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DNS Cybersecurity in 2012-2015
The document discusses the evolving cybersecurity landscape from 2012 to 2015, highlighting the challenges faced by registries and registrars in light of increasing cyber threats such as cybercrime, cyber-terrorism, and cyber-warfare. It details types of attacks, motivations behind them, and various tools used by attackers, emphasizing the necessity for robust security measures within the domain registration ecosystem. Additionally, it suggests that cybersecurity can represent both a cost and a business opportunity, particularly for registrars and registries that can offer enhanced security services to domain holders.
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DNS Cybersecurity in 2012-2015
- 1. Cybersecurity in 2012-2015: Thenew challenges to be faced by Registries and Registrars. How to profit from cyber security? Dr. Andrzej Bartosiewicz Yonita Inc., CEO
- 2. Are YOU prepared forCyber Attack?
- 3. Recent examples ofcyber-attacks
- 4. Cyber crime, cyberterrorism and cyber warfare Types of the cybersecurity threats CYBERSECURITY THREATS
- 5. Hacking is a“pure” criminal activity only? Cyber- Cyber- Cyber- Cyber- security crime warfare terrorism threats criminal activity: most common activity today, in most cases concealed; cyberwarfare: probably already in place; some countries already prepared to launch cyberattack on enemy’s infrastructure cyberterrorism: already in place, developing fast and become more and more dangerous in upcoming years
- 6. Cyber-crime Cyber-crime • Cybercrime is any criminal act committed by a person with knowledge of computers who uses this information to accomplish acts of identity theft, intellectual property theft, terrorism, vandalism, credit and debt card fraud, and other forms of computer-related crimes. • Hacking is defined as intentionally accessing a computer without authorization or exceeding authorization in order to access restricted information.
- 7. Cyber-terrorism Cyber-terrorism • Cyber-terrorism is a criminal act perpetrated by the use of computers and telecommunications capabilities, resulting in violence, destruction and/or disruption of services to create fear by causing confusion and uncertainty within a given population, with the goal of influencing a government or population to conform to a particular political, social, or ideological agenda. FEDERAL GOVERNMENT, THE FBI
- 8. Cyber-warfare Cyber-warfare • Cyberwarfare - Actions by a nation-state to penetrate another nation's computers or networks for the purposes of causing damage or disruption RICHARD A. CLARKE • Cyberwarfare refers to politically motivated (and sponsored) hacking to conduct sabotage and espionage.
- 9. Cyber-warfare example: Stuxnet,Iran • Highly specialized malware payload; designed to target only Siemens SCADA systems that are configured to control and monitor specific industrial processes. • Stuxnet appears to be designed to sabotage the uranium enrichment facility at Natanz by destroying centrifuges (device performing isotope separation). Stuxnet may have physically destroyed up to 1000 centrifuges (10 percent) • "serious nuclear accident" occurred at the site in the first half of 2009 • "They succeeded in creating problems for a limited number of our centrifuges with the software they had installed in electronic parts.“ MAHMOUD AHMADINEJAD
- 10. Cyber-attacks: evolution Tomorrow – political or Past – position/ religious status in the motivation; society cyber-terrorism Today – cyber- After tomorrow crime; financial – cyber warfare gain Slide partially based on Dr. Paul Wagner’s presentation
- 11. Demons- Theft tration Damage SOURCES, OBJECTIVES, MOTIVATION AND TOOLS
- 12. Threat sources • Hackersand Crackers (individuals who illegally break into other computer systems to damage the system or data, steal information, or cause disruption of networks for personal motivations - monetary gain or status) • Criminals (individuals or gangs who illegally break into other computer systems primarily for financial gain) • Terrorist activity (unlawful destruction, disruption, or disinformation of digital property to intimidate or coerce governments or societies in the pursuit of goals that are political, religious or ideological) • Governments • Industrial espionage (discover proprietary information on financial or contractual issues, or to acquire classified information on sensitive research and development efforts) • Insiders (disgruntled employees working alone to use their access to compromise the system)
- 13. Objectives of CyberAttack • Loss of Integrity (corrupted data, lost data) • Loss of Availability (loss of system functionality and operational effectiveness) • Loss of Confidentiality (unauthorized, unanticipated, or unintentional disclosure could result in loss of public confidence, embarrassment, or legal action against the organization) • Theft (information stolen especially financial or personal data, R&D documents) • Physical Destruction (ability to create actual physical harm or destruction through the use of IT systems; i.e. SCADA systems)
- 14. Motivation Motivation • Financial • Challenge, ego, “fame” • Non-financial • Illegal information disclosure, blackmail • Monetary gain • Unauthorized data alteration • Destruction of information, exploitation and revenge • Sabotage (to gain competitive advantage) • Industrial or corporate espionage • Government led intelligence and economic espionage
- 15. Tools of CyberAttacks • Infrastructure is targeted: • Service flooding - Distributed Denial of Service Attack (DDoS) • Vulnerabilities detection + system intrusion / break-ins • Backdoors • Trojan horses and viruses • Botnets • 3rd party infrastructure is targeted (example: domain hijacking, DNS hijacking) • Humans are targeted: • Social engineering: Phishing & E-mail Spoofing • Blackmail or physical assault on an employee
- 16. Tools of CyberAttacks example: Phishing • using social methods to infect users with non-vulnerability based malware (such as Trojans and keyloggers) or to steal user privileged information by requesting the user to provide it and making the user believe they are surfing a genuine site.
- 17. Tools of CyberAttacks example: domain hijacking Domain hijacking or domain theft is the process by which registration of a currently registered domain name is transferred without the permission of its original registrant, generally by exploiting a vulnerability in the domain name registration system.
- 18. http://imgs.xkcd.com/comics/security.png Are you usingTWO-MAN RULE in your infrastructure? The two-man rule is a control mechanism designed to achieve a high level of security for especially critical material or operations. Under this rule all access and actions requires the presence of two authorized people at all times.
- 19. Critical Infrastructure Roles ofthe Registry Roles of the Registrars CHALLENGES FOR REGISTRIES AND REGISTRARS
- 20. Expectations from Registrarsand Registries Security Availability Integrity Registrars/ Registries
- 21. Roles of theRegistry • from DDoS attacks on the whole Protect zone DNS • from DNS spoofing of individual zones (domains) Protect • from loss of internal integrity of data data (users, • from attacks targeted to steal data domains, financial) • from domain hijacking Protects • from natural disasters and industrial from catastrophes outages
- 22. Roles of theRegistrars Protects • from loss of internal integrity of data data (users, • from attacks targeted to steal data domains, financial) • from domain hijacking Protects • from natural disasters and industrial from catastrophes outages
- 23. Necessary costs ofCybersecurity Registrars ISPs Registries DNS robustness, $ $$$$ stability and ANYCAST Monitoring (data $$ $$$$ integrity + service availability) DNSSEC $ $ $$$$ Data protection: $ $$ $$$$ Infrastructure & software Availability: protection $ $$ $$$$ from outages
- 24. Challenges to befaced by both Registries and Registrars Intensified Hacker attacks to: • Steal personal data • Take control of domain names to disrupt business or use hijacked domains for unlawful purposes • Disrupt services (locally) Cybererrorism: • Cyberterrorism should be perceived as threat by Registries. Attack on the country’s infrastructure can be combined with attack on the TLD Registry.
- 25. SECURITY - COSTOR OPPORTUNITY?
- 26. Are YOU preparedfor… making money on security?
- 27. Cybersecurity in upcomingyears – just the cost or business opportunity? • For most domain registrants (doman holders), cybersecurity of their domains, on-line applications and web-pages, technical infrastructure is only the necessary cost. • For Registrar and Registries cybersecurity can be both cost and the business opportunity. Today, most Registries and Registrars miss the opportunity to make revenue on the additional security for domain name holders.
- 28. Business opportunities inupcoming years for… Registrars Registries WHOIS Privacy Protection YES NO Domain Lock Services YES Maybe DNSSEC support YES Maybe SSL Certificates YES Maybe Domains/URL Security YES YES Scanning - On-line application vulnerabilities Domains/URL Security YES YES Scanning - Malware detection
- 29. Domains/URL Security Scanning- On-line application vulnerabilities • Web Scanner is aimed at detecting security vulnerabilities in web sites and online applications. • example: Yonita Web Scanner performs dynamic verification of web applications based on automated tests generated by the Smart Test Generator and Randomized Data Generator. Provided by Provided by Registry Registrar Free service – whole zone Pay per scan scan Paid service through Registrars
- 30. Domains/URL Security Scanning- On-line application vulnerabilities Defects in Defects in session Cross-site Scripting Cross-site Request authentication and management (XSS) Forgery authorization Defects in forward and redirect Content spoofing Buffer overflow Script injection mechanisms OS command Direct object SQL injection CRLF injection injection references
- 31. Domains/URL Security Scanning CRITICAL VULNERABILITIES (TYPES) / DOMAIN* August 2011 .LV .BA .UA .CZ .BG .RU .RS 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 .RS .RU .BG .CZ .UA .BA .LV CRITICAL 1 0.80 0.56 0.50 0.40 0.33 0.12 *) based on Alexa list, ccTLD domains only Full report will be available @ end of September
- 32. Domains/URL Security Scanning Detected Vulnerabilities, August 2011 3% 1% 16% 12% 59% 9% SQL Injection Integer Overflow Attack Shell Injection HTTP PUT Accepted Backend XML Injection Other
- 33. Domains/URL Security Scanning– Malware detection • to help prevent websites from infecting other websites. – automatic malware scanning service with every domain name registration • examples: McAfee agreement with .XXX ($8 million deal); VERISIGN MalDetector Provided by Provided by Registry Registrar Free service – whole zone Pay per scan scan Paid service through Registrar
- 34. WHOIS Privacy Protection •A user buys privacy from the company, who in turn replaces the user's info in the WHOIS with the info of a forwarding service (for email and sometimes postal mail, done by a proxy server). • Pricing: $4-$10/yr + processing fees (i.a. disputes) • Providers: “Domain by Proxy” (GoDaddy), eNOM, WhoisGuard and many more • Some TLDs (including XXX, US, CA, AG, CO.NZ, SE, TC, TK, TW, IT, JOBS, JP) do not allow WHOIS Privacy Protection
- 35. Domain Lock • DomainLock is a status code that can be set on an Internet domain name by the sponsoring registrar of the domain name to prevent unauthorized, unwanted or accidental changes to the domain name. – The Extensible Provisioning Protocol (EPP) specifies both client (registrar) and server (registry) status codes that can be used to prevent unintended registry changes: Delete, Transfer and/or Update • Types: – Registrar Lock: usually free of charge; protects against accidental transfers/deletions; no real protection; high volume/low value • all gTLDs, many ccTLDs – Registry Lock: more secure, required additional secure, authenticated process (i.a. manual); low volume/high value • examples: .COM, .AF, .CX, .GS, .GY, .KI, .NF, .NL., .PR, .US and .TL
- 36. DNSSEC support • DNSSECis an addition to the Domain Name System (DNS) protocols; it is designed to add security to the DNS to protect it from certain attacks, such as any data modification attack (e.g. cache poisoning). It is a set of extensions to DNS, which provide origin authentication of DNS data, data integrity and authenticated denial of existence. • Registry – provides the free of charge service through EPP • Registrar: – Registrars can either pass Delegation Signer (DS) (the only correct approach from security point of view) only or complete the whole process of keys generation and signing (less secure but easier to sell) Free Paid – Can be offered for free or as a part of the • Registrant signs • Registrar zone; Registrar responsible for paid service (like GoDaddy’s “Premium uploads DS everything DNS Account”) • Registrar responsible for everything
- 37. Dr. Andrzej Bartosiewicz, CEO of Yonita Inc. Ph.D. in Informatics, Warsaw University of Technology. Expert in domain names, security and trademarks protection, telecommunication. Author of more than 200 publications and presentations. Over 15 years of experience in the information and communication technology business, including 12 years of experience in senior managerial positions. • Director and Chairman of CENTR (2006- 2010). • Rapporteur and Chairman of ITU-T in the field of “Internationalized Domain Names” (2005-2008) • Head of .PL Registry (2001-2010)