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2
Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
2) The nurse is providing discharge instructions to a client with a diagnosis of vulvovaginal
candidiasis (VVC), and knows the client understands when she makes which of the following
statements?
1. "I need to apply the miconazole for 10 days."
2. "I need to douche daily."
3. "I need to add yogurt to my diet."
4. "I need to wear nylon panties."
Answer: 3
Explanation: 3. Yogurt helps reestablish normal vaginal flora.
Page Ref: 76
Cognitive Level: Understanding
Client Need/Sub: Health Promotion and Maintenance: Health Promotion/Disease Prevention
Standards: QSEN Competencies: I. B. 10. Engage patients or designated surrogates in active
partnerships that promote health, safety and well-being, and self-care management. | AACN
Essentials Competencies: VII. 5. Use evidence-based practices to guide health teaching, health
counseling, screening, outreach, disease and outbreak investigation, referral, and follow-up
throughout the lifespan. | NLN Competencies: Relationship-Centered Care: Communicate
information effectively; listen openly and cooperatively. | Nursing/Integrated Concept: Nursing
Process: Evaluation
Learning Outcome: 1 Compare vulvovaginal candidiasis and bacterial vaginosis.
MNL LO: 6.2.4 Utilize the nursing process in caring for women at risk for or with a gynecologic
infection.
3) The nurse is caring for a client in the clinic whom she suspects has vaginosis. Which test best
determines whether this sexually active woman has the disorder?
1. The observation of mycelia upon direct microscopy in a 10% potassium hydroxide preparation
2. The addition of a 10% potassium hydroxide solution to the vaginal secretions
3. A vaginal pH of less than 4.5
4. A Gram stain positive for the fungus
Answer: 2
Explanation: 2. Adding a 10% potassium hydroxide solution to the vaginal secretion of a client
with bacterial vaginosis, called a "whiff" test, produces a fishy smell.
Page Ref: 74
Standards: QSEN Competencies: I. B. 3. Provide patient-centered care with sensitivity and
respect for the diversity of human experience. | AACN Essentials Competencies: IX. 3.
Implement holistic, patient-centered care that reflects an understanding of human growth and
development, pathophysiology, pharmacology, medical management, and nursing management
across the health-illness continuum, across the lifespan, and in all healthcare settings | NLN
Competencies: Context and Environment: Read and interpret data; apply health
promotion/disease prevention strategies; apply health policy; conduct population-based
transcultural health assessments and interventions. | Nursing/Integrated Concept: Nursing
Process: Diagnosis
infection.

3
4) A pregnant client at 24 weeks' gestation is diagnosed with bacterial vaginosis. Her doctor
orders Flagyl to treat the problem. What would be appropriate education for the nurse to
provide?
1. The client must be careful to observe for signs of preterm labor.
2. The client should advise her partner to seek therapy as soon as possible.
3. The main side effect of the medication is a large amount of vaginal discharge.
4. A repeat culture should be taken 2 weeks after completing the therapy.
Answer: 1
Explanation: 1. Clients with bacterial vaginosis are at risk for preterm labor.
Page Ref: 74
Cognitive Level: Applying
Client Need/Sub: Safe and Effective Care Environment: Safety and Infection Control
Process: Implementation
infection.

4
5) A client has been diagnosed with bacterial vaginosis. The nurse obtains a sexual history from
the client, including contraceptive measures, number of sexual partners, and frequency of
intercourse. What is the rationale for the questions?
1. Clients can infect their sexual partners.
2. The nurse is required by law to ask the questions.
3. Clients with bacterial vaginosis can become infected with HIV and other sexually transmitted
diseases more easily.
4. The laboratory needs a full client history in order to know for which organisms and antibiotic
sensitivities it should test.
Answer: 3
Explanation: 3. The change in normal flora increases the woman's susceptibility to other
organisms, making the client more vulnerable to sexually transmitted diseases, including HIV.
Page Ref: 74
Standards: QSEN Competencies: I. B. 1. Elicit patient values, preferences, and expressed needs
as part of clinical interview, implementation of care plan, and evaluation of care. | AACN
Process: Diagnosis
MNL LO: 6.2.1 Recognize client behaviors associated with the acquisition of sexually
transmitted infections.

5
6) The nurse working in a women's clinic recognizes that which clients are most at risk for
developing vulvovaginal candidiasis?
Note: Credit will be given only if all correct and no incorrect choices are selected.
Select all that apply.
1. Clients using antibiotics
2. Immunocompetent clients
3. Pregnant clients
4. Multiparous clients
5. Diabetic clients
Answer: 1, 3, 5
Explanation: 1. A predisposing factor to yeast infections includes the use of antibiotics.
3. Predisposing factors to yeast infections include pregnancy.
5. Predisposing factors to yeast infections include glycosuria and diabetes mellitus.
Page Ref: 75
Client Need/Sub: Physiological Integrity: Physiological Adaptation
across the health-illness continuum, across lifespan, and in all healthcare settings. | NLN
Competencies: Context and Environment: Read and interpret data; apply health
promotion/disease prevention strategies; apply health policy; conduct population-based
transcultural health assessments and interventions. | Nursing/Integrated Concept: Nursing
Process: Assessment
infection.

6
7) The nurse provides a couple with education about the consequences of not treating chlamydia,
and knows they understand when they make which statement?
1. "She could become pregnant."
2. "She could have severe vaginal itching."
3. "He could get an infection in the tube that carries the urine out."
4. "It could cause us to develop a rash."
Answer: 3
Explanation: 3. Chlamydia is a major cause of nongonococcal urethritis (NGU) in men.
Page Ref: 78
Process: Evaluation
Learning Outcome: 2 Summarize modes of transmission, treatments, and descriptions of the
most commonly occurring sexually transmitted infections (STIs).
8) The nurse is seeing clients in the women's clinic. Which client should be treated with
ceftriaxone IM and doxycycline orally?
1. A pregnant client with gonorrhea and a yeast infection
2. A nonpregnant client with gonorrhea and chlamydia
3. A pregnant client with syphilis
4. A nonpregnant client with chlamydia and trichomoniasis
Answer: 2
Explanation: 2. The combined treatment of ceftriaxone IM and doxycycline orally provides dual
treatment for gonorrhea and chlamydia, which frequently occur together.
Page Ref: 79
Client Need/Sub: Physiological Integrity: Pharmacological and Parenteral Therapies
Implement evidence-based nursing interventions as appropriate for managing the acute and
chronic care of patients and promoting health across the lifespan. | NLN Competencies:
Teamwork: Function completely within one's own scope of practice as leader and member of the
health care team and manage delegation effectively. | Nursing/Integrated Concept: Nursing
infection.

7
9) The nurse is providing follow-up education to a client just diagnosed with vaginal herpes.
What statement by the client verifies correct knowledge about vaginal herpes?
1. "I should douche daily to prevent infection."
2. "I could have another breakout during my period."
3. "I am more likely to develop cancer of the cervix."
4. "I should use sodium bicarbonate on the lesions to relieve discomfort."
Answer: 2
Explanation: 2. Menstruation seems to trigger recurrences of herpes.
Page Ref: 79
Essentials Competencies: IX. 7. Provide appropriate patient teaching that reflects developmental
stage, age, culture, spirituality, patient preferences, and health literacy considerations to foster
patient engagement in their care. | NLN Competencies: Relationship-Centered Care:
Communicate information effectively; listen openly and cooperatively. | Nursing/Integrated
Concept: Nursing Process: Evaluation
Learning Outcome: 3 Describe the health teaching that a nurse needs to provide to a woman
with an STI.
infection.

8
10) The nurse seeing a client just diagnosed with Chlamydia trachomatis knows that which client
is at greatest risk for the infection?
1. 16-year-old sexually active girl, using no contraceptive
2. 22-year-old mother of two, developed dyspareunia
3. 35-year-old woman on oral contraceptives
4. 48-year-old woman with hot flashes and night sweats
Answer: 1
Explanation: 1. Teens have the highest incidence of sexually transmitted infections, especially
chlamydia. A client not using contraceptives is not using condoms, which decrease the risk of
contracting a STI.
Page Ref: 78
Standards: QSEN Competencies: I. B. 1. Elicit patient values, preferences, and expressed needs
as part of clinical interview, implementation of care plan and evaluation of care. | AACN
Essentials Competencies: IX. 2. Recognize the relationship of genetics and genomics to health,
prevention, screening, diagnostics, prognostics, selection of treatment, and monitoring of
treatment effectiveness, using a constructed pedigree from collected family history information
as well as standardized symbols and terminology. | NLN Competencies: Context and
Environment: Read and interpret data; apply health promotion/disease prevention strategies;
apply health policy; conduct population-based transcultural health assessments and interventions.
| Nursing/Integrated Concept: Nursing Process: Assessment

9
11) A client comes to the clinic complaining of difficulty urinating, flu-like symptoms, genital
tingling, and blister-like vesicles on the upper thigh and vagina. She denies having ever had these
symptoms before. The medication the physician is most likely to order would be:
1. Oral acyclovir
2. Ceftriaxone IM
3. Azithromycin p.o.
4. Penicillin G IM
Answer: 1
Explanation: 1. Malaise, dysuria, and tingling or painful vesicles are indicative of a primary
herpes simplex outbreak. Acyclovir treats herpes.
Page Ref: 79
across the lifespan, and in all healthcare settings. | NLN Competencies: Context and
Environment: Apply professional standards; show accountability for nursing judgment and
actions; develop advocacy skills; apply ethical decision making models. | Nursing/Integrated
Concept: Nursing Process: Implementation

10
12) The nurse is evaluating the outcomes of nursing care given a female client with a sexually
transmitted infection (STI). Which of the following will the nurse verify about the client?
1. Had an identified infection
2. Could identify the mode of transmission
3. Would never cope with the infection
4. Could recognize the symptoms of an STI
5. Would not disclose the STI to her partner
Answer: 1, 2, 4
Explanation: 1. The infection must be identified and cured, if possible. If not, supportive therapy
is provided.
2. The client and her partner should be able to describe the infection, its method of transmission,
its implications, and the therapy.
4. The client must be able to recognize the symptoms of an STI.
Page Ref: 82
Standards: QSEN Competencies: IV. C. 2. Value own and others' contributions to outcomes of
care in local care settings. | AACN Essentials Competencies: IX. 9. Monitor client outcomes to
evaluate the effectiveness of psychobiological interventions. | NLN Competencies: Context and
Environment: Read and interpret data; apply health promotion/disease prevention strategies;
apply health policy; conduct population-based transcultural health assessments and interventions.
| Nursing/Integrated Concept: Nursing Process: Evaluation
with an STI.

11
13) A client comes to the clinic complaining of a thick, white, tenacious discharge and vulvular
soreness. Which medication treatment will the nurse teach the client about?
1. Silver sulfadiazine
2. Metronidazole
3. Clindamycin cream
4. Ceftriaxone sodium
5. Doxycycline
Answer: 2, 3
Explanation: 2. Metronidazole is the preferred treatment for vulvovaginal candidiasis.
3. Although less effective than metronidazole, clindamycin cream can be used to treat
vulvovaginal candidiasis.
Page Ref: 74, 75
patient engagement in care. | NLN Competencies: Relationship-Centered Care: Communicate
Process: Planning
infection.

12
14) A 12-year-old girl and her mother are at the doctor's office for a routine check-up for the
daughter. The mother tells the nurse that she would like the daughter to have the Gardasil
vaccine that is effective against the human papilloma virus. The nurse does some teaching, and
knows it has been successful when the mother makes which statement?
1. "The human papilloma virus is spread through casual contact in schools."
2. "Gardasil will protect against all types of the human papilloma virus."
3. "The human papilloma virus affects a million people in the United States."
4. "Gardasil will be given to my daughter in three doses."
Answer: 4
Explanation: 4. This is true. The vaccine is given in three doses.
Page Ref: 81
with an STI.
infection.
15) The clinic nurse teaches the pregnant client being treated for trichomoniasis about the risks
to her pregnancy due to this infection. Which statement would indicate successful teaching?
1. "I am at risk of having a preterm birth because of this infection."
2. "I might need to have my membranes ruptured because of this infection."
3. "I am at risk of having a baby with a high birth weight."
4. "I may have intercourse with my husband while bring treated for this infection."
Answer: 1
Explanation: 1. There is a risk of preterm birth and rupture of membranes.
Page Ref: 77
Client Need/Sub: Health Promotion and Maintenance: Ante/Intra/Postpartum and Newborn Care
Process: Evaluation
with an STI.
infection.

13
16) The nurse is educating a group of female adolescents regarding sexually transmitted
infections. The nurse knows that learning was achieved when an individual states that the most
common symptom is which of the following?
1. Menstrual cramps
2. Heavy menstrual periods
3. Flu-like symptoms
4. Usually there are no signs or symptoms
Answer: 4
Explanation: 4. It is common for women to experience no signs or symptoms when they have
contracted a sexually transmitted disease.
Page Ref: 82
with an STI.
infection.

14
17) After a sex education class at a high school, the nurse overhears a student discussing safe sex
practices. Which statement indicates that teaching was successful?
1. "I don't have to worry about getting infected if I have oral sex."
2. "Teen women are the group at highest risk for sexually transmitted infections."
3. "The best thing to do if I have sex a lot is to use spermicide each and every time."
4. "Boys get the HIV virus more easily than girls do."
Answer: 2
Explanation: 2. Teens with multiple sex partners are more susceptible to sexually transmitted
diseases.
Page Ref: 82
partnerships that promote health, safety and well-being and self-care management. | AACN
with an STI.

15
18) A client asks the nurse about treatment for human papilloma viral warts. The nurse's
response should be based on what knowledge?
1. An antiviral injection cures approximately 50% of all cases.
2. Aggressive treatment is required to cure warts.
3. Warts often spread when an attempt is made to remove them surgically.
4. No single treatment is best for all types of warts or for all clients.
Answer: 4
Explanation: 4. All atypical, pigmented, and persistent warts should be biopsied and treatment
instituted promptly.
Page Ref: 80
across the health-illness continuum, across lifespan and in all healthcare settings. | NLN
Competencies: Context and Environment: Apply professional standards; show accountability for
nursing judgment and actions; develop advocacy skills; apply ethical decision making models. |
Nursing/Integrated Concept: Nursing Process: Diagnosis
infection.

16
19) The nurse is providing health education to a group of young people. When teaching about the
prevention of sexually transmitted infections (STIs), the nurse will teach which concepts?
1. Decision-making skills in refusing intercourse
2. How to reduce high-risk behaviors
3. That Pap smears might be needed more often
4. The safety of oral sex
5. Use of petroleum-based lubricants with condoms
Answer: 1, 2, 3
Explanation: 1. Effective prevention and control of STIs is based on planning ahead, review of
decision-making skills, and developing strategies to refuse sex.
2. Effective prevention and control of STIs is based on the reduction of high-risk behaviors. Use
of recreational drugs and alcohol can increase sexual risk taking.
3. The presence of a genital infection can lead to an abnormal Pap smear. Women with certain
infections should have more frequent Pap tests.
Page Ref: 83
partnerships that promote health, safety and well-being and self-care management. | AACN
with an STI.

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264.—Potato Mould.
Peronospora infestans.

265.—Lettuce Mould.
Peronospora gangliformis.
Potato Mould.—Towards the close of the summer of 1845, in the
course of a few weeks, every one became aware of the fact that a
new disease had appeared which threatened the entire destruction
of the potato crop. Until then it seemed to have been almost,
although not entirely unknown. It first appeared in the Isle of Wight
about the middle of August, and a week afterwards had become

general in the South of England, and the next week there were but
few sound samples of potatoes in the London market. Early in
September the disease had commenced its ravages in Ireland, and
shortly afterwards it was discovered in Scotland. With the same
rapidity it seems to have spread throughout Europe and North
America, or at least the western portion of the former and the
northern districts of the latter. It must not be imagined, however,
that the Isle of Wight was the centre from which this disease spread
over such an extended area and with such alarming rapidity. From
this spot it doubtless made its first appearance that year amongst
our own crops, but there is not the least doubt of its existence both
on the continent of Europe and in North America in the previous
year, and the farmers of Belgium had noted its appearance in the
province of Liège as far back as 1842 and 1843. Other diseases had
been observed affecting the potato crop before, and one which was
also associated with a parasitic fungus had made its appearance in
1815. It is also exceedingly probable that, in a milder form, the
murrain was present with us a year or two before it broke out to
such an alarming extent. A correspondent to the Gardeners’
Chronicle, in 1844, notices it in the Isle of Thanet, and another
testifies to its occurrence in districts of Ireland for two or three years
previous to its general outbreak. The description of the disease in
Canada, in 1844, contained in a letter addressed to Dr. Bellingham,
and quoted by the Rev. M. J. Berkeley,[9]
leaves no doubt of its
identity:—“During the months of July and August (1844), we had
repeated and heavy showers, with oppressive heat, and an
atmosphere strongly charged with electricity. Towards the close of
the month of August I observed the leaves to be marked with black
spots, as if ink had been sprinkled over them. They began to wither,
emitting a peculiar, offensive odour; and before a fortnight the field,
which had been singularly luxuriant, and almost rank, became arid
and dried up, as if by a severe frost. I had the potatoes dug out
during the month of September, when about two-thirds were either
positively rotten, partially decayed and swarming with worms, or
spotted with brownish-coloured patches, resembling flesh that had

been frost-bitten. These parts were soft to the touch, and upon the
decayed potatoes I observed a whitish substance like mould.”
9. Journal of Horticultural Society of London, vol. i. p. 11.
Although this disease made its first appearance, in the middle of
August, 1845, in the Isle of Wight, it had already appeared in
Belgium in the same year, a month previously; and although it may
have been noticed in other British localities in 1844, it was known in
Canada and in St. Helena in the same year to a far greater extent,
and in Liège as early as 1842. There are, therefore, good grounds
for believing that the European centre was Belgium; but if M.
Boussingault was correct in stating that “this malady is well known in
rainy years at Bogota, where the Indians live almost entirely on
potatoes,” then it is not of European but American origin, and is
probably derived from districts not far remote from those whence
Europe first received the potato itself.
It would occupy too much space to detail the different theories
and opinions relative to the causes of this disease to which 1845 and
subsequent years gave birth. Suffice it to say, that the lapse of years
has silently proved the majority of these to have been fallacious. All
such as imputed to peculiar electric conditions, a wet season, or
other meteorological influences, the disease which has re-appeared
under different conditions and influences, and in seasons remarkable
for dryness, are manifestly refuted; whilst its mycological origin has
continued to gain adherents, and the gradual accumulation of fresh
facts has almost placed it beyond dispute not only that the potato
disease is accompanied by, but results from, fungal growth.
Unfortunately, this disease has been so prevalent, more or less,
during the past eighteen years, that few have been without the
opportunity of making themselves acquainted with its external
appearance. To this may be added the minute and exact account of
its development, as recorded by that excellent mycologist and
careful observer, the Rev. M. J. Berkeley, in 1846, and to which, even
now, nothing of importance can be supplemented or abstracted:
—“The leaves began suddenly to assume a paler, and at length a

yellowish tint, exhibiting here and there discoloured spots. More or
less coinciding with these spots, on the reverse of the leaves,
appeared white mealy patches, consisting of a minute mould,
proceeding, either singly or in fascicles, from the stomata, and
arising from an abundant branched mycelium creeping in every
direction through the loose tissue beneath the cuticle. The upper
surface rarely, if ever, exhibits the mould, it being almost physically
impossible for its delicate threads to penetrate the closely-packed
cells which, being arranged side by side, leave scarcely any
intercellular passages. The mould, in a few hours from its first
piercing the apertures of the stomata, perfects its fruit, and in so
doing completely exhausts the matrix, which in consequence
withers. No sooner have a number of the leaves been attacked, than
the stem itself is subject to change, becoming spotted here and
there with dark brown patches, in which the cells are mostly filled
with a dark grumous mass, without exhibiting any mucedinous
filaments; though, occasionally, I have ascertained their presence.
Very rarely fructifying but dwarfed specimens of the mould occur
upon it. The stem now rapidly putrefies, the cuticle and its subjacent
tissue become pulpy, and separate when touched from the woody
parts beneath. The whole soon dries up, and in many instances
exhibits in the centre the black, irregular fungoid masses which are
known under the name of Sclerotium varium, and which are believed
to be the mycelium of certain moulds in a high state of
condensation.
“If the tubers are now examined, the greater part will often be
found smaller than usual, especially if the disease has commenced at
an early stage of growth; but in their natural condition, while here
and there a tuber, particularly if it has been partially exposed,
exhibits traces of disease. The surface is, however, soon marked
with livid patches, commencing generally about the eyes, or at the
point of connection with the fructifying shoots: these rapidly acquire
a spotted appearance, the spots being rather waved, and assuming
often a more or less concentric arrangement. Sometimes—especially
on the smoother kinds of tuber—two or more regular systems of

concentric spots are exhibited on the same tuber. The skin now
withers, and is easily separated; the spots become depressed and of
a yellowish tinge; and if the tubers be laid in a moist place, in a day
or two—sometimes in a few hours—the same mould which
destroyed the leaves springs from them, piercing the cuticle from
within, yet not scattered, as on the leaves, but forming a
conspicuous white tuft. If a section of the diseased tuber be made
on the first symptoms of the disease, little brownish or rusty specks
are found in the cellular tissue, confined, with very rare exceptions,
to the space between the cuticle and the sac, if I may so call it, of
spiral vessels and their accompanying tissue, which, springing from
the subterranean branches, pass into the tuber, making their way to
the several buds disposed on the surface. These spots consist at first
of a quantity of discoloured cells, mixed more or less with others in a
healthy condition. The grains of fecula are for a long time perfectly
healthy; the cells themselves, so far from being looser, are more
closely bound together than in the more healthy portions. The rusty
spots soon exhibit a darker tint, spreading in every direction and
becoming confluent; they at length extend beyond the barrier of
vascular tissue, and attack the central mass. The tuber, meanwhile,
assumes a disagreeable smell, decomposes more or less rapidly,
other Fungi establish themselves on the surface, or in the decaying
mass, which emits a highly fetid odour, resembling that of decaying
agarics; the union of the cells is dissolved, animalcules or mites
make their appearance, till at last the whole becomes a loathsome
mass of putrescence.”
The form of the mould itself is represented (fig. 264) as exhibited
under the microscope, with the nodose swellings of the branches,
and spores attached to the tips. These acrospores are filled with a
granular mass, from which, as hereafter described, zoospores are
produced. The branching dendroidal threads of this fungus proceed
from a creeping mycelium or spawn of entangled filaments which
interpenetrates the matrix, upon which it establishes itself. Upon
these threads spherical bodies were long since observed by Dr.
Payen, and, under the name of Artotrogus, described by Dr.

Montagne as a new species of fungus. Dr. de Bary failed to detect
oospores on the mycelium of this mould, although the organs found
by Payen in some sort resemble them. De Bary sought in vain, also,
for the spherical bodies described by the author above named. It has
been calculated that one square line of the under surface of the
leaves is capable of producing 3,270 acrospores, each of which
yields at least six zoospores, sometimes double that number; thus
we have 19,620 reproductive bodies from that small space. The
mycelium from the zoospores is capable of penetrating the cellular
tissue in twelve hours, and, when established there, it bursts
through the stomata of the leaves, and fruit is perfected in from
fifteen to eighteen hours. Since the zoospores are perfected and
ready to germinate in twenty-four hours from their being placed in
water, it becomes almost impossible to calculate the myriads of fungi
that may be produced from a single centre. Dr. de Bary has also
demonstrated that the brown spots so characteristic of the disease
are the result of the action of the spores or zoospores. By placing a
quantity of spores in a drop of water on the leaves, stems, and
tubers under a glass sufficiently air-tight to prevent evaporation, he
produced the brown spots, and traced their progress from the
earliest stages.
There are a few practical conclusions which may be drawn from
these discoveries. In the first place, it is clearly shown by the
production of the spots that the fungus is capable of causing the
disease, a fact which has been disputed, but now placed beyond
doubt. The inference is, that not only is it capable of producing, but
is really the cause of the potato murrain. With bodies so minute and
active as the zoospores, there can no longer be difficulty in
accounting for their penetrating the tissues of the plant. They are
most active and productive in wet weather, especially when it is also
warm. Moisture appears to be essential, and a dry season the
greatest enemy to the spread of the disease. That bodies so minute
and subtle should have baffled all efforts to destroy or eradicate, is
not now surprising. Whether any method will be found to contend
successfully with it, is now more doubtful than ever. A careful

reperusal of the old facts by the aid of this new light will tend to the
elucidation of much of the mystery in which the subject has been
involved. All who have hitherto been sceptical of the mycological
source of one of the greatest pests of modern times should study M.
de Bary’s pamphlet.
Plate XV.

266.—Pea Mould.
Peronospora Viciæ.
267.—Anemone Mould.
Peronospora pygmæa.
The potato mould has been judiciously named Peronospora
infestans, or, as it was at first called, Botrytis infestans; but on a

revision of the genera Botrytis and Peronospora, it was transferred
to the latter genus, in which it remains. Three names were given to
it, within a short period of each other, by different mycologists, in
ignorance of its having already received a name. The one we have
adopted appears to have the priority, at least of publication, and was
given by Dr. Montagne. That of Botrytis devastatrix was given by
Madame Libert, and Botrytis fallax by M. Desmazières. The principal
feature in this species seems to consist in the branches becoming
alternately thickened and constricted, so as to resemble a moniliform
string or necklace of little bladders or vesicles. The branches are also
more erect than in the allied species, and the spores are solitary on
the tips or from the sides of the branches, and not in pairs or
clusters, and the tips are simple, and not bifid or trifid, as in most of
its allies. It need scarcely be remarked, that a high power of the
microscope is necessary to make out the distinctive features of the
different members of this genus, and that to the naked eye they
only appear as a minute whitish mould. As already stated, this little
fungus makes its first appearance on the under surface of the
leaves, especially the lower ones, of the potato plant, and afterwards
attacks the stem, and ultimately the tuber. For examination it is
better to select the leaves soon after the fungus makes its
appearance.
Turnip Mould.—Since the advent of the potato murrain a similar
disease has been witnessed, though more limited in its extent,
amongst Swedish turnips, commencing in little waved irregular lines
following the course of the vessels, around which spots are formed
by the deposition of dark granules in the same manner as in the
potato. In this instance, the leaves apparently are first attacked in a
similar manner by a species of mould or Peronospora allied to the
one already described, but which has been long known as parasitic
upon cruciferous plants, to which the turnip belongs. This species,
termed Peronospora parasitica, is white in all stages of its growth. It
is much more branched, and the branches are comparatively shorter
than in the potato mould, and the tips of the branches are bifid (fig.
262). The acrospores are very large and globose, features also

which distinguish this mould from the last. A short time since we
were called to witness a bed of splendid cauliflowers, which had, up
to that time, been the pride of their cultivator; but, alas! their glory
was threatened with speedy annihilation, for in nearly every instance
the lower leaves had become more or less covered on their upper
surface with yellow spots, and beneath glaucous with the mould we
have been describing. The diseased leaves were all immediately
removed, but we fear without success, although no positive
information has since reached us. The almost unnatural vigorous
green of the leaves, prior to the appearance of the mould, is not at
all an uncommon occurrence: this phenomenon has been noticed in
the ears of corn, in which every grain was soon afterwards filled with
spores of bunt.
This species was at one time believed to be parasitic on the “white
rust,” from which circumstance its specific name was derived. More
precise examination proves that it sometimes occurs where no white
rust is present, and therefore its parasitism is imaginary. The suckers
in this species are large and penetrate the cells, often entirely filling
them. This feature is sufficient to distinguish the mycelium of the
mould from that of the “rust.” The turnip mould occurs on many
cruciferous plants, and especially on the shepherd’s-purse, as well as
upon the different varieties of cabbage and its more immediate
allies.
Onion Mould.—Another disease, produced by fungi of the same
genus, makes its appearance upon young onion plants in the spring.
The mould is called Peronospora Schleideniana, and has many
features in common with those already described. In this instance
the threads are greyish and erect, with alternate branches, not
divided by transverse septa, and the spores are obovate, attenuated
towards their base (fig. 263). This mould, in some years, is very
common and destructive, by preventing the young plants which are
attacked from coming to perfection. It is not confined to the onion,
but appears on other allied species of Allium (to which the onion
belongs). The threads form large patches or blotches on the leaves,
and sometimes cover them entirely. It very much resembles the

turnip mould, from which the form of the spores considerably differs.
This is the same species as that described by Caspary, and
afterwards by Berkeley, under the name of P. destructor.
Lettuce Mould.—A very similar mould (Peronospora gangliformis)
is sometimes very common in spring on the under surface of the
leaves of the cultivated lettuce, appearing in definite white mouldy
spots. By reference to the figure of a portion of a thread magnified
(fig. 265), it will be seen that the peculiar form of the tips of the
branchlets evidences the distinctness of this species.
The oospores are small, globose, and of a yellowish-tawny colour.
This mould is by no means confined to lettuces, but has also been
found on species of ragwort, sow-thistle, nipplewort, endive, and
other composite plants; and has from time to time received
numerous names, which it is unnecessary to enumerate.
Tare Mould.—The under surface of the leaves of tares, and
sometimes also of peas, is liable to attack from an allied species of
mould (Peronospora Viciæ). In the spring of 1846 it appeared
amongst vetches in some districts to such an extent as at one time
to threaten the destruction of the crops; but a succession of dry
weather at once abridged its power and limited its mischief. Mouldy
vetches and mouldy peas are, especially in moist seasons, evils to
which the agriculturist knows his crops to be subject; he may not
know, however, that this kind of mould (fig. 266) is of so near a kin
to that which has acquired such wide-spread fame in connection
with the potato. Another species of fungus attacks the garden pea in
damp seasons, forming small depressed brownish spots on the
leaves and pods; but this is quite distinct from the mould, though
probably not less injurious.
The fertile threads are produced in dense clusters, each many
times branched, and bearing elliptic acrospores obtuse at their
apices, and of a violaceous tint (fig. 266). The oospores are
beautifully reticulated and of a yellowish-brown colour (Plate X. fig.
212).

Trefoil and some other allied plants are attacked by another
species, characterized by Dr. de Bary as Peronospora trifoliorum,
which we have found rather plentifully in some localities on lucern.
The Parsnip Mould (Peronospora nivea, Ung.) is found on many
umbelliferous plants; but its attacks upon the parsnip are most to be
deplored, because it injures and ultimately destroys an article of
human food. The plants infested with this parasite are first attacked
in the leaves, but afterwards the roots become spotted and diseased
in a similar manner to the potatoes attacked by its congener. The
disease has not hitherto been so general with the former as the
latter; but in some districts it has been far from uncommon.
The fertile threads are collected in bundles, erect, and not so
much branched as in many other species. The acrospores are
subglobose or ovoid, and papillate at their apices. This species is
sometimes called P. umbelliferarum, and sometimes P. macrospora.
Generally speaking the average humidity of a season but little affects
the production of parasitic fungi. In a dry season, like that of 1864,
we found as many species, and these as flourishing and numerous in
individuals, as in a proverbially wet year. Such is not the case,
however, with the moulds under notice, or such fungi as are
reproduced through the medium of zoospores: these are
undoubtedly less common in a very dry season; but it must be
remembered that a single shower is sufficient for the development of
zoospores, and occasional showers or heavy dews will speed them
on their course of destruction as readily almost as continuous
moisture. The large fungi, on the contrary, become very limited in
numbers when the weather is unusually dry.
Spinach Mould.—Spinach is likewise liable to suffer from the
establishment of a mould upon the under surface of the leaves:
unfortunately this is not unfrequent, and has been known in England
certainly for the last fifty or sixty years, since it was figured by
Sowerby in his “British Fungi” as many years since. We have lately
seen a bed of spinach, utterly destroyed by this fungus; whilst on
another, not twenty yards apart, not a spotted leaf could be found.

This mould is the Peronospora effusa of botanists; it occurs also on
some species of goosefoot (Plate X. fig. 215), and probably on
knotgrass. To the naked eye it appears in pale purplish-grey patches,
which, when examined microscopically, are found to consist of dense
bundles of branched threads, bearing ellipsoid acrospores, the
membranes of which have a violaceous tint. The oogonia produced
upon the mycelium vary considerably in size. The oospores are of
the character delineated in our plate (Plate X. fig. 214).
Hitherto all the species of mould to which we have had occasion
to refer have been found infesting plants more or less employed as
food; but there remain one or two other species to which we must
make special reference. One of these affects the most universal of
favourites amongst flowers: this is the rose mould. Attention was
directed to this mould, and it was described for the first time under
the name of Peronospora sparsa, in the columns of the Gardeners’
Chronicle, in 1862. It occurred on a quantity of potted rose-plants in
a conservatory. Irregular pale brownish discoloured spots appeared
on the upper surface of the leaves; these extended rapidly, and in a
short time the leaves withered and shrivelled up, and ultimately the
whole plant perished. A delicate greyish mould was to be seen by
the aid of a lens, scattered over the under surface of the leaves. By
the microscope, the branched threads, having the tips furnished with
subelliptic spores, were revealed, and an ally of the potato mould
found revelling amongst the roses.
During the winter of 1863-4, we found the leaves of several
species of dock occupied by a mould which appears to be a very low
form of Peronospora. Its presence was indicated by brownish
orbicular spots, on which the fertile threads occurred in small
bundles. These threads were generally simple, but occasionally
forked, bearing rather large elliptical acrospores attached obliquely
to the tips of the threads (fig. 269). In consequence of this
peculiarity, we have named the species, which does not appear to
have been noticed before, Peronospora obliqua. It is clearly very
distinct from another species found on dock leaves by Corda.

Of the remaining British species, one (P. Arenariæ) is found on the
leaves of the three-veined sandwort (fig. 268); another attacks the
red corn-poppy, a third is found on the common nettle, one on the
brooklime, another on the wood-anemone (fig. 267), and another on
the figwort.
Doubtless all the species in this genus are possessed of the third
means of reproduction, by zoospores, as discovered in the potato
mould, not only from the acrospores, but also from the oospores.
Plate XVI.

268.—Sandwort Mould.
Peronospora Arenariæ.

269.—Dock Mould.
Peronospora obliqua.
The fearful rapidity with which this method enables them to
multiply themselves may account for their widely spreading and
devastating power. No other genus of fungi can parallel this in the
number of species injurious to the field or the garden, or in which
the injuries inflicted are so great and irremediable.

N.B.—Since the foregoing chapter was in type, the Rev. M. J.
Berkeley informs us that both Mr. Broome and himself have
examined the mould on dock-leaves, to which we have given the
name of Peronospora obliqua, and have come to the conclusion that
it is truly a member of that genus, and not hitherto described; but
they are also of opinion that it is the same mould as one described
by Dr. Montagne as Ascomyces Rumicis. We concur with them in
thinking it deficient in the important characteristics of Ascomyces,
and therefore retain its proposed name of P. obliqua.

N
CHAPTER XII.
W H I T E M I L D E W S O R B L I G H T S .
OTWITHSTANDING the inconvenience to ourselves of calling very
different fungi by the same common name of “mildew,” the
popular mind does not recognize the inconvenience, since it scarcely
troubles itself to inquire whether they are not all the same thing. In
obedience to this custom, we again write of “mildew,” or “blight,” as
it is called in some districts, but of a very different kind to that which
is so detrimental to growing crops of corn. In the present instance it
is our intention to illustrate a group of fungi which are exceedingly
common, and which differ greatly in appearance and structure from
any to which we have had occasion to allude. To obtain a general
knowledge of these forms let our reader proceed at once to a clump
of rank grass; if it is his fortune to dwell in the country, the walk of a
few yards will suffice. Let him examine this clump more carefully,
perhaps, than he has been accustomed to do, and we venture to
predict that he will find some of the leaves covered with what
appears to be a dirty white mould, or mildew (Plate XI. fig. 235).
One of these leaves should be collected as carefully and conveyed to
the microscope as speedily as possible, taking care not to touch, or
brush it against any other object so as to disturb the arrangement of
the delicate little threads upon its surface. If a small portion, say
about an inch, is cut from this leaf with a sharp pair of scissors, and
laid upon a slide, or pinned down upon a strip of sheet cork, so as to
keep it flat, and then submitted to examination under the
microscope, with an inch power, a beautiful forest of crystalline
vegetation will be observed. If the examiner on this occasion should

not possess a binocular microscope we are sorry for him, because in
that case he will not see all that is to be seen under the greatest
advantages. If we ever truly enjoy looking through such an
instrument, it is on an occasion like this, when a low power is all that
is needed, and the object is required to be seen in relief. It is
scarcely possible to convey an adequate idea of the beauty of such a
scene as the microscope reveals upon this fragment of grass-leaf.
Little bundles of delicate threads, clear and crystalline, are seated
upon a slender branching mycelium. These threads, sometimes
erect, sometimes drooping, flexuous, or prostrate, are composed of
numerous roundish or spherical cells attached to each other in a
moniliform or bead-like manner (fig. 236). These easily separate
from each other. Let a portion of the threads be removed from the
leaf on the point of a lancet and laid upon a glass slide, with a thin
cover over them. Submit this object to a quarter-inch power, as a
drop of water is let fall at the edge of the cover and insinuates itself,
by capillary attraction, between the two plates of glass. So soon as it
touches the moniliform threads, the disunion commences, and
almost before they are enveloped in the fluid, two spherules will
scarce remain attached to each other. This delicate little mould on
the grass leaf at one time bore the name of Oidium monilioides. It is
now regarded only as a condition of another minute fungus, to
which attention will shortly be directed.
The vine disease, so fearfully destructive on the Continent, and
not altogether unknown in this country, is another of these
incomplete fungi. From an individual who at the time of its first
discovery in the south of England took considerable interest in the
subject, it was called Oidium Tuckeri, which name it continued to
bear, both here and abroad, until, with many others, probably nearly
all of the same genus, it was found to be only a barren state of what
is called by mycologists an Erysiphe. The real discoverer of this
mildew was undoubtedly the Rev. M. J. Berkeley, who has
successfully devoted a long life to the study of these minute
organisms, through evil and through good report, and when that
study was beset with more difficulties, and received less

encouragement than at present. If, towards the autumn, we should
again collect some whitened, mouldy, or mildewed grass-leaves,
similar in appearance to those mentioned above, and carefully look
at them with a pocket lens, little black points, almost as small as a
pin-point, or more resembling the full stop with which, this sentence
closes, will be found scattered over the white threads. The aid of the
microscope must be again sought to make out the structure of the
little black dots. Closely nestling upon the mycelium, the little points
will prove to be spherical brownish, conceptacles, surrounded with
transparent floccose appendages. Many other species are far more
beautiful than that of the grass-leaf, as will be seen by reference to
our plate. The variation consists chiefly in the form of the
appendages which spring from the conceptacle and surround it in a
radiating (as in figs. 219, 222, 225, and 230), or in a more or less
confused and entangled manner (as in figs. 216, 240, 245, and 251).
The surface of the conceptacle is minutely reticulated, and its base is
attached to the mycelium. When first formed, these globose
conceptacles are almost colourless; they afterwards acquire a yellow
colour, and are ultimately of a deep brown. The appendages are
seldom at all coloured. Within the conceptacle are contained from
one to several transparent obovoid sacs, or spore-cases, called
sporangia, enclosing a definite number of spores (figs. 218, 224,
228, &c.), which vary in different species. In the hazel mildew, for
instance, there are two spores in each sporangium; in the willow
mildew four; in the maple mildew eight; in the grass mildew, and
some others, numerous. The tips of the appendages are variable,
and often elegant (figs. 227, 231, 233, 234, and 247), sometimes
simple and at others symmetrically branched. All the species occur
on the still living and green parts of plants, especially the leaves, and
are therefore truly parasitic. A pocket lens will show whether any
conceptacles are present on any suspicious leaf which may be
collected, but high powers of the microscope are essential for their
complete examination. It is during autumn, when vegetation begins
to languish, that we shall be most successful in searching for
specimens. They will then be found almost everywhere, and the
white mycelium forms an object too conspicuous for them to be

readily overlooked. Botanically, nearly all the species were at one
period included in one genus, under the name of Erysiphe, a name
derived from the Greek, and signifying “mildew;” at the present time
they are distributed through several genera, the chief distinctions of
which are based upon the form of the appendages. Though
personally disposed to question the generic value of such
distinctions, it would be imprudent to adopt any other names here
than those to be found in recent English works on fungi.
The first species in our enumeration is found on cultivated roses.
What a deplorable picture does a favourite rose-bush present when
attacked by this mildew! The leaves blistered, puckered, and
contorted; their petioles and the peduncles and calyces of the
flowers swollen, distorted, and grey with mould; and the whole plant
looking so diseased and leprous that it needs no mycologist to tell
that the rose is mildewed. The conceptacle in this species is minute,
and contains but one sporangium, which is one of the characters of
the genus in which it is now included, and a more justifiable
distinction than the ramifications of the appendages. The mycelium
is rather profuse, and the threads or appendages which spring from
the conceptacle are simple and floccose (fig. 216). The sporangium
contains eight ovate spores. This species (Sphærotheca pannosa,
Lev.), in its oidioid or conidiiferous form, was for some time known
under the name of Oidium leucoconium.
An allied species constitutes the hop-mildew, a visitation with
which some of our Kentish friends are too familiar. This is not a
prejudiced species in the choice of its habitation, since it is found on
many other plants, where it flourishes with equal vigour. The
meadow-sweet, burnet, scabious, teasle, dandelion, and other
composite plants, plantain, and plants of the cucumber family, all
suffer more or less from its roving disposition. The mycelium of
whitish threads is even more conspicuous than in the last species,
but the conceptacles are often not to be found at all. These are also
very minute and most common on the under surface of the leaves.
The appendages, or fulcra, are simple, floccose (fig. 217), and

coloured. The sporangia are found singly in each conceptacle, and
each, sporangium contains eight spores.
An autumnal stroll amongst hazel-bushes, when the nuts are ripe,
will lead, if the nuts are not a greater attraction, to the discovery of
whitish, patches on the under surface of the leaves, caused by the
mycelium of the hazel mildew (Phyllactinia guttata, Lev.). These
patches are less distinct and conspicuous than in many other
species, but the little blackish dots of the conceptacles may be
distinguished by sharp eyes without the use of the lens. Though
possessing a decided preference for the hazel, this species is also
found on the green leaves of the hawthorn, ash, elm, birch, sallow,
beech, oak, and hornbeam. The conceptacles are larger than in the
two preceding species, and somewhat depressed above. The
appendages are few (fig. 219), radiating, rigid, and acicular, or like
needles. Each conceptacle contains eight or more sporangia, and
each sporangium has from two to four spores (fig. 220). This species
being very common, its conceptacles large, and produced copiously,
and its appendages distinct, it will prove a good type with which the
student of these fungi may commence his examinations. This is the
only representative which we possess of the genus established by M.
Leveille for such of the Erysiphei as have the conceptacle depressed,
and the appendages rigid and simple; by which features it is
distinguished from genuine species of Erysiphe.
Two species, also common, having many features agreeing with
each other, are found on the leaves of the maple and the willow. The
willow blight (Uncinula adunca, Lev.) is found irrespectively on
various species of poplar and willow (fig. 221). In size and external
appearances, to the unaided eye, it seems scarcely to differ from the
preceding, but more minute examination will show that in the
appendages there is an appreciable difference. Still rigid, but no
longer aciculate, the tips bent or curved like a little hook, or curled
upon themselves (fig. 223), radiating and numerous (fig. 222), and
at length tending upwards. Many sporangia are contained within
each conceptacle, each of which is furnished with four spores. The
amateur must not be disappointed, if, on examining mature

conceptacles with a view to the discovery of the sporangia, he finds
only free spores. The investing membrane is very delicate, and
disappears generally as the spores are matured.
The “blight” or “mildew” which occurs on the common hedge-
maple, as well as on sycamore leaves, is exceedingly conspicuous
when occurring on the former plant. The whole bush often presents
a hoary appearance as if sprinkled with powdered chalk. In the
spring, the under surface of the leaves of the same plant are liable
to become hoary from another cause. The whiteness occurs in
patches, has often a pinkish or violaceous tint, and glistens like hoar-
frost. This affection of the leaves was, at one time, believed to be
produced by a fungus which was called Erineum acerinum, but now
it is regarded as a diseased state of the tissues. In the maple
mildew, both surfaces of the leaves are alike affected, and the little,
dark, point-like conceptacles will be found studded over both. It is
not uncommon to meet with very white leaves, caused by the
mycelium, but which bear no fruit. The appendages in this species
are shorter than in the last (fig. 225), and the tips are bifid (fig.
226), or divided into two short branches, each of which is bifid, and
uncinate or hook-shaped (fig. 227). The conceptacles contain not
less than eight sporangia, each of which encloses eight spores.
Amongst the parasites that prey upon the much abused berberry
(which has been charged in turn with producing the mildew in corn),
is one which causes the green leaves to assume a chalky appearance
(fig. 229), though less conspicuously than in the maple blight. This
parasite is the berberry mildew (Microsphæria berberidis, Lev.). In
such localities as the writer has met with the berberry suffering from
mildew, he has invariably found a larger proportion of leaves with
the barren mycelium than of those on which the conceptacles were
developed. Perhaps in other localities this may not be the case. The
appendages, as will be seen on reference to our plate, differ
materially from any of those to which we have referred; indeed, this
genus (or sub-genus) has the most elaborate and beautiful forms in
these appendages of any of the Erysiphei. A figure is given of the tip
of a fulcrum from a continental species (M. Ehrenbergii, Lev.), not

yet found in this country (fig. 233). In the berberry blight the
appendages are straight at the base, but afterwards become forked,
each fork being again forked, and these yet again branched in a
similar manner (fig. 230); so that a complex dichotomous tip is
formed to each of the appendages (fig. 231). Each conceptacle
contains about six sporangia, and each sporangium contains from six
to eight spores (fig. 232).
The common gooseberry is also liable to a visitation from an allied
species, in many respects closely similar, but differing in having the
tips of the appendages more branched, and the extremities of the
ultimate branchlets are not entire and attenuated, as in the berberry
mildew; but divided into two toothlike processes. The conceptacles
in this species contain from four to eight sporangia, each of which
has four or five spores.
In England, the leaves of the guelder-rose, and in France (perhaps
also in this country) those of the alder, nourish a parasite belonging
to this division. This “blight” possesses so much in common with
others to which allusion has been made, that it will scarcely be
necessary to describe it in detail. A figure of the tip of one of the
appendages of the variety found on the alder is given in the Plate XI.
fig. 234.
We have found another species which had not been before noticed
in this country (M. Hedwigii, Lev.), on the leaves of the mealy
guelder-rose in the vicinity of Darenth Wood, near Dartford, in Kent.
The mealy character of the leaves of this plant, and the minute size
of the conceptacles of the parasite, render it difficult to find; indeed,
it could not be noticed unless it were sought for, as we sought it,
lens in hand. It only occurs on the under surface of the leaves: the
mycelium is very web-like and fugacious, the conceptacles minute,
globose, and scattered (fig. 243). Four sporangia, each containing
but four spores (fig. 244), are enclosed in each conceptacle, which is
surrounded by a few appendages (about six) thrice dichotomous,
and thickened at the tips of the ultimate branches, which are
incurved (fig. 247).

The species of true Erysiphe are distinguished botanically from the
foregoing by the floccose character of the appendages, in which
feature they accord with the species found on the rose and the hop,
but from which they differ in the conceptacles containing numerous
sporangia instead of only one, as in those species.
One of the most common and conspicuous of these is found on
the leaves and leaf-like stipules of the garden pea. Every leaf in a
crop will sometimes suffer, and the gardener, to his great
mortification, finds that the mildew is more prolific than his peas.
The leaves become sickly and yellow as the mycelium of the fungus
spreads over them, when they present a peculiar appearance, as if
growing beside a chalky road in dry dusty weather, and had become
covered with comminuted chalk. Soon the conceptacles appear,
profusely scattered over the white threads, like grains of gunpowder
(fig. 237), and after a brief struggle for existence the pea and its
parasite die together. In this species (Erysiphe Martii, Lev.), the
appendages are nearly transparent, short, and much interwoven
with the mycelium (fig. 238), the globose sporangia containing from
four to eight spores (fig. 239). It is not confined to peas, although
that habitat has been here given for it, because it is so common
upon them. Beans, melilot, St. John’s-wort, some umbelliferous
plants, and the meadow-sweet, have all been found affected.
The species found on grasses, especially the cocksfoot, has been
already alluded to. The conceptacles contain from twenty to twenty-
four ovate sporangia, each enclosing eight spores. The appendages
and mycelium are much interwoven.
Another of these “white mildews,” not only on account of its
frequency of occurrence on certain plants, but also from the
numerous species of phanerogamous plants on which it is found (fig.
240), may be truly designated “common” (Erysiphe communis, Lk.);
many kinds of crow-foot, especially Ranunculus acris, are subject to
its parasitism. It is found also on other plants of the same natural
order, on the rest-harrow, trefoils, enchanter’s nightshade,
bindweed, and knotgrass. There are from four to eight sporangia in

each conceptacle, containing from four to eight spores (fig. 241). In
this species, more especially, M. Tulasne found curious sucker-like
processes developed on the threads of the mycelium (fig. 242): their
office may probably be only that of attachment.
Of the other species found in Britain an enumeration will suffice,
since they contain no feature of interest to the microscopist; and all
the members of this section are far less beautiful than those in other
genera (especially Microsphæria).
The leaves of the dogwood or cornel (figs. 245, 246) are the home
of one species (E. tortilis, Lk.), and the burdock of another (E.
Montagnei, Lev.). Both of these, in addition to the above, have
sporangia which contain more than two spores. There are also two
species in which only two spores are contained in each sporidium.
One of these (E. Linkii, Lev.) is found on both surfaces of the leaves
of the mugwort (figs. 248, 249); the other (E. lamprocarpa, Lev.)
occurs on salsafy, scorzonera, weasel-snout, and plantain (figs. 250,
251).
These complete the Erysiphei; but there are allied species of too
much interest not to be noticed in connection with them. Three very
singular fungi are found on damp straw and paper; two on the
former and one on the latter. Of the species occurring on straw, the
most common one is figured, natural size, in our plate (fig. 257); but
from this no idea can be formed of its structure, which in some
points resembles an Erysiphe. The conceptacles are thin and brittle,
and are clothed externally with long dark-coloured branched hairs
(figs. 258, 259). The conceptacle contains long narrow sporangia,
each enclosing dark, almost black, lemon-shaped sporidia. For low
powers this is a very interesting object. The minute structure affords
no feature of popular interest. This fungus (which bears the name of
Chætomium elatum) is common on old straw, thatch, reeds,
matting, &c., resembling small brown tufts of hair, visible to the
naked eye.
Paper much exposed to damp will occasionally develop a similar
“bristle-mould,” surrounded by a yellowish spot (Chætomium

chartarum, Ehrb.); but it is not so common as the last. In habit and
structure it is very similar (figs. 252, 253).
In 1838, the Rev. M. J. Berkeley announced the discovery by him
of a singular production, for which he was unable to find a fitting
location in any genus then established, and for which he accordingly
characterized a new one, under the name of Ascotricha. This new
species of paper mildew was found by him on some printed paper in
a box. It somewhat resembles the other species above alluded to, at
a casual glance; but more minute examination will reveal its
differences. The author to whom we are indebted for this species
thus describes its development. At first it appears as a minute
branched mould interspersed with globose brownish conidia. As it
advances in growth, globose black peridia become visible amongst
the threads, clothed with and supported by alternately branched
obscurely-jointed filaments, the branches of which generally form an
acute angle with the stem (fig. 254). The ramification of these is
very peculiar, the stem and main shaft of each sub-division being
almost constantly shortened and surmounted by the branches given
off near its apex; this, again, is often abbreviated and another
branchlet given off, which again surpasses it; and occasionally the
same circumstance takes place a third time. The apices are clavate
and colourless; the rest of the filaments, when viewed by
transmitted light, brown, even, and pellucid: a few globose conidia
are usually attached to them (fig. 255). The conceptacle is thin,
black to the naked eye, of an olive-brown under the microscope,
filled with a mass of linear extremely transparent asci (fig. 256),
each containing a single row of broadly elliptic chocolate sporidia.
These have a paler border; sometimes the colour entirely vanishes,
either from age or abortion, and there is only a minute globose
nucleus or more probably a vesicle of air, in the centre; occasionally
they become so transparent that the globular bodies alone are
visible. After the conceptacles burst, several are frequently collected
together into an irregular linear body, which consists principally of
the conglomerated sporidia.

One other very common and troublesome little fungus (Eurotium
herbariorum) will for the present close our examples. This is found
creeping over dried plants preserved in herbaria, on decaying fruit,
preserves, and various other substances, sometimes animal as well
as vegetable, but chiefly the latter. To the naked eye it appears as a
myriad of little yellow spherical bodies, of the size of very small pins’
heads, resting upon fine cobweb-like threads (fig. 260). When
magnified, the surface of the conceptacles is seen to be reticulated
(fig. 261). In the interior the sporidia are borne, contained also, as in
the former instance, in asci. It has been considered probable, but as
yet not fully proved, that this mildew is a compound fruited
(ascigerous) condition of an equally common mould (Aspergillus).
Dr. Shortt, of Chingleput, in a recent report on the growth and
production of Indian Cotton, remarks that the plants are subject to
the attacks of a kind of mildew. He writes:—“They appear in the
form of rounded fibres or thallus, shooting up in the air, having the
lamina of the leaf as a base, and feeling villous to the touch. The
small fibrillæ that form the nap appear shooting up as sharp
projections when seen by the naked eye; under the microscope they
are found to consist of pointed tubes, interspersed here and there
with minute granular cells. It first attacks either the upper surface of
the petioles, or the margins of the leaf, gradually extending over the
lamina, and matting together the whole leaf into a greyish-white,
felty mass. At first it attacks the young shoots and tender leaves,
preventing them from expanding. The extension of the parasite
deprives the plant of its juices, and eventually either destroys or
renders it sterile. The spores seem to be derived from the
atmosphere, and finding the plant in a state fit to receive them, from
either the results of excessive cultivation, or from the effects of heat
and want of moisture rendering it unhealthy, and thus favouring the
reception of the spores of the fungi. Another variety speckles the
leaves with whitish dots. These remain separate, but the lamina is
covered with them, and in time the leaf changes colour, becomes
yellowish, and eventually dies away. This is evidently the disease
called Bunt, or some variety of it, as it is seated beneath the

epidermis, and eventually the spores escape. Under the microscope
they seem to consist of small dark cells or spots attached to a
thread-like mycelium.”
The writer seems certainly to have made a mistake in its affinities,
and on the faith of the above quotation we should be more disposed
to regard it as an Erysiphe. It is to be hoped that specimens of the
affected leaves will be forwarded to this country for examination.

I
CHAPTER XIII.
S U G G E S T I O N S .
F, in offering a few practical suggestions, we either repeat
ourselves, or communicate common-place hints, those who may
know already all we shall essay to tell them will please to pardon
and pass on.
All the information essential under this head relates to collecting,
examining, and preserving microscopic fungi.
Collecting does not differ, except in the objects themselves, from
any other botanical collecting. Those who attempt it must be
prepared to sacrifice their kid gloves and patent-leather boots, to put
on waterproofs and perseverance, and come home sometimes
disappointed. The requisites for good work are but few, and easily
supplied. A strong knife, a pocket lens, and a box or leather bag, will
be all that is really essential. But where shall we go—and when?
Hedge-banks, the sides of ditches, borders of woods, anywhere, if
the plants are to be found on which the fungi are parasitic. We
flatter ourselves on being rather successful in collecting, and our
favourite localities have always been the dampest places in woods,
railway-banks, and waste places. It is a great mistake to endeavour
to go over a large tract of ground. We have spent a whole day in a
little chalkpit, which had fallen into disuse, and grown wild. Fifty
yards into a wood is as much, as we attempt, when alone; and a
spot six yards square has afforded us occupation for hours. It is
better to examine a small space thoroughly than to scamper on, mile
after mile, and find nothing.

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2015 Olds’ Maternal-Newborn Nursing & Women’s Health Across the Lifespan, 10th Edition Test Bank

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2015 Olds’ Maternal-Newborn Nursing & Women’s Health Across the Lifespan, 10th Edition Test Bank