2 internet essentials

What is the Internet? Who runs it? The truth is that no centralized management of the Internet exist. Instead, it is a collection of thousands of individual networks and organizations, each of which run and paid for on its own. The Internet is a worldwide collection of computer networks, cooperating with each other to exchange data using a common software standard. Through telephone wires and satellite links , Internet users can share information in a variety of forms.

Internet Timeline Year What happened? 1969 The U.S. Department of Defense funds ARPANET, a network that was the forerunner of to the Internet. It let researchers link to remote computing centers and use those center’s resources. 1972 The first email program to manage, read, file, and respond to messages is written by Larry Roberts. 1974 The so-called “Fathers of the Internet” Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn publish a paper titled “A Protocol for Packet Network Interconnection”, which defines the basic protocol for internet communities, the Transmission Control Program (TCP). 1982 The Transmission Control Protocol and Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) are formally established as the underlying protocols of the Internet. The Internet is defined as a network of networks. 1984 The Domain Name System (DNS) is introduced. The number of host computers on the Internet exceeds 1,000 for the first time. 1986 The NSFNET backbone is created to created with a speed of 56kbps. The Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) is designed to make it easier create and use Usenet news group over TCP/IP.

Internet Timeline Year What happened? 1988 A worm released by Robert Morris, Jr., a graduate student in Computer Science at Cornell, replicates so quickly that it clogs the Internet with traffic and closes down much of the Internet. Morris’s father was at that time the Chief Scientist of the federal top-secret National Security Agency. CERT (Computer Emergency Response Team) is created in response to the worm. 1990 The World (world.std.com) becomes the first commercial provider of dial-up access to the Internet. 1991 The World Wide Wed (WWW) is developed by Tim Berners-Lee at Swiss-based CERN (European Organization for Nuclear Research) 1993 The White House website goes live ( www.whitehouse.gov ). President Bill Clinton’s email address is [email_address] ; Vice President Al Gore is vice- [email_address] . 1994 Yahoo is founded by Stanford graduate students David Filo and Jerry Yang. The first banner ads make their appearance on the Web. The run on www.hotwired.com and were for the beverage Zima and for AT&T. 1995 The online auction site eBay is founded, with the name Auctionweb, which is changed to eBay in 1997. The browser company Netscape goes public with an IPO.

Internet Timeline Year What happened? 1996 Google is begun as a research project by two Ph.D. students at Stanford, Larry Page and Sergey Brin. 1997 The term weblog and blog are coined. 1999 The file-sharing software Napster is released, which allows people to share files, in particular music, with each other over the Internet. 2000 The high-speed Internet2 backbone deploys IPv6, the next generation of IP standards. 2001 Worms and viruses increasingly become a danger, with the Code Red worm and Sircam virus causing damage to businesses and individuals, and slowing down Internet access. 2002 Portions of the Internet become unusable after a distributed denial of service (DDoS) attack knocks out 8 of the Internet’s 13 DNS root servers. 2003 The Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) sues 261 people of alleged illegal distribution of copyrighted music files over the Internet. 2004 Online spending continues to climb and reaches a record high of 117 billion, a 26% increases over 2003

Internet Timeline In a move to challenge Google's dominance of search and advertising on the Internet, software giant Microsoft offers to buy Yahoo for $44.6 billion. Microsoft launches, it’s various consumer version of Windows Vista. Apple surpasses one billion itunes downloads. 1.114 billion people use the internet according to Internet World Stats. Search engine giant Google surpasses Microsoft as the “most valuable global brand”. 2007 2008 Year What happened? 2005 In January, the free online encyclopedia Wikipedia ( www.wikipedia.com ) reaches the mark of 900,000 articles. 2006 Phone communications over the Internet become popular with Voice Over Internet Protocol (VoIP). New services such as Vonage tap on it, while cable companies offer their own VoIP plans, and services such as Skype use VoIP to offer free PC-to-landline calls. Source: How Internet Works , 8ed. By Preston Gralla pg.10-11

Internet allows users to: connect easily through ordinary personal computers and local phone numbers; exchange electronic mail (E-mail) with friends and colleagues with accounts on the Internet; post information for others to access, and update it frequently; access multimedia information that includes sound, photographic images and even video; and access diverse perspectives from around the world.

How does Internet work? Computers on the Internet communicate with each other using a set of protocols known as TCP/IP, or Transmission Control Protocol and Internet Protocol. A protocol is standard format for transferring data between two devices.

How does Internet work? TCP protocol enables two host computers to establish a connection and exchange data. A host computer is simply a computer that you access remotely. IP protocol works with the addressing scheme. It allows you to enter an address and sends it to another computer; from there the TCP protocol takes over. This is similar to what happens when you take a letter to the post office. You deliver the letter to the post office and then the post office takes over. Note: Because the Internet changes constantly, you may find that a Web site address that worked previously no longer connects you with a working site. Sometimes you will be redirected to a new address, but sometimes an address will simply no longer work.

Accessing the Internet Before you can even begin to surf the Net, you have to be connected. If you connect to the Internet from an office or academic setting , you are probably connected through a local area network (LAN) . You connect to the Internet using a network interface card (NIC). This is a special card inside you computer that allows the computer to be networked. A direct connection is made from the LAN to a high-speed connection line leased from local telephone company.

Accessing the Internet For the home user, common ways to connect to the Internet include using a dial-up modem and a telephone line , a dedicated high-speed digital telephone line , a cable modem , or a wireless connection . Getting connected to the Internet: Locate an Internet Service Provider (ISP) or an online service, Install some type of telecommunications software, and A web browser in order to surf the web

The WORLD WIDE WEB The World Wide Web (WWW) is most often called the Web . The Web is a subset or an application that make use of the Internet . It consists of a collection of electronic files, referred as Web pages, which contains information and built-in hyperlinks. All the computers in the Web can communicate with each other . All the computers use a communication standard called Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) .

Terms and Definitions Web information is stored in documents called Web pages . A series of related Web pages is referred to as a Web site. Web pages are files stored on computers called Web servers . Every web server has its own IP address and most have domain name. The domain name identifies the IP address.

Terms and Definitions Computers reading the Web pages are called Web clients . Web clients view the pages with a program called a Web browser . Web site address , or uniform resource locator (URL) , uniquely identifies a web page. Popular browsers are Internet Explorer and Netscape Navigator .

How does the browser fetch the pages? A browser fetches a Web page from a server by a request . A request is a standard HTTP request containing a page address . A page address looks like this: http://www.yahoo.com

How does the browser display the pages? All Web pages contain instructions for display The browser displays the page by reading these instructions . The most common display instructions are called HTML tags .

A Web Browser acts on behalf of the user by: contacting a Web server requesting information receiving information displaying the results on a screen

Browser A browser is software that interprets hypertext markup language (HTML) - the language used to code Web page content. HTML can display graphics and play sound, movies, and other multimedia files. Hyperlinks - computer program commands that point to other places inside a PC, or on a network – connect to other Web pages and to files that can be downloaded.

Browser: Internet Explorer 7.0 Title bar Menu bar Address bar Toolbar Tabs Document window Status bar Scroll bars

Parts of browser window Item Definition Title bar The bar at the top of the window that contains the name of the document Menu bar Contains menu names that you can click to display various commands and options. Toolbar Contains icons for single-click access to most commonly used menu commands Address bar Contains the URL, or address, of the active web page; also where you enter the location for the web page you want to visit. Document window Displays the active window. Status bar Located at the bottom of the browser window; shows the progress of web page transactions Access indicator A small picture in the upper-right corner of the browser/tab; when animated, it means your browser is accessing data from a remote computer. Scroll bars Vertical and horizontal scroll bars; lets you scroll vertically and horizontally if the web page is too long or wide to fit within one screen.

Communicating on the Internet WWW Chat Rooms Mailing list Newsgroup and Bulletin Boards Online Conferencing File Transfer Protocol

2 internet essentials

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