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2. Cell Structures and Functions and gen bio.pptx
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- 2. 2 Jumbled letters ofcell parts/structures. Arrange the following jumbled letters of cell parts/structures and write your answer on the right corner. ANSWER 1.Ueslcun 2. Htoosm odenmicplas iterumluc 3. Ghour cimsalpodnecluumiter 4. Ggiolustarapap 5. Esmosobir 6. Semossoyl 7. Hcnordaiotmi 8. tsplaorohlc
- 3. LEARNING OBJECTIVES At the endof the module, the learners will be able to: 1. Describe the structure and functions of major and subcellular organelles. 2. Determine the role of each cellular organelle and explain how it relates to the functions of the other. 3
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- 5. Unicellular organisms have different structures compared with multicellular organisms. Plantcells, unlike animal cells, have a specific constitution to carry out photosynthesis.* The Cell
- 6. MAJOR PARTS OFTHE CELL • Plasma Membrane • Cytoplasm • Nucleus 6
- 7. Plasma Membrane 7 Encloses andsafeguards its organelles from possible harm that foreign materials can inflict on them. It also controls the exchange of essential components and obtains chemical messages from other cells.
- 8. Plasma Membrane: FLUID MOSAICMODEL • The plasma membrane is a mosaic of components- primarily, phospholipids, cholesterol, and proteins- that move freely and fluidly in the plane of the membrane 8
- 9. Components of Plasma Membrane •Phospholipids* • Cholesterol • Proteins 9
- 10. Cytoplasm It is theentire region of a cell between plasma membrane and nuclear envelope. It is composed primarily of water, proteins, and salts. The organelles are suspended in a gel-like solution called cytosol, which is composed of both organic and inorganic compounds.* Cytoplasm determines cell shape and accommodates movement for some cell types.
- 11. Nucleus Discovered by Robert Brown in1833. It is the most vital part of the cell and dubbed as the “control center” of the cell. It directs all the cell’s activities and determines how a cell should appear and function. *Nucleolus serves as the site of ribosomes synthesis. Nucleus holds chromosomes which carry tightly wrapped and coined DNA.
- 12. Cell Organelles: Endomembrane System Made upof organelles like endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, vacuoles, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes and centrosomes. The functions of the Cell Organelles: Maintain the shape and the structure of the cell; acts as storage of nutrients; production of macromolecules; harvest energy; repair cell parts; and digest substances.
- 13. Endoplasmic Reticulum 13 Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) a seriesof interconnected membranous sacs and tubules that collectively modifies proteins and synthesized lipids.* Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) has ribosomes on its surface. It makes membrane proteins and proteins for export out of the cell.** Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) incorporates proteins into cisternae and transports synthesized proteins across the cytoplasm, thereby allowing the synthesis of fatty acid and phospholipids.***
- 14. Ribosomes 14 involved inproviding a frame for proteins synthesis; hence they are site of protein production. *
- 15. Vacuoles 15 A vacuoleis a fluid-filled vesicles enclosed by a membrane. It has a selectively membrane freely allowing water passage but retaining smaller molecules within it and stores chemicals within the cell.*
- 16. Golgi Apparatus They arestacks of flattened sacs, having a shipping side (cis face) and a receiving side (trans face). Modify, sort, and package received proteins made by ER and transport vesicles with modified proteins pinch off the ends. 16
- 17. Lysosomes The lysosomes serve as digestionslots for cellular materials that are due for expiration or are no longer useful. It is dubbed as the cell’s “suicide bags”. ** Lysosomes digest the food and get rid of wastes, example is macrophages.
- 18. Peroxisome 18 It is asmall, round organelles enclosed by single membrane, somehow resembles that of a lysosome. Responsible for self- damage and mostly disintegrate proteins, accommodat e the breakdown of fatty acids and detoxify many poisons that enter the body. also shields the cell from serious damage caused reactive oxygen species (ROS) molecules.
- 19. Centrosome 19 • It comprisedof two centrioles or cylindrical structures with a central cavity surrounded by microtubules arranged side by side. • These structure take part in the assembly of spindle fibers at cell division and contribute to the successful outcome of mitosis. • It is found in all eukaryotic cells, assist in arranging microtubules (hollow tubes of proteins) to be utilized for cell division. *
- 20. Mitochondria 20 sites of cellularrespiration, the metabolic process that uses oxygen to drive the generation of ATP by extracting energy from sugars, fats, and other fuels. Mitochondria are oval-shaped organelles found in most eukaryotic cells. the “powerhouses” of the cell. 2 membranes: Outer membrane* and Inner membrane**
- 21. Chloroplast found in plantsand algae, and they are the sites of photosynthesis. The chloroplasts are double membrane- bound organelles. The chloroplast has a system of three membranes: the outer membrane, the inner membrane and the thylakoid system
- 22. Summary • The cellhas three major parts: the cell membrane, the nucleus, and the cytoplasm. – The cell membrane functions as the cell’s protection as it controls the movement of materials in and out of the cell. – The cytoplasm, found in all cells, is where organelles are suspended inside the cell membrane. – The nucleus is the control center of the cell; directs all cell activities, contains the DNA, or the hereditary material of the cell.
- 23. Summary • The endomembranesystem is made up of organelles that move materials across the membrane, such as the endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, lysosomes, centrosomes, peroxisomes, Golgi apparatus and vacuoles. • The endoplasmic reticulum serves to connect the nuclear envelope and the cell membrane by carrying materials through it. • Ribosomes functions to synthesize protein. • Lysosomes breaks down larger food molecules into smaller molecule, even digesting old cell parts.
- 24. Summary • Peroxisomes assembledfrom proteins and synthesized on free ribosomes and involved in variety of metabolic reactions. • Golgi apparatus are essential for the package and export of proteins. • Vacuoles function to store food, water, and other metabolic and toxic wastes. • Centromeres contain two centrioles that are mainly active at cell division. • The mitochondrion role is to generate ATP, the unit of cellular energy. • Chloroplast is essential in photosynthesis.
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- 26. Additional Resources 1. Laboratory activityon onion and cheek cell: https://youtu.be/wMgXsrpVrJg 2. Laboratory activity on onion cell: https://youtu.be/dxv4M4HHUgs 3. (n.d.). Retrieved from: http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/bioco ach/cells/common.html 4. (n.d.). Retrieved from: http://biology.tutorvista.com/animal-and-plant- 5. (n.d.). Retrieved from: http://sciencenetlinks.com/lessons/cells-2-thecell-as-a- system/ 6. https://youtu.be/URUJD5NEXC8 7. https://youtu.be/JL19uv7NT7s
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Editor's Notes
- #4 *It makes up all living things, from the simplest to the most complex – from bacteria to plants and animals. **that controls all the chemicals and molecules that help sustain an organism’s existence.
- #5 *The differences of each reflect their uniqueness in terms of function. Understanding the biological functions of the cell is necessary to get a good grasp of the complexity of cellular interactions, which direct, generate, and sustain life.
- #6 Plasma Membrane is the outer covering that separates the cell’s interior from its surrounding environment. Cytoplasm consist of a jelly-like cytosol within the cell in which other cellular components are found. Nucleus serves as the brain of the cell and directs all of the cell’s activity.
- #9 *Phospholipids is a lipid made of glycerol, two fatty acid tails, and a phophate-linked head group. Biological membranes usually involve two layers of phospholipids with their tails pointing inward, an arrangement called a phospholipid bilayer. Cholesterol is another lipid composed of four fused carbon rings and is found alongside phospholipids in the core of the membrane. Proteins help move large molecules or aid in cell recognition. Peripheral proteins are attached on the surface (inner or outer). Integral proteins are embedded completely through the membrane.
- #10 *Cytosol accounts for about 70% of cellular content. It contains a rich supply of macromolecules and smaller organic molecules. The cytoplasm also contains enzymes that break down waste and enable metabolic reactions. It allows for cellular expansion and growth.
- #11 * A double layer of nuclear membrane encloses the nucleus to keep it distinct from other cellular components.
- #13 *The hollow portion of ER tubules is called lumen or cisternal space. The membrane of the ER, which is a phospholipid bilayer embedded with proteins, is continuous with nuclear envelope. **Proteins are made up by ribosomes on ER surface. They are then threaded into the interior of the RER to be modified and transported. ***It is abundant in liver cell, where it detoxifies hydrophobic chemicals. This makes them water-soluble for excretion.
- #14 *They are present in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Developing muscle cells, skin, and hair cells contain large numbers of free ribosomes.
- #15 *Vacuoles ability to break down large molecules makes it comparable with lysosomes in animal cells. Likewise, both organelles thrive in acidic environment.
- #17 *It is the cell’s reprocessing area, where it hacks chemical bonds of any foreign substance it comes contact with, in order to recycle with the raw material. **These organelles are capable for self-destruction in order to save the rest of the other organelles from being poisoned. This happens through autophagy, or the natural process of organelle destruction. Cells take in food by phagocytosis.
- #19 *They also enable the said microtubules to form part of the cell’s microtubules to form part of the cell’s cytoskeleton. In this way, cellular shape is maintaining and the cell structure is stabilized.
- #20 *Outer membrane is selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the mitochondria, it is the site of attachment for the respiratory assembly of the electron transport chain and ATP Synthase, and it has integral proteins and pores for transporting molecules just like the cell membrane **Inner membrane folds inward (called cristae) to increase surfaces for cellular metabolism, and it contains ribosomes and the DNA of the mitochondria. The inner membrane creates two enclosed spaces within the mitochondria: Intermembrane space between the outer membrane and the inner membrane; and matrix that is enclosed within inner membrane.
- #21 Outer membrane is a semi-porous membrane and is permeable to small molecules and ions which diffuse easily, it is not permeable to larger proteins. Intermembrane space is usually a thin intermembrane space about 10-20 nanometers and is present between the outer and the inner membrane of the chloroplast. The inner membrane of the chloroplast forms a border to the stroma. It regulates passage of materials in and out of the chloroplast. In addition to the regulation activity, fatty acids, and are synthesized in the inner chloroplast membrane. Stroma is an alkaline, aqueous fluid that is protein-rich and is present within the inner membrane of the chloroplast. It is the space outside the thylakoid space. The chloroplast DNA, chloroplast ribosomes, thylakoid system, starch granules, and other protein are found floating around the stroma. The thylakoid system is suspended in the stroma. It is a collection of membranous sacks called thylakoids. Thylakoids are small sacks that are interconnected. The membranes of these thylakoids are the sites for the light reactions of the photosynthesis to take place. The chlorophyll is found in the thylakoids. The thylakoids are arranged in stacks known as grana. Each granum contains around 10-20 thylakoids.