. • Manchester grew from 17,000 people in the 1750s to 70,000 in 1801.
• 5.
  The rapid growth ofpopulation and industry changed the distribution of two key resources. People and labor
• 6.
  What led tothe massive migration of people from farms to cities? Changes in farming displaced farmers, caused population growth, and increased demand for workers.
• 7.
  The Industrial The middle class lived in clean Revolution neighborhoods with running created a new water and paved streets. middle class, Women stayed home to raise or bourgeoisie. their children. They included merchants, inventors, investors, and “rags-to-riches” individuals who were admired for their hard work and “get-ahead” attitude.
• 8.
  • tenement –crowded, multistory building divided into apartments The cities where the working class lived were crowded, dark, dirty, and smoky. • The poor lived in tiny, crowded rooms in multistory tenements packed into vile-smelling slums. • Lack of sanitation left waste and rotting garbage in the streets, creating a terrible stench. • Raw sewage was dumped in rivers, contaminating drinking water and spreading disease.
• 9.
  • labor union– workers’ organization Organizations such as labor unions were illegal. Frustration at times turned Frustrated workers to violence: tried to organize secretly, but they • Between 1811 and 1813, lacked a political textile workers rioted. voice and were powerless to affect • Groups called Luddites change. smashed labor-saving machines that were replacing workers.
• 10.
  Many workers werecomforted by religions such as Methodism, founded by John Wesley in the 1700s. Wesley Meetings Methodism encouraged featured rekindled self-improve- hymns and workers’ ment through sermons hopes and adopting sober stressing channeled and moral forgiveness anger into ways. and salvation. reform.
• 11.
  How did membersof the working class react to their new experiences in industrial cities? Changes in farming displaced farmers, caused population growth, and increased demand for workers.
• 12.
  The heart ofthe industrial city was the factory. The technology of the machine age and the rapid pace of industrialization imposed a harsh new way of life on factory workers.
• 13.
  Factory workers livedand worked in unpleasant conditions. • In factories the work In rural villages pace was rigidly set. people worked Shifts lasted 12 to 16 hard, but work hours. varied by the season. They • Tired workers were controlled their easily hurt by machines own work pace. with no safety devices. Textile factory air was polluted with lint.
• 14.
  Most early factoryworkers were women. • Women could • This created a be paid half what double burden on men earned. women. • They were • After 12 hours of considered easier work, they returned to manage. home to care for • It was believed their families in they could adapt damp, crowded better than men. tenements.
• 15.
  Working conditions inthe mines were even worse than in factories. • Crippling coal dust Miners earned filled workers’ lungs. more than factory workers, • There were dangers but conditions of cave-ins, floods, were more and explosions. dangerous. • They worked long hours in darkness.
• 16.
  Child labor wasan accepted practice. • Most children began work at age seven or eight. • Nimble-fingered, small, and quick, they crept into machines to change spools or repair thread. • They worked in dust- and lint-filled rooms. • Children in mines worked in the dark and dampness for long hours, often doing hard labor.
• 17.
  Child labor • Children’s workdays reform laws were reduced to called “factory 12 hours. laws” were • Children under eight passed in the were removed from early 1800s. the cotton mills. New laws in the 1830s and 1840s further reduced hours for women and children, sent inspectors into factories, and required that children be educated.
• 18.
  How did theIndustrial Revolution affect the lives of men, women, and children? Men, women, and children worked long hours in unsafe conditions for low pay. Women also had to feed and clothe their families, a double burden.
• 19.
  Since the 1800speople have debated whether industrialization was a blessing or a curse. The industrial Workers later age brought gained the vote great hardship. and political Pay was low, power. Wages conditions were rose in time. terrible, and The cost of new housing was products and of dismal. travel dropped.
• 20.
  LEQ: What werethe social effects of the Industrial Revolution? It brought rapid urbanization and created a new industrial middle class and industrial working class. It brought material benefits and new opportunities, but also brought great hardships to factory work- ers and miners, especially women and children.