History of Immunology

History of Immunology

• 1.
  INTRODUCTION TO IMMUNOLOGY By, Rajamehala M AssistantProfessor, Vivekanandha College of Engineering for Women, Tiruchengode 1
• 2.
  2 Immunology Immunology is thestudy of our protection from foreign macromolecules or invading organisms and our responses to them. Host – e.g. me!!!! Foreign macromolecule, antigen – e.g. virus protein, worm, parasite (Everything that should not be in my body)
• 3.
   Protect againstpathogens  Eliminate damaged or malignant cells 3
• 4.
  4 A Short Historyof Immunology 430 B.C: Peloponesian War, Thucydides describes plague – the ones who had recovered from the disease could nurse the sick without getting the disease a second time 15th Century: Chinese and Turks use dried crusts of smallpox as ”vaccine”-Variolation 1798: Edward Jenner – smallpox vaccine
• 5.
  March towards moderntimes… 1718- Lady Montague became aware of a practice, called variolation or inoculation, and introduced it to Britain after first having her own children treated. 1774 – Benjamin Justy 1776- Geo. Washington Montague Lady Mary Wortley (1689-1762)
• 6.
  Jenner - Smallpoxvaccine  Noticed that milkmades that had contracted cowpox did NOT get smallpox  Test on an 8 year old boy, injected cowpox into him (NOT very nice……)  Follwed by exposure to smallpox  Vaccine was invented (latin vacca means ”cow”)  1989- WHO announced smallpox was eradicated from the world 6
• 7.
  Edward Jenner Born onMay 17, 1749, in Berkeley, Gloucestershire, England, Died Jan. 26, 1823. As a teenager, while learning to be a physician, he heard a young farm girl tell a doctor that she could not contract smallpox because she had once had cowpox (a very mild disease). This started him thinking about a vaccine. After years of experimenting, on May 14, 1796, Edward Jenner carried out a famous experiment on a healthy 8-year-old boy, James Phipps, with cowpox. He took material from a burst pustule on the arm of Sarah Nelmes who had apparently contracted cowpox. He then deliberately exposed the boy to virulent variola virus two months later and found that the child was protected, showing only a mild inflammation around the site where the variola was injected. Some record shows that in 1789 he had already experimented vaccination on his own son, then aged one-and-a-half, with the swine pox, followed by conventional smallpox inoculation. Sarah Nelmes’
• 8.
  1879- discovered thataged bacterial cultures of Pasteurella lost virulence.Referred to injection of weakened culture a “vaccine” in honor of Jenner 1881- He applied the same technique vs. Anthrax ….and then rabies 8 Louis Pasteur
• 9.
  Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) Attenuatedvaccines for cholera, anthrax, and rabies On July 4, 1886, 9-year-old Joseph Meister was bitten repeatedly by a rabid dog. Pasteur treated him with his attenuated rabies vaccine two days later. Meister survived. Joseph Meister later become a gatekeeper for the Pasteur Institute. In 1940, when he was ordered by the German occupiers to open Pasteur's crypt, Joseph Meister refused and committed suicide!
• 10.
  First insights intomechanics of immunity… 1880’s- Metchnikoff discovered phagocytic cells that ingest microbes and particles cells conferred immunity 1890- von Behring and Kitasato discovered blood sera could transfer immunity liquid of blood conferred immunity Q: Which confers immunity… cells or seum? Emil von Behring S. Kitasato Elie Metchnikoff
• 11.
  A: Both cellsand serum contribute to immunity! • 1930’s – early techniques made it easier to study humoral elements [than cellular ones]. -discovery of active component of blood – gamma globulin “protein” • 1950’s – discovery of T and B cells Later discoveries linked lymphocytes to both cellular and humoral immunity
• 12.
  Emil Adolf vonBehring (18 54 – 1917)  Awarded first Nobel Prize in physiology, 1901  Student of Koch With Kitasato and Wernike, discovered anti-toxin for Diphtheria and Tetanus and applied as therapy.
• 13.
  Paul Ehrlich (1854– 1915) Developed a series of tissue-staining dyes including that for tubercle bacillus. Worked with Koch. Developed anti-toxin (Diphtheria) and hemalysis Side-chain theory of antibody formation: "surface receptors bound by lock & key; Ag stimulated receptors"  Shared 1908 Nobel Prize with Metchnikoff.
• 14.
  Elie Metchnikoff (1845-1916) Formedthe basis of leukocyte phagocytosis. Birth of cellular immunology Shared Nobel Prize with Ehrlich in 1908
• 15.
  Milstein (b. 1927)and Köhler (1946-1995)  Monoclonal antibody