2019 country reports on human rights practices burma united state of america state department human right report

3/12/2020 Assistant Secretary for Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor Robert A. Destro On the Release of the 2019 Country Reports on Human …
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ASSISTANT SECRETARY DESTRO: Well, good morning, everybody. The – let me make a few
opening remarks, and then I’ll be open for questions.
It’s a great privilege to represent the United States in this forum and to work as a public servant
along the thousands – along with the thousands of dedicated State Department employees who
worked on this effort. One of the results of that work is the annual report. They look beyond
law, policy, or statements of intent and examine what a government actually did to protect
human rights during the year and to promote accountability for violence – violations and abuse.
As the old statement goes, actions speak louder than words.
SPECIAL BRIEFING
ROBERT A. DESTRO, ASSISTANT SECRETARY
BUREAU OF DEMOCRACY, HUMAN RIGHTS, AND LABOR
PRESS BRIEFING ROOM
WASHINGTON, D.C.
MARCH 11, 2020
AssistantSecretary for Democracy,Human
Rights,andLabor RobertA.Destro On the
Release ofthe 2019Country Reports on Human
Rights Practices
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The 2019 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices is the 44th such report that we’ve had the
honor to present to the United States Congress. The Department of State is required by law to
report annually on the status of internationally recognized human and worker rights in all
countries that are members of the United Nations.
This year’s reports summarize the situation in 199 countries and territories. The Bureau of
Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor works with our colleagues in U.S. embassies around the
world to create these reports. We also work with them every day on U.S. efforts to promote
democracy, protect human rights, and advance labor rights. I want to express my thanks to
them for their hard work and dedication to this report, its accuracy, and more importantly, the
greater mission it supports.
Together, we support human rights defenders in a wide variety of environments who risk their
lives to instill in their own societies the respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms that
we as Americans hold dear and take for granted. We must not, as these reports too often show,
take these freedoms for granted.
I think it’s important to stress again that what we’re looking at here is internationally recognized
human rights. These are rights and freedoms that are encompassed in documents such as the
Universal Declaration of Human Rights. They’re the products of consensus among a wide cross-
section of global rights traditions stemming from different faiths, cultures, regions, ethnicities,
and backgrounds. Our objective is to report accurately on human rights conditions around the
world and to report both the good and the bad. It’s easy for governments to say that they
support human rights; it’s harder actually to do so year after year.
These reports provide accurate information and examples gathered from multiple credible
sources. What the world chooses to do with the information is up to them. We hope that people
will demand accountability from their governments. We urge that citizens of every nation will
respect the individual dignity of their fellow countrymen and women, and we hope that the world
as a whole begins to see, as we do, that respect for the inherent dignity of every person is the
foundation of lasting peace and security.
The 2019 Country Reports will be available to the public on the State Department website at
www.state.gov when this press briefing concludes. Thank you, and now I look forward to taking
your questions.

MS ORTAGUS: Go ahead, Shaun.
QUESTION: Sure. Thanks for taking our questions. Could I ask you a little bit more about
China? The Secretary was quite forceful in his comments about China. Do you believe that
what’s happened in Xinjiang rises to the level of crimes against humanity? That’s been a term
that’s been mentioned by a number of organizations. And specifically in Xinjiang, the issue of
forced labor – that’s something I know particularly on the Hill there has been talk about trying to
make sure that products sold in the United States are not made through forced labor from
interned Uighurs. What is the State Department’s position on making sure that that’s not
happening?
ASSISTANT SECRETARY DESTRO: Well, we have spoken out very strongly about what’s going on
in Xinjiang, and not only the forced labor in Xinjiang, but also the forced labor that China exports
to other places. We have – we’ve spoken out in as strong a term as possible. It’s not necessary
right now to draw any conclusions with respect to the ultimate question that you asked, but the
Secretary himself has called it one of the worst human rights violations in recent memory.
MS ORTAGUS: Carol.
QUESTION: I have two questions. I’ll be brief, though. In the section in Saudi Arabia, it mentions
the concerns about the transparency and accountability of the Saudi government in the murder
of Jamal Khashoggi. Why did the report not say anything about any observations made by U.S.
embassy personnel who may have attended the trial? And in the section on Guatemala, it says
migration authorities lacked adequate training about rules for establishing refugee status, but
the administration has been deporting refugees there saying that they have a full and fair
opportunity to apply for asylum there. Does this report undercut that rationale? Thank you.
ASSISTANT SECRETARY DESTRO: Okay, let me deal with each question in turn. The – let’s start
by recognizing that the murder of Jamal Khashoggi was an unacceptable crime. We have spoken
to the Saudi leadership from the king down about our concerns. The position that we have taken
hasn’t changed. But the – I’m not sure I really kind of understand the question about embassy
personnel, so do you want to kind of expand on that for a second?
QUESTION: Well, there were people from the embassy who were attending the trial, and – the
closed trial that was held.

ASSISTANT SECRETARY DESTRO: Ah, okay.
QUESTION: And why did you not include any observations they have made about that trial that
has not been released?
ASSISTANT SECRETARY DESTRO: Because we – in these reports, even though there may be high
profile trials in various countries, we tend not to report on them unless they’re emblematic of
what’s going on otherwise. I think that we have reported on the lack of transparency in Saudi
Arabia. The Khashoggi trial I think is an example of that lack of transparency. But beyond that, it
wouldn’t – there’s only so much real estate in these reports. And so – and then your second
question was about Guatemala?
QUESTION: Guatemala, and the policy on the migration authorities not receiving adequate
training.
ASSISTANT SECRETARY DESTRO: Right. Okay, hold on one second here. Let me just find my
notes.
MS ORTAGUS: You need an iPad.
ASSISTANT SECRETARY DESTRO: Pardon?
MS ORTAGUS: You need an iPad.
ASSISTANT SECRETARY DESTRO: (Laughter.) Yeah. My daughter actually looked at this and she
says, “You actually read all this?” (Laughter.) And I says, “Well, yeah, as a matter of fact, I did.” So
– all right.
So the – what we’re trying to do in all of this – we’ve got two different problems. We’ve got –
we’re trying to help the countries in the Northern Triangle to address the drivers of illegal
immigration, and to strengthen those institutions. So when we look at what we’re trying to do
with the folks in Guatemala, it is – we’re trying to protect those vulnerable families that have
made this long trip up. But at the same time, we have to have respect for the rule of law and the
whole question of asylum processing. So it seems to me that there’s nothing in the reports that
would undercut that. The reports are very accurate. They report on what happened last year.
And so no, I don’t think there’s any inconsistency whatsoever.

MS ORTAGUS: Right behind Carol. Nike, yeah, go ahead.
QUESTION: Thank you very much. On North Korea – on the COVID-19 coronavirus in North
Korea, regarding in the North Korean human right abuse, do you have any information about
coronavirus in North Korea, because Kim Jong-un hide this virus is not a serious problem. But do
you find out recently what’s happened in North Korea, and to worry about the North Korean
people?
ASSISTANT SECRETARY DESTRO: Well, I mean, the short answer to your question is that of
course we’re concerned about the North Korean people, and we extend our sympathies to all of
the families that find themselves in the unfortunate situation of being infected. But we also
know that North Korea is a very closed society. Information is very hard to come by. But I do
know that the – that our government has reached out to North Korea, to Iran, and to China – to
everybody, and said look, to the extent that we can be useful, we will try and be useful and
provide assistance. We’ve done that in any number of occasions.
So the short answer is I don’t know about the penetration of coronavirus there, but – and I can’t
speculate.
QUESTION: Thank you.
MS ORTAGUS: (Inaudible.) I’m sorry.
QUESTION: Okay, thanks. You described an important, extensive, thorough documentation –
199 countries. Do you think the fact that the Secretary chooses to single out the four
adversaries, main adversaries of the United States at this point – including three that are under
UN – U.S. sanctions – might decrease the impact of the document, and people would – and
support criticism that it’s – that human rights are being politicized?
ASSISTANT SECRETARY DESTRO: No, I really don’t. I think that the Secretary’s choices are his
own, and they reflect current American policy. And so the – but one of the things I think anybody
– any fair-minded person who reads these reports will see is that they’re pretty hard-hitting
across the board. And so we’re no more or less hard-hitting with respect to those countries than
we are to other countries that are flagged here for having problems.
MS ORTAGUS: Jennifer.

QUESTION: Why isn’t Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman mentioned in the section about the
murder of Jamal Khashoggi given that U.S. intelligence has concluded he played a role in that
murder?
ASSISTANT SECRETARY DESTRO: Hold on one second, let me just see. We’re not, generally
speaking – hold on one second. I think we have made clear across the board is that (a) we don’t
mention high-profile cases unless they’re emblematic of a country’s approach to cases like this
case. We have taken significant actions against people in Saudi Arabia. We’ve imposed visa
restrictions and financial sanctions. So the question of accountability is that we’re looking at all
the facts, we’re continuing to look at all the facts. That investigation, as I understand it, is
ongoing, and if more facts come to light about who’s responsible for what, we’ll make comments
at that point.
QUESTION: But the U.S.’s own Intelligence Community has concluded that.
MS ORTAGUS: Okay. Thank you. Said, go ahead.
QUESTION: Thank you.
MS ORTAGUS: Yeah.
QUESTION: Thank you, sir. Regarding Israel, the West Bank, and Gaza, we have seen a spike in
home demolitions over the past 14 months and it’s likely to increase. I mean, the indication is
that the first two months of this year also show a higher spike in East Jerusalem and in the
occupied West Bank. What is your position on the home demolitions? Besides reporting on that,
what are you doing in terms of deterring the Israelis from doing so? And does it fall under
collective punishment? Thank you.
ASSISTANT SECRETARY DESTRO: I’m sorry? The West Bank —
QUESTION: Does it fall under collective punishment? Thank you.
ASSISTANT SECRETARY DESTRO: Well, the – what I can tell you is that we intervene with every
country when we consider there to be – they’re considered violations. Now, let me just pull up
the material on Israel here.

And the – I think probably the best way to respond is that the United States intervenes actively
with Israel any time it perceives there to be a serious human rights problem. The – we have
expressed our views with respect to discrimination that appears. And in terms of the – in terms
of whether or not home demolitions are a significant human rights problem, those are issues we
would raise with the Government of Israel, and I’m certain that we have done so.
MS ORTAGUS: Okay. Last question. Abbie.
QUESTION: Hi, thanks again for doing this. What role did the Commission on Unalienable Rights
play in the assessments in this report, if any? And what was the impact of their assessments?
ASSISTANT SECRETARY DESTRO: The commission and DRL are completely separate, so they
had absolutely no role in this, no influence, and that’s a completely separate process. That’s
advisory to the Secretary. This is a congressional report.
MS ORTAGUS: Okay. Thank you.

Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor Bureau of East Asian and Paci c A airs
Bureau of Near Eastern A airs Bureau of Western Hemisphere A airs China
Guatemala Human Rights North Korea O ce of the Spokesperson Saudi Arabia
West Bank Xinjiang
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3/12/2020 Burma - United States Department of State
https://www.state.gov/reports/2019-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/burma/ 1/46
Executive Summary
Burma has a quasi-parliamentary system of government in which the national parliament selects
the president and constitutional provisions grant one-quarter of parliamentary seats to active-
duty military appointees. The military also has the authority to appoint the ministers of defense,
home affairs, and border affairs and one of two vice presidents, as well as to assume power over
all branches of the government should the president declare a national state of emergency. In
2015 the country held nationwide parliamentary elections that the public widely accepted as a
credible reflection of the will of the people. The National League for Democracy (NLD) party
leader Aung San Suu Kyi was the civilian government’s de facto leader and, due to constitutional
provisions preventing her from becoming president, remained in the position of state counsellor.
The Myanmar Police Force (MPF), under the Ministry of Home Affairs (led by an active-duty
general), is responsible for internal security. The Border Guard Police is administratively part of
the MPF but operationally distinct. The armed forces under the Ministry of Defense are
responsible for external security but are also engaged extensively in internal security, including
combat against ethnic armed groups. Under the constitution civilian authorities have no
I N T H I S S E C T I O N /
E X E C U T I V E S U M M A R Y
REPORT OVERVIEW
MARCH 11, 2020
2019Country Reports on Human Rights Practices:
Burma
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authority over the security forces; the armed forces commander in chief, Senior General Min
Aung Hlaing, maintained effective control over the security forces.
Extreme repression of and discrimination against the minority Rohingya population, who are
predominantly Muslim, continued in Rakhine State. Intense fighting between the military and the
ethnic-Rakhine Arakan Army (AA) that escalated in January displaced thousands more civilians,
further disrupted humanitarian access to vulnerable populations, and resulted in serious abuses
of civilian populations. Fighting between the military and ethnic armed groups in northern Shan
State, as well as fighting there among ethnic armed groups, temporarily displaced thousands of
persons and resulted in abuses, including reports of civilian deaths and forced recruitment by
the ethnic armed groups.
Significant human rights issues included: reports of extrajudicial and arbitrary killings by security
forces; enforced disappearance by security forces; torture and rape and other forms of sexual
violence by security forces; arbitrary detention by the government; harsh and sometimes life-
threatening prison conditions; political prisoners; arbitrary or unlawful interference with privacy;
significant problems with the independence of the judiciary; severe restrictions on free
expression including arbitrary arrest and prosecution of journalists, and criminal libel laws;
substantial interference with the rights of peaceful assembly and freedom of association,
including arrests of peaceful protesters and restrictions on civil society activity; severe restrictions
on religious freedom; significant restrictions on freedom of movement, in particular for
Rohingya; significant acts of corruption by some officials; some unlawful recruitment and use of
child soldiers; trafficking in persons; crimes involving violence or threats targeting members of
national, ethnic, and religious minorities; laws criminalizing consensual same-sex sexual conduct
between adults, although those laws were rarely enforced; and the use of forced and child labor.
There continued to be almost complete impunity for past and continuing abuses by the military.
In a few cases the government took limited actions to prosecute or punish officials responsible
for abuses, although in ways that were not commensurate with the seriousness of the crime.
Some armed ethnic groups committed human rights abuses, including killings, unlawful use of
child soldiers, forced labor of adults and children, and failure to protect civilians in conflict zones.
These abuses rarely resulted in investigations or prosecutions.

Section 1. Respect for the Integrity of the Person, Including
Freedom from:
A. ARBITRARY DEPRIVATION OF LIFE AND OTHER UNLAWFUL OR POLITICALLY
MOTIVATED KILLINGS
There were many reports security forces committed arbitrary or unlawful killings (see also
section 1.g.).
Security forces used excessive and sometimes lethal force against civilians. On May 2, soldiers
shot and killed eight of 200 villagers detained for suspected ties to the AA in northern Rakhine
State’s Rathedaung Township.
There were reports of suspects in custody dying as a result of police mistreatment. On June 2,
Tun Myint Win was arrested by police for allegedly participating in a protest against the building
of a cement factory. He was sent to Oboe Prison in Mandalay and died on June 5; his family
attributed his death to police abuse during his detention. On June 13, Tun Myint Win’s mother
was also charged with protesting, and as of November her case continued. Through October, 15
persons died in military detention in Rakhine State.
The trial of four individuals charged in the death of Ko Ni, a prominent Muslim lawyer and
adviser to Aung San Suu Kyi who was assassinated outside Rangoon’s international airport in
2017, concluded on February 15 with the conviction of four men. As of October the ostensible
organizer was yet to be found. Civil society groups and religious groups noted Ko Ni’s death had
a chilling effect on lawyers working for constitutional reform and accountability for military
abuses, as well as on Muslims fighting for improved treatment.
On May 6, seven soldiers convicted of the murder of 10 Rohingya men and boys in Inn Dinn
during the 2017 military crackdown were released after serving less than a year of their 10-year
prison sentence.
Arbitrary and unlawful killings related to internal conflict also occurred (see section 1.g.).
B. DISAPPEARANCE
There were reports of disappearances by security forces.

Amnesty International documented the military’s enforced disappearance of six men–one ethnic
Mro and five ethnic Rakhine–in mid-February.
Disappearances related to internal conflict also occurred (see section 1.g.).
C. TORTURE AND OTHER CRUEL, INHUMAN, OR DEGRADING TREATMENT OR
PUNISHMENT
The law prohibits torture; however, members of security forces reportedly tortured and
otherwise abused prisoners, detainees, and other citizens and stateless persons in incidents not
related to armed conflict. Such incidents occurred, for example, in Rakhine. Authorities generally
took no action to investigate incidents or punish alleged perpetrators.
The government did not launch any investigation into reports of sexual violence by the military
from this or prior years.
Two soldiers raped and tortured an ethnic Ta’ang woman on May 10 in Namhsan Township,
Shan State. On March 18, approximately 150 soldiers entered a village near Mrauk U in Rakhine
State and rounded up young men hiding in the monastery with other villagers. The men were
separated out, stripped naked, and forced to do jumping exercises and were beaten, while being
asked about the AA.
Security forces reportedly subjected detainees to harsh interrogation techniques designed to
intimidate and disorient, including severe beatings and deprivation of food, water, and sleep.
Human rights groups reported incidents of torture by security forces and some ethnic armed
groups in ethnic minority areas.
From August 8 to 21, a young man accused of being an AA member was held incommunicado
and subjected to electric shocks by soldiers, forcing him to confess to having ties with the AA,
according to the United Nations.
PRISON AND DETENTION CENTER CONDITIONS
There were continued reports that conditions in prisons, labor camps, and military detention
facilities were harsh and sometimes life threatening due to overcrowding, degrading treatment,

and inadequate access to medical care and basic needs, including food, shelter, and hygiene.
Observers noted some minor improvement in more centrally located prisons.
The Ministry of Home Affairs Department of Corrections operates the prison and labor camp
system and continued to significantly restrict access by international organizations–other than
the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC)–to prison and detention facilities generally.
The military did not permit access to its detention facilities.
Physical Conditions: There were an estimated 47 prisons and 48 labor camps, the latter referred
to by the government as “agriculture and livestock breeding career training centers” and
“manufacturing centers.” More than 20,000 inmates were serving their sentences in these labor
camps across the country. Authorities reportedly sent prisoners whose sentences did not include
“hard labor” to labor camps in contravention of the law and rented out prisoners as labor to
private companies. In spite of reforms in recent years, conditions at the camps remained life
threatening for some, especially at 18 camps where prisoners worked as miners.
A prominent human rights group estimated there were approximately 100,000 prisoners.
Women and men were held separately. Overcrowding was reportedly a serious problem in many
prisons and labor camps; a human rights group reported that occupancy at the country’s largest
prison was more than double capacity. Some prisons held pretrial detainees together with
convicted prisoners. Authorities held some political prisoners separately from common criminals,
but political prisoners arrested in land rights disputes were generally held together with common
criminals.
Bedding was often inadequate and sometimes consisted of a single mat, wooden platform, or
laminated plastic sheet on a concrete floor. Prisoners did not always have access to potable
water. In many cases family members had to supplement prisoners’ official rations, medicine,
and basic necessities. Inmates reportedly paid wardens for necessities, including clean water,
prison uniforms, plates, cups, and utensils.
Medical care was inadequate and reportedly contributed to deaths in custody. Prisoners suffered
from health problems, including malaria, heart disease, high blood pressure, tuberculosis, skin
diseases, and stomach problems, caused or exacerbated by unhygienic conditions and spoiled

food. Former prisoners also complained of poorly maintained physical structures that provided
no protection from the elements and had rodent, snake, and mold infestation.
Prison conditions in Rakhine State were reportedly among the worst, with hundreds of Rohingya
and ethnic-Rakhine subjected to torture and abuse by state prison and security officials.
Administration: Some prisons prevented full adherence to religious codes for prisoners,
ostensibly due to space restrictions and security concerns. For example, imprisoned monks
reported authorities denied them permission to observe Buddhist holy days, wear robes, shave
their heads, or eat on a schedule compatible with the monastic code. Some authorities continued
to cite security considerations to deny permission for Muslim prisoners to pray together as a
group, as is the practice for Friday prayers and during Ramadan.
Prisoners and detainees could sometimes submit complaints to judicial authorities without
censorship or negative repercussions.
Independent Monitoring: The ICRC had conditional access to all prisons and labor camps; it did
not have access to military detention sites. With prior approval from the Prison Department, it
could visit all prison and labor camps twice monthly but could not meet privately with prisoners.
The ICRC reported its findings through a strictly confidential bilateral dialogue with prison
authorities. These reports were neither public nor shared with any other party.
Improvements: The UN Office on Drugs and Crime ran a program aimed at strengthening prison
health systems. It included implementing the Standard Operating Procedures on Healthcare in
Prisons, launched in 2018, to provide training to medical staff working on drug treatment and
mental health assistance. The program continued to provide comprehensive support to prisons
in Rangoon, Mandalay, Myitkyina, and Lashio.
D. ARBITRARY ARREST OR DETENTION
The law does not prohibit arbitrary arrest, and the government continued to arrest persons,
often from ethnic and religious minorities, and notably in Rakhine State, on an arbitrary basis.
Amnesty International documented seven cases of arbitrary arrest in Rakhine State in the first
half of the year. The arrests were exclusively of men, usually ethnic Rakhine men of fighting age,

and were often accompanied by torture and other mistreatment aimed at obtaining information
about the AA.
The law allows the government to extend sentences after prisoners complete their original
sentence. The Minister of Home Affairs may extend a prison sentence unilaterally by two months
on six separate occasions, for a total extension of one year.
The law allows authorities to order detention without charge or trial of anyone they believe is
performing or might perform any act that endangers the sovereignty and security of the state or
public peace and tranquility. The civilian government and the military continued to interpret
these laws broadly and used them arbitrarily to detain activists, student leaders, farmers,
journalists, political staff, and human rights defenders.
Legal mechanisms exist to investigate abuses by security forces but were seldom used and
generally perceived to be ineffective.
ARREST PROCEDURES AND TREATMENT OF DETAINEES
Personnel from the Office of the Chief of Military Security Affairs and police commonly
conducted searches and made arrests at will, despite the law generally requiring warrants.
By law authorities may hold suspects in pretrial detention for two weeks (with a possible two-
week extension) before bringing them before a judge or informing them of the charges against
them. Lawyers noted police regularly detained suspects for the legally mandated period, failed to
file a charge, then detained them for a series of two-week periods with trips to the judge in
between.
The law does grant detainees the right to consult an attorney, but in some cases authorities
refused to allow suspects to meet with a lawyer. In May 2018 the government amended the law
to provide access to fair and equal legal aid based on international standards and to ensure legal
aid workers could operate independently and with legal protection. Through October the legal
aid program handled 132 cases, mostly in Shan and Mon States.
There is a functioning bail system, but bribery was a common substitute for bail. Bail is
commonly offered in criminal cases, but defendants were often required to attend numerous
pretrial hearings before bail was granted. In some cases the government held detainees

incommunicado. There were reports of authorities not informing family members of the arrests
of persons in a timely manner, not telling them of their whereabouts, and often denying them
the right to see prisoners in a timely manner.
Arbitrary Arrest: There were reports of arbitrary arrests, including detention by the military in
conflict areas. Amnesty International further documented seven cases of arbitrary arrest in
Rakhine State in the first half of year. These arrests were exclusively of men, usually ethnic
Rakhine men of fighting age, and were often accompanied by torture and other mistreatment
aimed at obtaining information about the AA.
Pretrial Detention: Judges and police sometimes colluded to extend detentions. According to
lawyers, arbitrary and lengthy pretrial detentions resulted from lengthy legal procedures, large
numbers of detainees, judicial inefficiency, widespread corruption, and staff shortages. Periods
of detention prior to and during trials sometimes equaled or exceeded the sentence that would
result from a guilty conviction.
Detainee’s Ability to Challenge Lawfulness before a Court: Security forces often arrested and
detained individuals without following proper procedures, in violation of national law. Arbitrary
arrest or detention was sometimes used to suppress political dissent.
E. DENIAL OF FAIR PUBLIC TRIAL
The law calls for an independent judiciary, although the government manipulated the courts for
political ends and sometimes deprived citizens of due process and the right to a fair trial,
particularly in freedom of expression cases.
The criminal justice system was overburdened by a high number of cases lodged against small-
time drug users, who constituted an estimated 50 percent of caseloads in the courts. Corruption
remained a significant problem. According to civil society organizations, officials at all levels
received illegal payments at all stages of the legal process for purposes ranging from influencing
routine matters, such as access to a detainee in police custody, to substantive decisions, such as
fixing the outcome of a case.
The military and the government directly and indirectly exerted influence over the outcome of
cases, often through overly broad or arbitrary application of legislation on speech or association.
On September 20, a former army captain, U Nay Myo Zin, was sentenced to one year in prison

for his critical public remarks in April about the military leadership and in support of
constitutional reform.
TRIAL PROCEDURES
The law provides for the right to a fair and public trial, but also grants broad exceptions,
effectively allowing the government to violate these rights at will. In ordinary criminal cases, the
government allowed courts to operate independently, and courts generally respected some
basic due process rights such as allowing a defense and appeal. In practice defendants do not
enjoy a presumption of innocence or the rights to be informed promptly and in detail of the
charges against them; to be present at their trial; to free interpretation; or, except in capital
cases, to consult an attorney of their choice or have one provided at government expense. There
is no right to adequate time and facilities to prepare a defense; defense attorneys in criminal
cases generally had 15 days to prepare for trial. In May 2018 the Union Attorney General’s Office
adopted a fair trial standards manual, but because of the low standard of legal education,
prosecutors, defense attorneys, and judges were often unfamiliar with precedent, case law, and
basic legal procedures. While no legal provision allows for coerced testimony or confessions of
defendants to be used in court, authorities have reportedly engaged in both practices. There
were reports of official coercion to plead guilty despite a lack of evidence, with promises of
reduced sentences to defendants who did so. There were reports of coercion to plead guilty
despite a lack of evidence with promises of reduced sentences to defendants who did so.
Although the law provides that ordinary criminal cases should be open to the public, in practice
members of the public with no direct involvement in a case were denied entry to courts. There is
no right to confront witnesses and present evidence, although defense attorneys could
sometimes call witnesses and conduct cross-examinations. Prodemocracy activists generally
were able to retain counsel, but other defendants’ access to counsel was inadequate.
Local civil society groups noted the public was largely unaware of its legal rights, and there were
too few lawyers to meet public needs.
POLITICAL PRISONERS AND DETAINEES
The government continued to detain and arrest journalists, activists, and critics of the
government and the military. According to civil society groups that use a definition of political
prisoners that includes those who may have engaged in acts of violence and excludes some

charges related to freedom of expression and religion, there were 50 convicted political prisoners
as of October. Another 580 individuals were facing trial for their political views, of whom 179
were detained and the rest were out on bail, according to the Assistance Association for Political
Prisoners.
On March 19, Aye Maung, chairman of the Arakan National Party, was sentenced to 20 years in
prison for high treason and another two years for defamation of the state. He was arrested and
charged in January 2018 after his public remarks at the commemoration of the 233rd
anniversary of the fall of the Arakan Kingdom–remarks that allegedly expressed and encouraged
support for the rebel AA.
Aung Ko Htway, jailed in March 2018 for defaming the military following an interview he gave to
an international media outlet on his experiences as a former child soldier, was released in
September.
Many former political prisoners experienced significant surveillance and restrictions following
their release, including the inability to resume studies undertaken prior to incarceration, secure
travel documents, or obtain other documents related to identity or ownership of land.
CIVIL JUDICIAL PROCEDURES AND REMEDIES
No specific mechanisms or laws provide for civil remedies for human rights violations; however,
complainants may use provisions of the penal code and laws of civil procedure to seek civil
remedies. Individuals and organizations may not appeal an adverse decision to regional human
rights bodies.
PROPERTY RESTITUTION
Under the constitution the state owns all land, although the law allows for registration and sale
of private land ownership rights. Authorities and private-sector organizations seized land during
the year; restitution was very limited, despite the law. In Shan State communities were further
concerned by the expansion of private-sector investment for coal mining on the seized land.
Protests in September stopped studies for a copper mine in Sagaing Region.
The law provides for compensation when the government acquires land for a public purpose;
however, civil society groups criticized the lack of safeguards in the law and said that

compensation was infrequent and inadequate in such cases. The government can also declare
land unused and assign it to foreign investors or designate it for other uses.
There is no judicial review of land ownership or confiscation decisions; administrative bodies
subject to political control by the national government make final decisions on land use and
registration. Researchers and civil society groups said land laws facilitate land confiscation
without providing adequate procedural protections. In some cases advance notice of
confiscations was not given.
In 2018 land-law amendments undercut provisions that favored recognition of traditional land-
tenure systems. In late 2018 the Ministry of Agriculture announced that small holders had six
months to register their land or risk becoming trespassers on their own land. If rigorously
enforced, this order could result in millions of persons losing rights of access to their lands.
Awareness of the amendments remained low in affected communities.
Police arrested farmers during the year for violating the land-use law. In September a court in
Ayeyarwaddy Region sentenced eight farmers, who claimed to be the original and
uncompensated owners of land seized as vacant and transferred to a private company, to two
years in prison for farming the land. During the year many other farmers were awaiting trial in
similar cases.
Civil society groups raised concerns that the vacant-land law posed a particularly serious threat
to traditional collective land ownership patterns prevalent in areas inhabited by ethnic minority
groups. Ethnic and civil society groups staged protests during the year in Kachin and Karen
States, Mandalay Region, and elsewhere over the government’s land policies.
Observers were concerned that the law could also be used to prevent displaced Rohingya from
returning to their land or receiving adequate compensation. Officials stated that burned land
would revert to the government and posted signs in several instances to that effect. Moreover,
following the military campaign in Rakhine State, authorities bulldozed villages, demolished
structures, and cleared vegetation to build security bases and other structures. Because of this
and because the land law also requires that land not used productively within four years revert
to the government, civil society groups saw little progress in returning land confiscated by the
government.

The General Administration Department under the Ministry of the Office of the Union
Government oversees land return. Adequate compensation was not provided to the many
farmers and rural communities whose land was confiscated without due process during the
former military regime, including by the Myanmar Oil and Gas Enterprise, the Myanmar Ports
Authority, and the military itself.
F. ARBITRARY OR UNLAWFUL INTERFERENCE WITH PRIVACY, FAMILY, HOME, OR
CORRESPONDENCE
The law protects the privacy and security of the home and property, but these protections were
poorly enforced. The law does not protect the privacy of correspondence or other
communications, and activists reported authorities routinely conducted surveillance of civil
society organizations’ operations.
Some activists reported the government systematically monitored citizens’ travel and closely
monitored the activities of politically active persons, while others reported they did not
experience any such invasions of privacy. Special Branch police, official intelligence networks, and
other administrative systems (see section 2.d.) were reported agents of such surveillance.
The law restricts the ability of Buddhist women to marry non-Buddhist men by imposing a
requirement of public notification prior to any such marriage and allowing for objections to the
marriage to be raised in court, although the law was rarely enforced.
In Rakhine State, local authorities prohibited Rohingya families from having more than two
children, although this was inconsistently enforced. Authorities there also required Rohingya to
obtain a permit to marry officially, a step not required of other ethnicities. Waiting times for the
permit could exceed one year, and bribes usually were required. Unauthorized marriages could
result in prosecution of Rohingya men under the penal code, which prohibits a man from
“deceitfully” marrying a woman, and could result in a prison sentence or fine.
There were reports of regular, unannounced nighttime household checks in northern Rakhine
State and in other areas.
G. ABUSES IN INTERNAL CONFLICT

There were long-running armed internal conflicts across the country. Reports of killings,
disappearances, beatings, torture, forced labor, forced relocations, the use of child soldiers,
excessive use of force, disregard for civilian life, sexual violence, and other abuses committed by
government forces and armed opposition and rebel groups were common. Within the military,
impunity for abuses and crimes generally continued, although the military took disciplinary
action in some cases.
In December 2018 the military declared a four-month unilateral ceasefire covering Kachin and
Shan States; it was extended to September 21. The ceasefire was partly responsible for a
reduction in violence in Kachin State, although fighting, including military violations of the cease-
fire, continued in northern Shan State and there was a significant upturn in violence in August.
Conflict continued in central and northern Rakhine State between the military and the Rakhine-
ethnic AA.
Fighting in Kachin continued throughout the year, resulting in civilian casualties, credible reports
of military abuses of civilians, and the displacement of large numbers of people; fighting also
affected the Paletwa Township in southern Chin State. In Shan State, clashes continued between
and among various groups and the military, with credible allegations of abuse of civilian
populations by both the military and ethnic armed groups. In most of the southeast, pervasive
and organized violent abuse of civilian populations in ethnic minority areas declined, largely due
to a number of bilateral cease-fire agreements reached with ethnic armed groups.
Killings: Military officials reportedly killed, tortured, and otherwise seriously abused civilians in
conflict areas without public inquiry or accountability. Following ethnic armed groups’ attacks on
the military, the military reportedly often directed its attacks against civilians, resulting in civilian
deaths. Some ethnic armed groups, most notably the Ta’ang National Liberation Army (TNLA),
allegedly killed civilians suspected of being members of rival armed groups. The AA allegedly
killed civilians suspected of providing information to the military.
On September 10, two decapitated male bodies were found in the middle of a market in Kan
Htaung Gyi town in Rakhine State’s Myebon Township. The incident brought to 13 the number of
unsolved murders of civilians in northern Rakhine State during the year. The military and the AA
accused each other of being responsible.

On August 15, the TNLA, likely with some support from allied ethnic armed groups, attacked
military and police bases, killing 13 security personnel. The military and TNLA were responsible
for artillery and other fire that resulted in the deaths of civilians, including five civilians (three of
them children) killed on August 31 during fighting near Kutkai. Each side blamed the other for the
civilian deaths.
In September the military announced its court of inquiry would begin court-martial proceedings
against an unspecified number of soldiers for “weakness in following instructions” in connection
with 2017 clashes with the Arakan Rohingya Salvation Army in Gu Dar Pyin, Rakhine State. A
military spokesperson stated the court martial concerned violations of the military’s rules of
engagement and was not connected to press reports of a mass grave of Rohingya men in Gu Dar
Pyin.
Abductions: Government soldiers and nonstate armed groups abducted villagers in conflict
areas. There were credible reports that the military abducted individuals in Rakhine State in
March and kept them incommunicado. In February the AA abducted civilians from Paletwa, Chin
State, and took them into Bangladesh; they returned the civilians months later to their homes.
On September 23, government soldiers in Shan State reportedly arrested 14 civilians, including
four girls, and forced them to join their patrol, with one civilian ordered to march in front of the
column formation.
Physical Abuse, Punishment, and Torture: Nongovernmental organization (NGO) reports
provided credible information that the military engaged in torture and beating of civilians alleged
to be working with or perceived to be sympathetic to ethnic armed groups in Rakhine State.
There were also continued reports of forced labor and forced recruitment by the United Wa State
Army (UWSA), the Restoration Council of Shan State, and the TNLA.
Reports continued that the military forced civilians to carry supplies or serve in other support
roles in conflict areas such as northern Shan, southern Chin and Rakhine States.
The United Nations, media, and NGOs during the year documented the widespread use of rape
and sexual violence by the military in Rakhine, Kachin, and Shan States since at least 2011.
Civilians, armed actors, and NGOs operating inside the country and along the border reported
continued landmine use by the military and armed groups.

Child Soldiers: The military and four armed groups–the Kachin Independence Army, the armed
wing of the Kachin Independence Organization; the Karen National Liberation Army, the armed
wing of the Karen National Union; the TNLA; and the UWSA–were listed in the UN secretary-
general’s 2019 report on Children and Armed Conflict as perpetrators of the recruitment and use
of children.
The penalties imposed for recruiting and using child soldiers were not commensurate with the
seriousness of these crimes. In past years most of these cases reportedly culminated in
reprimands, demotions, relocations, fines, or decreases in pensions, penalties significantly less
than those prescribed by criminal law. Despite military directives prohibiting the use of children,
some children were still recruited. There were reports middlemen helped bypass age verification
procedures to allow the enrollment of underage recruits, sometimes at the request of the
recruits’ families. The Ministry of Defense undertook to investigate military personnel implicated
in recruiting child soldiers. There was, however, no evidence that the government prosecuted
soldiers in civilian courts for recruitment or use of child soldiers.
The military generally allowed UN monitors to inspect for compliance with agreed-upon
procedures for ending the recruitment of children and identifying and demobilizing those serving
in armed conflict. There were, however, some delays in securing official permissions, and access
to conflict areas was generally denied. The government continued to prevent ethnic armed
groups from signing joint plans of action with the United Nations to end the recruitment of child
soldiers and to demobilize and rehabilitate those already serving.
Also see the Department of State’s Trafficking in Persons Report at
https://www.state.gov/trafficking-in-persons-report/.
Other Conflict-related Abuse: The government restricted the passage of relief supplies and
access by international humanitarian organizations to conflict-affected areas of Rakhine, Kachin,
and Shan States. The government regularly denied access to the United Nations, international
NGOs, and diplomatic missions, asserting the military could not ensure their security or by
claiming that humanitarian assistance would benefit ethnic armed group forces. In some cases
the military allowed gradual access as government forces regained control over contested areas.
As of October there were an estimated 40,000 internally displaced persons (IDPs) in areas of the
country outside government control, primarily in northern Kachin State. Fighting in Rakhine and

Shan States displaced tens of thousands of persons during the year, compounding the long-term
displacement of conflict-affected communities in these areas. Most of those newly displaced in
Shan State, however, were able to return home during the year. Locally based organizations had
some access to IDPs in areas outside government control, but the military increased restrictions
on their access, including through threats of prosecution. The military has largely restricted
access to IDPs and Rohingya in general in the conflict-affected areas of Rakhine State to only the
Red Cross and the World Food Program, resulting in unmet humanitarian needs among these
IDPs. The government has not granted the United Nations or other international organizations
humanitarian access to areas in Kachin State outside of military control since June 2016.
More than 107,000 persons remained displaced by conflict in Kachin and Shan States. In some
cases villagers driven from their homes fled into the forest, frequently in heavily mined areas,
without adequate food, security, or basic medical care (see section 2.d.).
Section 2. Respect for Civil Liberties, Including:
A. FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION, INCLUDING FOR THE PRESS
The constitution provides that “every citizen shall be at liberty in the exercise of expressing and
publishing freely their convictions and opinions,” but it contains the broad and ambiguous caveat
that exercise of these rights must “not be contrary to the laws enacted for national security,
prevalence of law and order, community peace and tranquility, or public order and morality.”
Threats against and arrests of journalists continued during the year.
Freedom of Expression: Freedom of expression was more restricted than in 2018. Authorities
arrested, detained, convicted, intimidated, and imprisoned citizens for expressing political
opinions critical of the government and the military, generally under charges of defamation,
incitement, protesting without a permit, or violating national security laws. This included the
detentions and trials of activists and ordinary citizens. The government applied laws carrying
more severe punishments than in the past, including laws enabling years-long prison sentences.
The criminal defamation clause under the telecommunications law was frequently used to
restrict freedom of expression. Several critics of the government and the military faced charges
under this law. On August 29, for example, noted filmmaker and human rights activist Min Htin

Ko Ko Gyi was sentenced to one year in prison for Facebook posts that were critical of the
military’s role in politics; he also faced other potential charges.
Five members of the Peacock Generation performance troupe were detained without bail for a
satirical performance during the April New Year holiday criticizing the military’s role in politics. On
October 30, five members were found guilty of defaming the military and were sentenced to one
year of labor. As of November the case for other charges continued.
Military officers brought or sought to bring charges against several prominent religious figures
based on their criticism of the military, including multiple Buddhist monks and the prominent
Kachin Baptist reverend, Hkalam Samson. Authorities dropped the complaint against Samson,
but the cases against at least two prominent, protolerance monks critical of the military and
Bamar Buddhist ultranationalism, Sein Ti Ta and Myawaddy Sayadaw, remained open as of
November.
A variety of laws were used to censor or prosecute public dissent. On June 19 and 21, the military
used a privacy law to press charges against 12 individuals, including reporters, for allegedly
aiding and abetting trespass on seized land in Kayah State. As of November the case continued.
Some persons remained wary of speaking openly about politically sensitive topics due to
monitoring and harassment by security services and ultranationalist Buddhist groups. Police
continued to monitor politicians, journalists, writers, and diplomats.
Press and Media, Including Online Media: Independent media were active and able to operate,
despite many official and unofficial restrictions. The government continued to permit the
publication of privately owned daily newspapers. As of July authorities approved 46 dailies;
however, press freedom declined compared with 2018, and the security forces detained
journalists under laws carrying more severe sentences than those it used in previous years.
Local media could cover human rights and political issues, including, for example, democratic
reform and international investigations of the 2017 ethnic cleansing in Rakhine State, although
they observed some self-censorship on these subjects. Official action or threats of such action
increased against journalists reporting on conflict in Rakhine State involving the AA. The
government generally permitted media outlets to cover protests and civil conflict, topics not
reported widely in state-run media.

The military continued to practice zero tolerance of perceived critical media commentary
through prosecution by civil authorities. Members of the ruling party increasingly prosecuted
journalists perceived as critical.
In May the president granted amnesty to two Reuters reporters detained in late 2017 and
sentenced in 2018 to seven years in prison under the Official Secrets Act for their investigation of
security forces’ activities in northern Rakhine State.
On September 30, a court ruled a defamation case could again be heard against Myanmar Now
editor in chief Swe Win. Charges were dismissed on July 2 after the plaintiff, Wirathu, repeatedly
failed to appear in court; as of November the case continued. Swe Win was arrested in 2017 for
allegedly sharing a Facebook post suggesting the monk Wirathu, a prominent Ma Ba Tha (a local
Buddhist organization) figurehead, violated the monastic code of conduct by making statements
commending the 2017 assassination of well known Muslim constitutional lawyer Ko Ni (see
section 1.a.).
The government relaxation of its monopoly and control of domestic television broadcasting
continued, with five private companies broadcasting using Ministry of Information platforms.
Many media outlets reported the cost of applying for and maintaining a television channel was
prohibitive. The government offered three public channels–two controlled by the Ministry of
Information and one by the military; the ministry channels regularly aired the military’s content.
Two private companies that had strong links to the previous military regime continued to
broadcast six free-to-air channels. The government allowed the general population to register
satellite television receivers for a fee, but the cost was prohibitive for most persons outside of
urban areas. The military, government, and government-linked businesspersons controlled the
eight privately or quasi-governmentally owned FM radio stations.
Violence and Harassment: Nationalist groups continued to target journalists who criticized
government policy on intercommunal and Rakhine State issues. Businesspersons engaged in
illegal enterprises, sometimes together with local authorities, also harassed and threatened
journalists reporting on their activities, including with the threat of legal action. Officials
continued to monitor journalists in various parts of the country.
Censorship or Content Restrictions: Although generally not enforced, laws prohibit citizens from
electronically passing information about the country to foreign media, exposing journalists who

reported for or cooperated with international media to potential harassment, intimidation, and
arrest. There were no reports of overt prepublication censorship, and the government allowed
open discussion of some sensitive political and economic topics, but incidents of legal action
against publications that criticized the military or the government heightened concern among
local journalists and increased self-censorship.
Self-censorship was common, particularly on issues related to Buddhist extremism, the military,
the situation in Rakhine State, and the peace process. Journalists reported that such self-
censorship became more pronounced after the 2018 trial and conviction of two Reuters
journalists. The government ordered media outlets to use certain terms and themes to describe
the situation in northern Rakhine State and threatened penalties against journalists who did not
follow the government’s guidance, which exacerbated already high levels of self-censorship on
this topic. Authorities prevented journalists’ access to northern Rakhine State except on
government-organized trips that participants reported to be tightly controlled and designed to
advance the government’s narrative. The government continued to use visa issuance and
shortened visa validities to control foreign journalists, especially those not based in the country.
The government censorship board reviews all films to be screened inside the country. On June
15, the screening of a film critical of the military was abruptly pulled from the opening night of
the Human Rights Human Dignity International Film Festival. The founder of the festival, Min Htin
Ko Ko Gyi, was in jail at the time and was later convicted of criticizing the military (see section
2.a.).
Journalists continued to complain about the widespread practice of government informants
attending press conferences and other events, which they said intimidated reporters and the
events’ hosts. Informants demanded lists of hosts and attendees.
Libel/Slander Laws: Military and civilian government officials used broad defamation statutes to
bring criminal charges against journalists, activists, and ordinary citizens.
In February a Dawei Township court fined the editor of the Thanintharyi Journal 500,000 kyat
($330) over the journal’s 2017 publication of a satirical article about a regional official. On August
26, six Karenni youths were charged with slander for calling the Kayah State chief minister a
traitor over his support for the erection of a statue to Aung San Suu Kyi’s father. On November 7,
they were sentenced to six months in prison with labor.

In September a local NLD office in Ayeyarwaddy Region brought charges against a cartoonist for
allegedly defaming the township and the NLD. On September 19, an NLD official in Mandalay
sued two Facebook users, alleging their satiric memes defamed the regional chief minister.
INTERNET FREEDOM
The government did not generally censor online content. The government did, however, restrict
access to the internet. On June 20, the Ministry of Transport and Communications ordered
mobile phone operators to stop mobile internet traffic in eight townships in northern Rakhine
State and in Paletwa Township in southern Chin State due to “disturbances of peace and use of
internet services to coordinate illegal activities.” The ban was lifted on August 31 in five of the
nine affected townships but remained in effect in four townships in northern Rakhine State as of
November.
The Telecommunications Law includes broad provisions giving the government the power to
temporarily block and filter content, on grounds of “benefit of the people.” According to Freedom
House, pressure on users to remove content continued to originate from the government,
military, and other groups. The law does not include provisions to force the removal of content
or provide for intermediary liability, although some articles are vague and could be argued to
cover content removal. Pressure to remove content instead came from the use or threat of use
of other criminal provisions.
The government’s Social Media Monitoring Team reportedly continued to monitor internet
communications without clear legal authority and used defamation charges to intimidate and
detain some individuals using social media to criticize the military, government officials, or the
ruling party. There were also instances of authorities intimidating online media outlets and
internet users. Social media continued to be a popular forum to exchange ideas and opinions
without direct government censorship, although there were military-affiliated disinformation
campaigns on social media.
ACADEMIC FREEDOM AND CULTURAL EVENTS
Government restrictions on academic freedom and cultural events continued.
The government tightened restrictions on political activity and freedom of association on
university campuses. On February 13, seven students of Yadanabon University in Mandalay were

found guilty of arson and of holding a December 2018 protest without providing proper
notification. The students were sentenced to a total of three months’ in prison with hard labor.
The seven students were prominent members of the Yadanabon Student Union and were
involved in organizing a series of protests beginning on December 28 on Yadanabon University
campus, calling for improved campus security. During the protest dozens of students burned a
mock coffin containing photos of the university rector, the chief minister of Mandalay Region, the
regional minister for electricity, road, and transportation, and the minister for security and
border affairs.
The government generally allowed the informal establishment of student unions, although
among university rectors and faculty there was considerable fear and suspicion of student
unions. Although some student unions were allowed to open unofficial offices, the All Burma
Federation of Student Unions, as in previous years, was unable to register but participated in
some activities through informal networks.
There were reported incidents of the government restricting cultural events. There is a ban on
street art.
B. FREEDOMS OF PEACEFUL ASSEMBLY AND ASSOCIATION
The constitution provides for the freedoms of peaceful assembly and association, but the
government restricted these rights.
FREEDOM OF PEACEFUL ASSEMBLY
Although the constitution provides the right to peaceful assembly, it was not always respected in
practice. Authorities used laws against criminal trespass as well as provisions which criminalize
actions the government deemed likely to cause “an offense against the State or against the
public tranquility” to restrict peaceful assembly.
Restrictions remained in place in 11 Rangoon townships on all applications for processions or
assemblies. Some civil society groups asserted these restrictions were selectively applied and
used to prevent demonstrations against the government or military. Farmers and social activists
continued to protest land rights’ violations and land confiscation throughout the country, and
human rights groups reported the arrest of farmers and supporters. Many reported cases

involved land seized by the former military regime and given to private companies or persons
with ties to the military.
Whether civil society organizations were required to apply for advance permission before
holding meetings and other functions in hotels and other public venues varied by situation and
by government official. Some officials forced venues to cancel civil society events where such
permission was not obtained; others required civil society organizations to request advance
permission from the local government to meet with diplomats.
Following a peaceful protest in February against the erection of a statue of the Burmese
independence hero (and father of Aung San Suu Kyi) General Aung San in Loikaw, Kayah State,
the local government arrested 55 demonstrators, with charges of defamation and illegal protest
which were later dropped after negotiations between activists and the local government.
On October 2, the chairwoman of the Karen Women’s Union, Naw Ohn Hla, and two other
activists were convicted and sentenced to 15 days in prison for holding an unauthorized Karen
Martyr’s Day celebration in Rangoon in August. They had sought approval from authorities
before the commemoration, but it was not granted because of the use of the term “martyr,” a
term the government tended to associate exclusively with Aung San and the members of his
cabinet who were assassinated alongside him.
FREEDOM OF ASSOCIATION
Although the constitution and laws allow citizens to form associations and organizations, the
government sometimes restricted this right.
In July the State Sangha Maha Nayaka Committee (a government-appointed body of high-ranking
Buddhist monks) again declared Ma Ba Tha an “illegal organization.” The State Sangha Maha
Nayaka Committee had banned Ma Ba Tha from using that name in 2017. Some local branches
of the organization continued to use the name on their signs in spite of the ban, and as of
October no action had been taken against them.
The law on registering organizations stipulates voluntary registration for local NGOs and
removes punishments for noncompliance for both local and international NGOs. Some NGOs
that tried to register under this law found the process extremely onerous.

Activists reported that civil society groups, community-based organizations, and informal
networks operated openly and continued to discuss human rights and other political problems
openly. They reported, however, that state surveillance of such operations and discussions was
common and that government restrictions on meetings and other activity continued during the
year.
C. FREEDOM OF RELIGION
See the Department of State’s International Religious Freedom Report at
https://www.state.gov/religiousfreedomreport/.
D. FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT
The law does not protect freedom of internal movement, foreign travel, emigration, or
repatriation. Local regulations limit the rights of citizens to settle and reside anywhere in the
country. By law the president may require the registration of foreigners’ movements and
authorize officials to require foreigners to register every change of address exceeding 24 hours.
The government appeared to restrict informally repatriation by maintaining an opaque “black
list” of individuals, including some from the exile community, who were prohibited from entering
the country.
In-country Movement: Regional and local orders, directives, and instructions restrict freedom of
movement.
Restrictions on in-country movement of Rohingya were extensive. Authorities required the
largely stateless Rohingya to carry special documents and travel permits for internal movement
in areas in Rakhine State where most Rohingya reside. Township officers in Buthidaung and
Maungdaw Townships continued to require Rohingya to submit a “form for informing absence
from habitual residence” for permission to stay overnight in another village and to register on the
guest list with the village administrator. Obtaining these forms and permits often involved
extortion and bribes.
Restrictions governing the travel of foreigners, Rohingya, and others between townships in
Rakhine State varied, depending on township, and generally required submission of a document
known as “Form 4.” A traveler could obtain this form only from the township Immigration and

National Registration Department (INRD) and only if that person provided an original copy of a
family list, a temporary registration card, and letters from two guarantors. Travel authorized
under Form 4 is generally valid for two to four weeks, but it is given almost exclusively for
medical emergencies, effectively eliminating many opportunities to work or study. The cost to
obtain the form varied from township to township, with required payments to village
administrators or to the township INRD office ranging from the official amount of 30,000 to more
than two million kyats ($20 to $1,320). Extensive administrative measures are imposed on
Rohingya and foreigners in Rakhine State, which effectively prevented persons from changing
residency.
There were credible reports of hundreds of Rohingya serving prison terms of up to two years for
attempting to travel out of Rakhine State without prior authorization. In October authorities
convicted 30 Rohingya for attempting to travel from Rakhine State to Rangoon without travel
permits. The court sentenced 21 of them to two years in prison and sent eight children to a
detention center. The youngest, age five, was being held in a Pathein prison with his mother as of
November. In January seven Rohingya, including a child, from Kyauktaw Township in Rakhine
State were sentenced to two years’ detention for travelling without valid documents after walking
300 miles to western Bago Region.
Foreign Travel: The government maintained restrictions to prevent foreign travel by political
activists, former political prisoners, and some local staff of foreign embassies, although such
persons reported encountering far fewer delays and restrictions. Stateless persons, particularly
Rohingya, were unable to obtain documentation necessary for foreign travel.
E. INTERNALLY DISPLACED PERSONS
As of October an estimated 263,000 individuals were living as IDPs due to violence in Kachin,
Rakhine, and northern Shan states. Some 101,000 Rohingya IDPs have been displaced since
2012. The UN Office of Coordination for Humanitarian Affairs estimated that more than 28,000 of
the primarily Rohingya IDPs in Rakhine State have been displaced by armed conflict since January
and that more than 8,000 persons were displaced in northern Shan State at the height of the
violence there in August, although most of these later returned home. Approximately 128,000
Rohingya remained confined to IDP camps in Rakhine State following 2012 intercommunal
violence; a small number of Kaman and Rakhine have also lived in IDP camps since 2012. An
additional estimated 7,000 Rohingya remained internally displaced following atrocities beginning

in 2017 in northern Rakhine State along with a small number of individuals from other ethnic
groups. Accurate figures were difficult to determine due to continued poor access to affected
areas.
In addition to internal displacement provoked by conflict, a March report by the UN special
rapporteur on human rights in Burma highlighted displacement (as well as the loss of livelihood)
caused by natural resource extraction and environmental destruction in Kachin, Shan, and Kayin
States. The special rapporteur noted increased human rights abuses associated with
militarization around resource extraction sites prevented IDPs from returning home.
The United Nations and other humanitarian agencies reported significant deterioration in
humanitarian access during the year, and the military blocked access to IDPs and other
vulnerable populations in areas controlled by nonstate armed groups (see section 1.g., Other
Conflict-related Abuse). Access to displaced persons in or near conflict zones continued to be a
challenge, with the military restricting access by humanitarian actors seeking to provide aid to
affected communities.
The government restricted the ability of IDPs and stateless persons to move, limiting access to
health services and schooling. While a person’s freedom of movement generally derived from
possession of identification documents, authorities also considered race, ethnicity, religion, and
place of origin as factors in enforcing these regulations. Residents of ethnic-minority states
reported the government restricted the travel of IDPs and stateless persons.
Some 101,000 Rohingya IDPs lived in Sittwe’s rural camps, where they relied on assistance from
aid agencies. Humanitarian agencies provided access to clean water, food, shelter, and sanitation
in most IDP camps for Rohingya.
F. PROTECTION OF REFUGEES
Abuse of Migrants, Refugees, and Stateless Persons: The government did not always cooperate
with the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) or other humanitarian organizations in
providing protection and assistance to IDPs, refugees, returning refugees, asylum seekers, and
other persons of concern. For example, the government routinely refused to allow humanitarian
organizations access to Rakhine State and other locations.

Access to Asylum: The law does not provide for granting asylum or refugee status, and the
government has not established a system for providing protection to refugees. UNHCR did not
register any asylum seekers during the year.
G. STATELESS PERSONS
The vast majority of Rohingya are stateless. Following the forced displacement of more than
700,000 Rohingya to Bangladesh in 2017, up to 600,000 Rohingya were estimated to remain in
Rakhine State. There were also likely significant numbers of stateless persons and persons with
undetermined nationality throughout the country, including persons of Chinese, Indian, and
Nepali descent. Although these latter groups did not face the same level of official and social
discrimination as Rohingya, they were still subject to the lesser rights and greater restrictions of
associate and naturalized citizenship.
The government recognizes 135 “national ethnic groups” whose members are automatically full
citizens. The law also establishes two forms of citizenship short of full citizenship: associate and
naturalized. Citizens of these two types are unable to run for political office; form a political party;
serve in the military, police, or public administration; inherit land or money; or pursue certain
professional degrees, such as medicine and law. Only members of the third generation of
associate or naturalized citizens are able to acquire full citizenship.
The law defines “national ethnic group” only as a racial and ethnic group that can prove origins in
the country dating back to 1823, the year prior to British colonization. In practice the government
has granted or withdrawn “national ethnic group” status from ethnic groups throughout the
country on various occasions. Because the Rohingya are not on the list, and due to other
government action, they are stateless. Several ethnic minority groups, including the Chin and
Kachin, criticized the classification system as inaccurate.
Some Rohingya are technically eligible for full citizenship. The process involves additional official
scrutiny and in practice requires substantial bribes to government officials, and even then it does
not provide for the rights guaranteed to other full citizens. Members of other ethnic groups faced
similar challenges.
The law does not provide protection for children born in the country who do not have a “relevant
link” to another state.

The government continued to call for Rohingya to apply for National Verification Cards (NVC),
created in 2015. The government claims that these cards are necessary to apply for citizenship.
NGO reports indicated that Rohingya were pressured or coerced to accept NVCs. For example,
there were reported cases of government officials requiring Rohingya to have an NVC to go
fishing or access a bank account. Many Rohingya expressed the need for more assurances about
the results of the process. Many said they were already citizens and expressed fear the
government would either not affirm their citizenship or would provide a form of lesser
citizenship, thereby formalizing their lack of rights. Some townships in Rakhine State required
Rohingya to identify as “Bengali” to apply for NVCs.
Section 3. Freedom to Participate in the Political Process
The constitution provides citizens limited ability to choose their government through elections
held by secret ballot; the electoral system is not fully representational and does not assure the
free expression of the will of the people. Under the constitution, active-duty military are
appointed to one-quarter of all national and regional parliamentary seats, and the military has
the right to appoint the ministers of defense, home affairs–which has responsibility for police,
prisons, and other domestic security matters–and border affairs. The military can also
indefinitely assume power over all branches of the government should the president declare a
national state of emergency. The constitution prohibits persons with immediate relatives holding
foreign citizenship from becoming president. Amending the constitution requires approval by
more than 75 percent of members of parliament, giving the military effective veto power over
constitutional amendments.
ELECTIONS AND POLITICAL PARTICIPATION
Recent Elections: Observers considered the 2015 national election to be generally reflective of
the will of the people, notwithstanding some structural shortcomings, and considered
subsequent by-elections in 2017 and 2018 basically free and fair. Observers raised concerns that
25 percent of seats in parliament were reserved for unelected military officers; potential Muslim
candidates were disqualified by their political parties on an apparently discriminatory basis;
almost all members of the Rohingya community, many of whom voted in elections prior to 2015,
were disenfranchised; and the government canceled voting in some conflict-affected ethnic
minority areas. The NLD, chaired by Aung San Suu Kyi, won more than 77 percent of the
contested 1,150 seats at the state, regional, and union levels in the 2015 election.

Political Parties and Political Participation: Opposition parties and civil society organizations
continued to exercise their rights to assemble and protest. New political parties were generally
allowed to register and compete in elections, which featured fewer restrictions on party
organization and voter mobilization. Only sporadic interference from government officials was
reported. Competition was skewed in part by the military-backed United Solidarity and
Development Party’s systematic support from the military, whose personnel and their families
are eligible to vote, casting ballots in military barracks in some cases. Moreover, some legal
provisions can be invoked to restrict parties’ operations. The constitution contains a requirement
that political parties be loyal to the state, which carries the potential for abuse. Laws allow for
penalties, including deregistration, against political parties that accept support from foreign
governments or religious bodies, or that are deemed to have abused religion for political
purposes or disrespected the constitution.
Participation of Women and Minorities: No laws limit the participation of women and members
of minorities in the political process, and they did participate. Nevertheless, women and
minorities continued to be underrepresented in government. Aung San Suu Kyi was the only
woman in a national cabinet of 24 ministers. Women made up only about 13 percent of national
and local elected legislators. Women were chief ministers of Kayin State and Tanintharyi Region,
although the latter was dismissed in March following accusations of corruption.
As of October, five chief ministers of the seven ethnic states belonged to the largest ethnic
groups of their states, including the chief minister of Rakhine State; one of two union-level vice
presidents belonged to the Chin ethnic minority group and one belonged to the Mon ethnic
group. Ethnic-minority parliamentarians from ethnic-minority political parties made up about 9
percent of legislators at the national, state, and regional level; this did not include the numerous
ethnic-minority members of the NLD, or the Union Solidarity and Development Party.
As noncitizens in the view of the government, Rohingya were excluded from the political process.
Most Rohingya-majority areas were represented by an ethnic Rakhine nationalist party. No
Muslim candidate won in 2015, resulting in a national parliament that for the first time had no
Muslim representatives.
Section 4. Corruption and Lack of Transparency in Government

The law provides criminal penalties for corruption by officials, and the government continued
efforts to curb corruption.
Corruption: Corruption remained a problem, particularly in the judiciary. Police reportedly often
required victims to pay substantial bribes for criminal investigations and routinely extorted
money from the civilian population. The government took some steps to investigate and address
corruption of government officials.
On September 9, the Anti-Corruption Commission charged Aung Zaw, general manager of the
state-owned Burma Pharmaceutical Industry, with bribery for the improper purchasing of raw
materials for the factory. As of November the case continued. On July 26, Industry Minister Khin
Maung Cho was forced to resign for failing to open a tender process for the procurement of raw
materials worth more than one billion kyats ($660,000) at the same factory.
Financial Disclosure: Public officials were not subject to public financial disclosure laws. The law
requires the president and vice presidents to furnish a list of family assets to the speaker of the
joint houses of parliament, and the law requires persons appointed by the president to furnish a
list of personal assets to the president. The government did not make the reports available to the
public.
Civil servants cannot accept gifts worth more than 25,000 kyats ($17). The rules also require civil
servants to report all offers of gifts to their supervisors, whether or not they are accepted.
Section 5. Governmental Attitude Regarding International and
Nongovernmental Investigation of Alleged Abuses of Human
Rights
The government did not allow domestic human rights organizations to function independently.
Human rights NGOs were able to open offices and operate, but there were reports of
harassment and monitoring by authorities, and authorities sometimes pressured hotels and
other venues not to host meetings by activists or other civil society groups.
Foreign human rights activists and advocates, including representatives from international
NGOs, continued to be restricted to short-term visas that required them to leave the country

periodically for renewal. The government continued to monitor the movements of foreigners
and interrogated citizens concerning contacts with foreigners.
The United Nations or Other International Bodies: The government has not agreed to the
opening of an Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) and has not
approved visa requests for OHCHR staff.
In August a UN fact-finding mission, established by the UN Human Rights Council, published two
reports on the country: one on sexual and gender-based violence and the gendered impact of
ethnic conflicts and the other on the military’s economic interests and their relation to human
rights abuses. The government rejected the mandate of the fact-finding mission and the content
of its reports and denied the mission members permission to enter the country.
The government has also refused cooperate with or give the Independent Investigative
Mechanism for Myanmar, created by the UN Human Rights Council, access to the country.
The government continued to refuse entry to the UN special rapporteur on the situation of
human rights in Myanmar, but permitted the UN secretary-general’s special envoy on Myanmar,
Christine Schraner-Burgener, to open an office in the country and to meet with senior officials,
including Aung San Suu Kyi and Commander in Chief Min Aung Hlaing.
The ICRC had access to civilian prisons and labor camps. The government also allowed the ICRC
to operate in ethnic-minority states, including in Shan, Rakhine, and Kachin States.
Government Human Rights Bodies: The Myanmar National Human Rights Commission
investigated some incidents of human rights abuses. In some cases it called on the government
to conduct investigations into abuses. Its ability to operate as a credible, independent
mechanism remained limited. The commission supported the development of human rights
education curricula, distributed human rights materials, and conducted human rights training.
The Independent Commission of Enquiry for Rakhine State, formed by the government in July
2018, continued its investigations but had not released any findings as of November. Previous
government-led investigations into reports of widespread abuses by security services against the
Rohingya in northern Rakhine State in 2016 yielded no findings of responsibility by security
forces and were criticized by international observers as deeply flawed.

Section 6. Discrimination, Societal Abuses, and Trafficking in
Persons
WOMEN
Rape and Domestic Violence: Rape is illegal but remained a significant problem, and the
government did not enforce the law effectively. Spousal rape is not a crime unless the wife is
younger than 14. Police generally investigated reported cases of rape, but there were reports
police investigations were not sensitive to victims. Civil society groups continued to report police
in some cases verbally abused women who reported rape, and women could be sued for
impugning the dignity of the perpetrator.
On July 6, an estimated 6,000 demonstrators protested the alleged sexual assault in May of a
two-year-old girl at a nursery school in Nay Pyi Taw and over concerns about the transparency of
the trial. Thousands of Facebook users changed their profile pictures to the silhouette of a girl to
demand “Justice for Victoria,” the pseudonym of the victim. On July 9, the leader of the campaign
was arrested for Facebook posts “defaming” the police officers investigating the case. Both cases
continued as of November.
Domestic violence against women, including spousal abuse, remained a serious problem. Abuse
within families was prevalent and considered socially acceptable. Spousal abuse or domestic
violence was difficult to measure because the government did not maintain comprehensive
statistics and victims typically did not report it, although the government attempted to document
cases, and reported cases were on the rise. The law prohibits committing bodily harm against
another person, but there are no laws specifically against domestic violence or spousal abuse
unless the wife is younger than 14. Punishment for violating the law includes sentences ranging
from one year to life in prison in addition to possible fines. Overlapping and at times
contradictory legal provisions complicated implementation of these limited protections.
Sexual Harassment: The penal code prohibits sexual harassment and imposes a maximum of
one year’s imprisonment and a fine for verbal harassment and a maximum of two years’
imprisonment and a fine for physical contact. There was no information on the prevalence of the
problem because these crimes were largely unreported. Local civil society organizations reported
police investigators were not sensitive to victims and rarely followed through with investigations
or prosecutions.

Coercion in Population Control: There were no reports of coerced abortion or involuntary
sterilization. A 2015 law, however, contains provisions that if enforced could impose coercive
birth-spacing requirements. Under the law the president or the national government may
designate “special regions” for health care following consideration of factors such as population,
natural resources, birth rates, and food availability. Once a special region is declared, the
government may create special health-care organizations to perform various tasks, including
establishing regulations related to family-planning methods. The government has not designated
any such special regions since the law’s enactment.
A two-child local order issued by the government of Rakhine State pertaining to the Rohingya
population in two northern townships remained in effect, but the government and NGOs
reported it was not consistently enforced (see section 1.f.).
Discrimination: By law women enjoy the same legal status and rights as men, including property
and inheritance rights and religious and personal status, but it was not clear the government
enforced the law. The law requires equal pay for equal work, but it was not clear the formal
sector respected this requirement. NGOs reported some sectors, such as the garment industry,
did not comply. Poverty affected women disproportionately. The law governing hiring of civil
service personnel states that nothing shall prevent the appointment of men to “positions that are
suitable for men only,” with no further definition of what constitutes positions “suitable for men
only.”
Customary law was widely used to address issues of marriage, property, and inheritance; it
differs from the provisions of statutory law and was often discriminatory against women.
CHILDREN
Birth Registration: The law automatically confers full citizenship to children of two parents from
one of the 135 recognized national ethnic groups and to children who met other citizenship
requirements. Moreover, the government confers full citizenship to second-generation children
of both parents with any citizenship, as long as at least one parent has full citizenship. Third-
generation children of associate or naturalized citizens can acquire full citizenship.
A prominent international NGO noted significant rural-urban disparities in birth registration. In
major cities (e.g., Rangoon and Mandalay), births were registered immediately because
registration is required to qualify for basic public services and to obtain national identification

cards. In smaller towns and villages, birth registration often was informal or nonexistent. For the
Rohingya community, birth registration was a significant problem (see section 2.d.). The Advisory
Commission on Rakhine State noted in its interim report that nearly one-half of all residents in
Rakhine State lacked birth documentation.
A birth certificate provides important protections for children, particularly against child labor,
early marriage, and recruitment into the armed forces and armed groups. Sometimes a lack of
birth registration complicated access to public services in remote communities.
Education: By law, education is compulsory, free, and universal through the fourth grade (up to
age 10). This leaves children ages 10 through 13 vulnerable to child labor, since they are not
required to attend school but are not legally permitted to work, as the minimum age for work is
14. The government continued to allocate minimal resources to public education, and schools
charged informal fees.
Schools were often unavailable in remote communities and access to them for internally
displaced and stateless children also remained limited.
Child Abuse: Laws prohibit child abuse, but they were neither adequate nor enforced. NGOs
reported corporal punishment was widely used against children. The punishment for child abuse
is a maximum of two years’ imprisonment or a maximum fine of 10,000 kyats ($6.60). There was
anecdotal evidence of violence against children occurring within families, in schools, in situations
of child labor and exploitation, and in armed conflict. The Ministry of Social Welfare, Relief, and
Resettlement continued its child protection programs in partnership with UNICEF to improve
data collection, develop effective laws, provide psychosocial assistance, and combat trafficking.
Violence in Rakhine, Shan, and Kachin States exposed many children to an environment of
violence and exploitation.
Early and Forced Marriage: The law stipulates different minimum ages for marriage based on
religion and gender. The minimum age for Buddhists is 18, while the minimum age for non-
Buddhists is 16 for boys and 15 for girls. Child marriage still occurred, especially in rural areas.
There were no reliable statistics on forced marriage.
The country’s antitrafficking in persons law requires a demonstration of force, fraud, or coercion
to constitute a child-trafficking offense.

Displaced Children: The mortality rate for internally displaced children in conflict areas was
significantly higher than in the rest of the country (see section 2.d.). The United Nations
estimated that 53 percent of the 128,000 IDPs in Rakhine State were children; the vast majority of
this population was Rohingya. The United Nations estimated that 46 percent of the 100,000 IDPs
in Kachin State and 48 percent of the 9,000 IDPs in Shan State were children.
International Child Abductions: The country is not a party to the 1980 Hague Convention on the
Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction. See the Department of State’s Annual Report on
International Parental Child Abduction at
https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/International-Parental-Child-Abduction/for-
providers/legal-reports-and-data/reported-cases.html.
ANTI-SEMITISM
There was one synagogue in Rangoon serving a small Jewish congregation. There were no
reports of anti-Semitic acts.
TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS
See the Department of State’s Trafficking in Persons Report at
PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES
The law prohibits discrimination against persons with physical, sensory, hearing, intellectual, and
mental disabilities. The law directs the government to ensure that persons with disabilities have
easy access to public transportation. The government did not effectively enforce these
provisions.
Civil society groups reported that children with disabilities attended school through secondary
education at a significantly lower rate than other persons; many never attended school due to
stigma and lack of any accommodation for their needs.
Persons with disabilities reported stigma, discrimination, and abuse from civilian and
government officials. Students with disabilities cited barriers to inclusive education as a
significant disadvantage.

Military veterans with disabilities received official benefits on a priority basis, usually a civil
service job at pay equivalent to rank, but both military and ethnic-minority survivors of conflict in
rural areas typically did not have access to livelihood opportunities or affordable medical
treatment. Official assistance to civilian persons with disabilities in principle included two-thirds
of pay for a maximum of one year for a temporary disability and a tax-free stipend for
permanent disability. The law providing job protection for workers who become disabled was not
implemented.
NATIONAL/RACIAL/ETHNIC MINORITIES
Wide-ranging governmental and societal discrimination against minorities persisted, including in
areas such as education, housing, employment, and access to health services. Ethnic minorities
constituted 30 to 40 percent of the population. The seven ethnic minority states comprised
approximately 60 percent of the national territory, and significant numbers of minorities also
resided in the country’s other regions.
International observers noted significant wage discrepancies based on religious and ethnic
backgrounds were common.
Burmese remained the mandatory language of instruction in government schools. The
government’s official education plan does not cover issues related to mother-tongue instruction,
but ethnic languages have been taught as extra subjects in government schools since 2013.
Outside of Mon State, however, progress has been limited due to resource constraints, the
nonstandardization of regional languages, a lack of educational material in minority languages,
and varying levels of interest. In schools controlled by armed ethnic groups, students sometimes
had no access to the national curriculum.
Tension between the military and ethnic minority populations, while somewhat diminished in
areas with cease-fire agreements, remained high, and the military stationed forces in some
ethnic groups’ areas of influence and controlled certain cities, towns, and highways. Ethnic armed
groups, including the Kachin Independence Army, the Karen National Union, and the AA, pointed
to the presence of large army contingents as a major source of tension and insecurity. Reported
abuses included killings, beatings, torture, forced labor, forced relocations, and rapes of
members of ethnic groups by government soldiers. Some groups also committed abuses (see
section 1.g.).

The name Rohingya refers to a predominantly Muslim ethnic group that claims to have lived in
what is now Rakhine State for generations. In 2016 the government began to refer to the group
as “Muslims in Rakhine State.” Many military and government officials, however, continued to use
the term “Bengali,” which the Rohingya consider pejorative as it suggests they are not from
Burma. The “Bengali” term is also used on identification documents, including as the person’s
race on his or her citizenship card if he or she was naturalized.
The Rohingya faced severe discrimination based on their ethnicity and sometimes their religion.
Most Rohingya faced extreme restrictions on their ability to travel; use health-care services;
engage in economic activity (see section 7.d.); obtain an education; register births, deaths, and
marriages (see section 2.d.); freely practice their faith; and participate in political processes (see
section 3). Most of those displaced in 2012 remained confined to semipermanent camps with
severely limited access to education, health care, and livelihoods.
The government required Rohingya to receive prior approval for travel outside their village of
residence and prohibited them from working as civil servants, including as doctors, nurses, or
teachers. Authorities in northern Rakhine State forced Rohingya to work and arbitrarily arrested
them. Authorities required Rohingya to obtain official permission for marriage and limited the
registration of children to two per family, although local enforcement of the two-child policy was
inconsistent. NGOs reported the government resumed issuing birth certificates to Rohingya
newborns in northern Rakhine State, although Rohingya born in the last two decades generally
did not have birth certificates.
Rohingya were restricted in their ability to construct houses or religious buildings. Authorities
continued to prevent Rohingya from accessing mosques in Rakhine State.
The military and other security forces committed widespread atrocities against Rohingya villagers
starting in 2017 that were documented during the year, including extrajudicial killings, rape,
torture, arbitrary arrest, and burning of hundreds of villages, religious structures, and other
buildings. These atrocities and associated events have forced more than 700,000 Rohingya to flee
to Bangladesh as of October and constituted ethnic cleansing against the Rohingya.
ACTS OF VIOLENCE, DISCRIMINATION, AND OTHER ABUSES BASED ON SEXUAL
ORIENTATION AND GENDER IDENTITY

Consensual same-sex sexual activity remains illegal under the penal code, which contains a
provision against “unnatural offenses” with a penalty of a maximum of 10 years’ imprisonment
and a fine. Laws against “unnatural offenses” apply equally to both men and women, but were
rarely enforced. Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and intersex (LGBTI) persons reported that
police used the threat of prosecution to extort bribes. While the penal code was used more for
coercion or bribery, LGBTI persons, particularly transgender women, were most frequently
charged under so-called shadow and disguise laws. These laws use the justification that a person
dressed or acting in a way that is perceived as not being in line with their biological gender is in
“disguise.” According to a local NGO, transgender women reported higher levels of police abuse
and discrimination than other members of the LGBTI community.
In March 2018 authorities in Rangoon used the “unnatural offenses” law to charge an openly gay
restaurant owner for allegedly sexually assaulting a male member of his staff. As of November
the case continued.
Political reforms in recent years made it easier for the LGBTI community to hold public events
and openly participate in society, yet discrimination, stigma, and a lack of acceptance among the
general population persisted. There were reports of discrimination based on sexual orientation
and gender identity in employment. LGBTI persons reported facing discrimination from medical-
care providers.
HIV AND AIDS SOCIAL STIGMA
There were continued reports of societal violence and discrimination, including employment
discrimination, against persons with HIV/AIDS. Negative incidents, such as exclusion from social
gatherings and activities; verbal insults, harassment, and threats; and physical assaults continued
to occur. Laws that criminalize behaviors linked to an increased risk of acquiring HIV/AIDS remain
in place, directly fueling stigma and discrimination against persons engaged in these behaviors
and impeding their access to HIV prevention, treatment, and care services.
High levels of social stigma and discrimination against female sex workers and transgender
women hindered their access to HIV prevention, treatment, and social protection services. Police
harassment of sex workers deterred the workers from carrying condoms.
OTHER SOCIETAL VIOLENCE OR DISCRIMINATION

Anti-Muslim sentiment and discrimination persisted. Members of Buddhist nationalist groups,
including members of Ma Ba Tha, continued to denigrate Islam and called for a boycott of
Muslim businesses and the establishment of “Muslim-free” villages.
Muslim communities complained about unequal treatment by police, pressures to practice Islam
in private, difficulty in obtaining citizenship cards, close monitoring of their travel or denials of
travel requests by local governments, and restrictions on educational opportunities. In addition,
some Muslims reported discrimination by private parties in renting housing.
Anti-Muslim hate speech was prevalent on social media, in particular on Facebook, the most
popular social media platform in the country. Independent reporting indicated that the military,
using false accounts, was also responsible for generating and promulgating hate-speech content.
Multiple sources noted that restrictions on Muslims and Christians impeded their ability to
pursue higher education and assume high-level government positions; Muslims also were unable
to invest and trade freely.
Section 7. Worker Rights
A. FREEDOM OF ASSOCIATION AND THE RIGHT TO COLLECTIVE BARGAINING
The law provides for the right of workers to form and join independent unions, bargain
collectively, and conduct legal strikes. The law permits labor organizations to demand the
reinstatement of workers dismissed for union activity, but it does not explicitly prohibit antiunion
discrimination in the form of demotions or mandatory transfers, nor does it offer protection for
workers seeking to form a union. The law does not provide adequate protection for workers
from dismissal before a union is officially registered.
Laws prohibit civil servants and personnel of the security services and police from forming
unions. The law permits workers to join unions only within their category of trade or activity, and
the definition of trade or activity lacks clarity. Basic labor organizations must have a minimum of
30 workers and register through township registrars with the Chief Registrar’s Office of the
Ministry of Labor, Immigration, and Population (Ministry of Labor). Township labor organizations
require a minimum of 10 percent of relevant basic labor organizations to register; regional or
state labor organizations require a minimum of 10 percent of relevant township labor
organizations. Each of these higher-level unions must include only organizations within the same

trade or activity. Similarly, federations and confederations also require a minimum number of
regional or state labor organizations (10 percent and 20 percent, respectively) from the next
lower level in order to register formally. The law permits labor federations and confederations to
affiliate with international union federations and confederations.
The law provides for voluntary registration for local NGOs, including NGOs working on labor
issues. Organizations that choose to register are required to send organizational bylaws and
formation documents to the government. Broader restrictions on freedom of assembly
remained in place (see section 2.b.).
The law gives unions the right to represent workers, to negotiate and bargain collectively with
employers, and to send representatives to a conciliation body or conciliation tribunal. Union
leaders’ rights to organize, however, are only protected after the official registration of the union.
The law does not contain detailed measures regarding management of the bargaining process,
such as requiring bargaining to be in good faith or setting parameters for bargaining or the
registration, extension, or enforcement of collective agreements. The National Tripartite Dialogue
Forum (NTDF), with representatives from government, business, and labor unions, met three
times during the year. The NTDF consults with parliament on revising legislation on labor.
The law stipulates that disputes in special economic zones be settled in accordance with original
contracts and existing laws. The government appointed a labor inspector for each such zone and
established zonal tripartite committees responsible for setting wage levels and monitoring the
ratio of local and foreign labor.
In May parliament passed an amended law on the settlement of labor disputes; however, the
implementing regulations remained under draft. The law continues to provide the right to strike
in most sectors, with a majority vote by workers, permission of the relevant labor federations,
and detailed information and three days’ advance notice provided to the employer and the
relevant conciliation body. The law does not permit strikes or lockouts in essential services. For
“public utility services” (including transportation; cargo and freight; postal; sanitation;
information, communication, and technology; energy; petroleum; and financial sectors), lockouts
are permitted with a minimum of 14 days’ notice provided to the relevant labor organizations
and conciliation body. Strikes in public utility services require generally the same measures as in
other sectors, but with 14 days’ advance notice and negotiation between workers and

management before the strike takes place to determine maintenance of minimum service levels.
The law prohibits strikes addressing problems not directly relevant to labor issues.
The amended law no longer defines complaints as “individual” or “collective,” but as “rights-
based” or “benefits-based.” A “rights-based” dispute includes violations of labor laws, whereas a
“benefits-based” dispute pertains to working conditions. The type of dispute determines the
settlement procedure. Under the amended law, “rights-based” disputes do not go through a
conciliation process or an arbitration proceeding, but go directly to court proceedings. The
amended law significantly increases fines for labor violations, but it eliminates prison terms as
punishment for violations.
Labor groups continued to report labor organizations’ inability to register at the national level, a
prerequisite for entering labor framework agreements with multinational companies, due to the
registration requirements under the law. In addition, the International Labor Organization (ILO),
labor activists, and media outlets continued to report employers firing or engaging in other forms
of reprisal against workers who formed or joined labor unions. Trade unions reported cases in
which criminal charges were filed against workers for exercising their right to strike, and trade
union members were arrested and charged with violating peaceful assembly laws when holding
demonstrations regarding labor rights generally. Labor organizations also reported that local
labor offices imposed unnecessary bureaucratic requirements for union registration that were
inconsistent with the law.
Workers and workers’ organizations continued to report they generally found the Ministry of
Labor to be helpful in urging employers to negotiate, but there were consistent reports of
employers engaging in forms of antiunion discrimination.
B. PROHIBITION OF FORCED OR COMPULSORY LABOR
Laws nominally prohibit all forms of forced or compulsory labor, although it is allowed for use by
the military and in penal institutions. Laws also provide for the punishment of persons who
impose forced labor on others. The government did not effectively enforce the law.
The law provides for criminal penalties for forced labor violations; penalties differ depending on
whether the military, the government, or a private citizen committed the violation. The penalties
are insufficient to deter forced labor.

The government established an interim complaints mechanism under the authority of the
President’s Office with the aim of having a more fully developed mechanism at a later date. The
ILO and unions expressed concerns that the government’s mechanism does not provide for
protections for victims.
The ILO reported the number of complaints of forced labor was decreasing. Reports of forced
labor occurred across the country, including in conflict and cease-fire areas, and the prevalence
was higher in states with significant armed conflict.
The military’s use of forced labor in Rakhine, Kachin, and Shan States remained a significant
problem, according to the ILO. Forced labor reports included forced portering and activities
related to the military’s “self-reliance” policy. Under this policy, military units are responsible for
procuring their own food and labor supplies from local villagers–a major factor contributing to
forced labor and other abuses.
Although the military and the government received complaints logged by the complaints
mechanism, no military perpetrators have been tried in civilian court; the military asserted that
commissioners and other ranks were subjected to military justice.
Prisoners in the country’s 48 labor camps engaged in forced labor (see section 1.c., Prison and
Detention Center Conditions).
The ILO did not receive any verified reports of forced labor in the private sector. Domestic
workers remain at risk of domestic slavery.
C. PROHIBITION OF CHILD LABOR AND MINIMUM AGE FOR EMPLOYMENT
The law does not prohibit all of the worst forms of child labor. In July parliament passed the Child
Rights Law, which set the minimum age at 14 for work in certain sectors, including shops,
establishments, and factories; the law establishes special provisions for “youth employment” for
those older than 14. There is, however, no minimum age for work for all sectors in which children
were employed, including agriculture and informal work. Some sector-specific laws identify
activities that are prohibited for children younger than 18. The law prohibits employees younger

than 16 from working in a hazardous environment, and the government has prepared a
hazardous work list enumerating occupations in which child labor is specifically prohibited.
Trained inspectors from the Factories and General Labor Laws Inspection Department
monitored the application of these regulations, but their legal authority only extends to factories.
In addition, inspectors were hindered by a general lack of resources.
The Ministry of Labor worked with other ministries to collect better data on existing child labor
and continued a campaign directed at parents to raise awareness of the risks of child labor and
provide information on other education options available to children. The Ministry of Labor
engaged with the Ministry of Education on two programs: one to bring children out of the
workplace and put them in school, the other to support former child soldiers’ pursuit of
classroom education or vocational training. The Labor Ministry supported vocational schools to
train young workers for jobs in nonhazardous environments.
The ILO noted the widespread mobilization and recruitment of children for use in armed conflict.
Penalties under the law and their enforcement for other child labor violations were insufficient to
deter violations.
The government did not effectively enforce the law. Child labor remained prevalent and highly
visible. Children were at high risk, with poverty leading some parents to remove them from
schools before completion of compulsory education. In cities children worked mostly as street
vendors or refuse collectors, as restaurant and teashop attendants, and as domestic workers.
Children also worked in the production of garments.
Children often worked in the informal economy, in some instances exposing them to drugs and
petty crime, risk of arrest, commercial sexual exploitation, and HIV/AIDS and other sexually
transmitted infections (also see section 6).
Children were vulnerable to forced labor in teashops, agriculture, and begging. In rural areas
children routinely worked in family agricultural activities, occasionally in situations of forced
labor.
Also see the Department of Labor’s Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor report at
https://www.dol.gov/agencies/ilab/resources/reports/child-labor/findings and the

Department of Labor’s List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor at
https://www.dol.gov/agencies/ilab/reports/child-labor/list-of-goods.
D. DISCRIMINATION WITH RESPECT TO EMPLOYMENT AND OCCUPATION
Labor laws and regulations do not specifically prohibit employment discrimination.
Women remained underrepresented in most traditionally male-dominated occupations (mining,
forestry, carpentry, masonry, and fishing) and were effectively barred from certain professions.
There were reports government and private actors practiced anti-Muslim discrimination that
impeded Muslim-owned businesses’ operations and undercut their ability to hire and retain
labor, maintain proper working standards, and secure public and private contracts. There were
reports of discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity in employment,
including the denial of promotions and firing of LGBTI persons. Activists reported job
opportunities for many openly gay and lesbian persons were limited and noted a general lack of
support from society as a whole. Activists reported that in addition to general societal
discrimination, persons with HIV/AIDS faced employment discrimination in both the public and
private sectors, including suspensions and the loss of employment following positive results from
mandatory workplace HIV testing.
E. ACCEPTABLE CONDITIONS OF WORK
The official minimum daily wage was above the poverty line. The minimum wage covers a
standard eight-hour workday across all sectors and industries and applies to all workers except
for those in businesses with fewer than 15 employees. The law requires the minimum wage to be
revised every two years. Labor unions and activists criticized the May 2018 raise in the minimum
wage as too small for workers to keep up with the rising cost of living.
The law requires employers to pay employees on the date their salary is due for companies with
100 or fewer employees. For companies with more than 100 employees, the employer is
required to pay employees within five days from the designated payday. Overtime cannot exceed
12 hours per workweek, should not go past midnight, and can exceed 16 hours in a workweek
only on special occasions. The law also stipulates that an employee’s total working hours cannot
exceed 11 hours per day (including overtime and a one-hour break). The law applies to shops,
commercial establishments, and establishments for public entertainment.

The law sets the terms and conditions required for occupational safety, health, and welfare. It
was not clear if workers could remove themselves from situations that endanger their health or
safety without jeopardizing their employment.
The Ministry of Labor’s Factories and General Labor Laws Inspection Department oversees labor
conditions in the private sector. The government did not effectively enforce the law. The number
of labor-law inspectors and factory inspectors was insufficient to address occupational safety and
health standards, wage, salary, overtime, and other issues adequately. In some sectors other
ministries regulated occupational safety and health laws (e.g., the Ministry of Agriculture,
Livestock, and Irrigation). Workers’ organizations alleged government inspections were rare and
often announced with several days’ notice that allowed factory owners to bring facilities–often
temporarily–into compliance. Corruption and bribery of inspectors reportedly occurred.
The public sector was reasonably likely to respect labor laws; frequent violations occurred in
private enterprises. Workers continued to submit complaints to relevant government agencies
and the dispute settlement mechanism.
Several serious industrial accidents occurred during the year. In April, for example, more than 50
miners died in an accident at a jade mine.
Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor Bureau of East Asian and Paci c A airs
Burma
TAGS
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BURMA 2019 HUMAN RIGHTS REPORT
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Burma has a quasi-parliamentary system of government in which the national
parliament selects the president and constitutional provisions grant one-quarter of
parliamentary seats to active-duty military appointees. The military also has the
authority to appoint the ministers of defense, home affairs, and border affairs and
one of two vice presidents, as well as to assume power over all branches of the
government should the president declare a national state of emergency. In 2015
the country held nationwide parliamentary elections that the public widely
accepted as a credible reflection of the will of the people. The National League for
Democracy (NLD) party leader Aung San Suu Kyi was the civilian government’s
de facto leader and, due to constitutional provisions preventing her from becoming
president, remained in the position of state counsellor.
The Myanmar Police Force (MPF), under the Ministry of Home Affairs (led by an
active-duty general), is responsible for internal security. The Border Guard Police
is administratively part of the MPF but operationally distinct. The armed forces
under the Ministry of Defense are responsible for external security but are also
engaged extensively in internal security, including combat against ethnic armed
groups. Under the constitution civilian authorities have no authority over the
security forces; the armed forces commander in chief, Senior General Min Aung
Hlaing, maintained effective control over the security forces.
Extreme repression of and discrimination against the minority Rohingya
population, who are predominantly Muslim, continued in Rakhine State. Intense
fighting between the military and the ethnic-Rakhine Arakan Army (AA) that
escalated in January displaced thousands more civilians, further disrupted
humanitarian access to vulnerable populations, and resulted in serious abuses of
civilian populations. Fighting between the military and ethnic armed groups in
northern Shan State, as well as fighting there among ethnic armed groups,
temporarily displaced thousands of persons and resulted in abuses, including
reports of civilian deaths and forced recruitment by the ethnic armed groups.
Significant human rights issues included: reports of extrajudicial and arbitrary
killings by security forces; enforced disappearance by security forces; torture and
rape and other forms of sexual violence by security forces; arbitrary detention by
the government; harsh and sometimes life-threatening prison conditions; political
prisoners; arbitrary or unlawful interference with privacy; significant problems

BURMA 2
Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2019
United States Department of State • Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor
with the independence of the judiciary; severe restrictions on free expression
including arbitrary arrest and prosecution of journalists, and criminal libel laws;
substantial interference with the rights of peaceful assembly and freedom of
association, including arrests of peaceful protesters and restrictions on civil society
activity; severe restrictions on religious freedom; significant restrictions on
freedom of movement, in particular for Rohingya; significant acts of corruption by
some officials; some unlawful recruitment and use of child soldiers; trafficking in
persons; crimes involving violence or threats targeting members of national,
ethnic, and religious minorities; laws criminalizing consensual same-sex sexual
conduct between adults, although those laws were rarely enforced; and the use of
forced and child labor.
There continued to be almost complete impunity for past and continuing abuses by
the military. In a few cases the government took limited actions to prosecute or
punish officials responsible for abuses, although in ways that were not
commensurate with the seriousness of the crime.
Some armed ethnic groups committed human rights abuses, including killings,
unlawful use of child soldiers, forced labor of adults and children, and failure to
protect civilians in conflict zones. These abuses rarely resulted in investigations or
prosecutions.
Section 1. Respect for the Integrity of the Person, Including Freedom from:
a. Arbitrary Deprivation of Life and Other Unlawful or Politically Motivated
Killings
There were many reports security forces committed arbitrary or unlawful killings
(see also section 1.g.).
Security forces used excessive and sometimes lethal force against civilians. On
May 2, soldiers shot and killed eight of 200 villagers detained for suspected ties to
the AA in northern Rakhine State’s Rathedaung Township.
There were reports of suspects in custody dying as a result of police mistreatment.
On June 2, Tun Myint Win was arrested by police for allegedly participating in a
protest against the building of a cement factory. He was sent to Oboe Prison in
Mandalay and died on June 5; his family attributed his death to police abuse during
his detention. On June 13, Tun Myint Win’s mother was also charged with

BURMA 3
protesting, and as of November her case continued. Through October, 15 persons
died in military detention in Rakhine State.
The trial of four individuals charged in the death of Ko Ni, a prominent Muslim
lawyer and adviser to Aung San Suu Kyi who was assassinated outside Rangoon’s
international airport in 2017, concluded on February 15 with the conviction of four
men. As of October the ostensible organizer was yet to be found. Civil society
groups and religious groups noted Ko Ni’s death had a chilling effect on lawyers
working for constitutional reform and accountability for military abuses, as well as
on Muslims fighting for improved treatment.
On May 6, seven soldiers convicted of the murder of 10 Rohingya men and boys in
Inn Dinn during the 2017 military crackdown were released after serving less than
a year of their 10-year prison sentence.
Arbitrary and unlawful killings related to internal conflict also occurred (see
section 1.g.).
b. Disappearance
There were reports of disappearances by security forces.
Amnesty International documented the military’s enforced disappearance of six
men--one ethnic Mro and five ethnic Rakhine--in mid-February.
Disappearances related to internal conflict also occurred (see section 1.g.).
c. Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman, or Degrading Treatment or
Punishment
The law prohibits torture; however, members of security forces reportedly tortured
and otherwise abused prisoners, detainees, and other citizens and stateless persons
in incidents not related to armed conflict. Such incidents occurred, for example, in
Rakhine. Authorities generally took no action to investigate incidents or punish
alleged perpetrators.
The government did not launch any investigation into reports of sexual violence by
the military from this or prior years.

BURMA 4
Two soldiers raped and tortured an ethnic Ta’ang woman on May 10 in Namhsan
Township, Shan State. On March 18, approximately 150 soldiers entered a village
near Mrauk U in Rakhine State and rounded up young men hiding in the monastery
with other villagers. The men were separated out, stripped naked, and forced to do
jumping exercises and were beaten, while being asked about the AA.
Security forces reportedly subjected detainees to harsh interrogation techniques
designed to intimidate and disorient, including severe beatings and deprivation of
food, water, and sleep. Human rights groups reported incidents of torture by
security forces and some ethnic armed groups in ethnic minority areas.
From August 8 to 21, a young man accused of being an AA member was held
incommunicado and subjected to electric shocks by soldiers, forcing him to
confess to having ties with the AA, according to the United Nations.
Prison and Detention Center Conditions
There were continued reports that conditions in prisons, labor camps, and military
detention facilities were harsh and sometimes life threatening due to overcrowding,
degrading treatment, and inadequate access to medical care and basic needs,
including food, shelter, and hygiene. Observers noted some minor improvement in
more centrally located prisons.
The Ministry of Home Affairs Department of Corrections operates the prison and
labor camp system and continued to significantly restrict access by international
organizations--other than the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC)--to
prison and detention facilities generally.
The military did not permit access to its detention facilities.
Physical Conditions: There were an estimated 47 prisons and 48 labor camps, the
latter referred to by the government as “agriculture and livestock breeding career
training centers” and “manufacturing centers.” More than 20,000 inmates were
serving their sentences in these labor camps across the country. Authorities
reportedly sent prisoners whose sentences did not include “hard labor” to labor
camps in contravention of the law and rented out prisoners as labor to private
companies. In spite of reforms in recent years, conditions at the camps remained
life threatening for some, especially at 18 camps where prisoners worked as
miners.

BURMA 5
A prominent human rights group estimated there were approximately 100,000
prisoners. Women and men were held separately. Overcrowding was reportedly a
serious problem in many prisons and labor camps; a human rights group reported
that occupancy at the country’s largest prison was more than double capacity.
Some prisons held pretrial detainees together with convicted prisoners. Authorities
held some political prisoners separately from common criminals, but political
prisoners arrested in land rights disputes were generally held together with
common criminals.
Bedding was often inadequate and sometimes consisted of a single mat, wooden
platform, or laminated plastic sheet on a concrete floor. Prisoners did not always
have access to potable water. In many cases family members had to supplement
prisoners’ official rations, medicine, and basic necessities. Inmates reportedly paid
wardens for necessities, including clean water, prison uniforms, plates, cups, and
utensils.
Medical care was inadequate and reportedly contributed to deaths in custody.
Prisoners suffered from health problems, including malaria, heart disease, high
blood pressure, tuberculosis, skin diseases, and stomach problems, caused or
exacerbated by unhygienic conditions and spoiled food. Former prisoners also
complained of poorly maintained physical structures that provided no protection
from the elements and had rodent, snake, and mold infestation.
Prison conditions in Rakhine State were reportedly among the worst, with
hundreds of Rohingya and ethnic-Rakhine subjected to torture and abuse by state
prison and security officials.
Administration: Some prisons prevented full adherence to religious codes for
prisoners, ostensibly due to space restrictions and security concerns. For example,
imprisoned monks reported authorities denied them permission to observe
Buddhist holy days, wear robes, shave their heads, or eat on a schedule compatible
with the monastic code. Some authorities continued to cite security considerations
to deny permission for Muslim prisoners to pray together as a group, as is the
practice for Friday prayers and during Ramadan.
Prisoners and detainees could sometimes submit complaints to judicial authorities
without censorship or negative repercussions.
Independent Monitoring: The ICRC had conditional access to all prisons and labor
camps; it did not have access to military detention sites. With prior approval from

BURMA 6
the Prison Department, it could visit all prison and labor camps twice monthly but
could not meet privately with prisoners. The ICRC reported its findings through a
strictly confidential bilateral dialogue with prison authorities. These reports were
neither public nor shared with any other party.
Improvements: The UN Office on Drugs and Crime ran a program aimed at
strengthening prison health systems. It included implementing the Standard
Operating Procedures on Healthcare in Prisons, launched in 2018, to provide
training to medical staff working on drug treatment and mental health assistance.
The program continued to provide comprehensive support to prisons in Rangoon,
Mandalay, Myitkyina, and Lashio.
d. Arbitrary Arrest or Detention
The law does not prohibit arbitrary arrest, and the government continued to arrest
persons, often from ethnic and religious minorities, and notably in Rakhine State,
on an arbitrary basis.
Amnesty International documented seven cases of arbitrary arrest in Rakhine State
in the first half of the year. The arrests were exclusively of men, usually ethnic
Rakhine men of fighting age, and were often accompanied by torture and other
mistreatment aimed at obtaining information about the AA.
The law allows the government to extend sentences after prisoners complete their
original sentence. The Minister of Home Affairs may extend a prison sentence
unilaterally by two months on six separate occasions, for a total extension of one
year.
The law allows authorities to order detention without charge or trial of anyone they
believe is performing or might perform any act that endangers the sovereignty and
security of the state or public peace and tranquility. The civilian government and
the military continued to interpret these laws broadly and used them arbitrarily to
detain activists, student leaders, farmers, journalists, political staff, and human
rights defenders.
Legal mechanisms exist to investigate abuses by security forces but were seldom
used and generally perceived to be ineffective.
Arrest Procedures and Treatment of Detainees

BURMA 7
Personnel from the Office of the Chief of Military Security Affairs and police
commonly conducted searches and made arrests at will, despite the law generally
requiring warrants.
By law authorities may hold suspects in pretrial detention for two weeks (with a
possible two-week extension) before bringing them before a judge or informing
them of the charges against them. Lawyers noted police regularly detained
suspects for the legally mandated period, failed to file a charge, then detained them
for a series of two-week periods with trips to the judge in between.
The law does grant detainees the right to consult an attorney, but in some cases
authorities refused to allow suspects to meet with a lawyer. In May 2018 the
government amended the law to provide access to fair and equal legal aid based on
international standards and to ensure legal aid workers could operate independently
and with legal protection. Through October the legal aid program handled 132
cases, mostly in Shan and Mon States.
There is a functioning bail system, but bribery was a common substitute for bail.
Bail is commonly offered in criminal cases, but defendants were often required to
attend numerous pretrial hearings before bail was granted. In some cases the
government held detainees incommunicado. There were reports of authorities not
informing family members of the arrests of persons in a timely manner, not telling
them of their whereabouts, and often denying them the right to see prisoners in a
timely manner.
Arbitrary Arrest: There were reports of arbitrary arrests, including detention by the
military in conflict areas. Amnesty International further documented seven cases
of arbitrary arrest in Rakhine State in the first half of year. These arrests were
exclusively of men, usually ethnic Rakhine men of fighting age, and were often
accompanied by torture and other mistreatment aimed at obtaining information
about the AA.
Pretrial Detention: Judges and police sometimes colluded to extend detentions.
According to lawyers, arbitrary and lengthy pretrial detentions resulted from
lengthy legal procedures, large numbers of detainees, judicial inefficiency,
widespread corruption, and staff shortages. Periods of detention prior to and
during trials sometimes equaled or exceeded the sentence that would result from a
guilty conviction.

BURMA 8
Detainee’s Ability to Challenge Lawfulness before a Court: Security forces often
arrested and detained individuals without following proper procedures, in violation
of national law. Arbitrary arrest or detention was sometimes used to suppress
political dissent.
e. Denial of Fair Public Trial
The law calls for an independent judiciary, although the government manipulated
the courts for political ends and sometimes deprived citizens of due process and the
right to a fair trial, particularly in freedom of expression cases.
The criminal justice system was overburdened by a high number of cases lodged
against small-time drug users, who constituted an estimated 50 percent of
caseloads in the courts. Corruption remained a significant problem. According to
civil society organizations, officials at all levels received illegal payments at all
stages of the legal process for purposes ranging from influencing routine matters,
such as access to a detainee in police custody, to substantive decisions, such as
fixing the outcome of a case.
The military and the government directly and indirectly exerted influence over the
outcome of cases, often through overly broad or arbitrary application of legislation
on speech or association. On September 20, a former army captain, U Nay Myo
Zin, was sentenced to one year in prison for his critical public remarks in April
about the military leadership and in support of constitutional reform.
Trial Procedures
The law provides for the right to a fair and public trial, but also grants broad
exceptions, effectively allowing the government to violate these rights at will. In
ordinary criminal cases, the government allowed courts to operate independently,
and courts generally respected some basic due process rights such as allowing a
defense and appeal. In practice defendants do not enjoy a presumption of
innocence or the rights to be informed promptly and in detail of the charges against
them; to be present at their trial; to free interpretation; or, except in capital cases, to
consult an attorney of their choice or have one provided at government expense.
There is no right to adequate time and facilities to prepare a defense; defense
attorneys in criminal cases generally had 15 days to prepare for trial. In May 2018
the Union Attorney General’s Office adopted a fair trial standards manual, but
because of the low standard of legal education, prosecutors, defense attorneys, and
judges were often unfamiliar with precedent, case law, and basic legal procedures.

BURMA 9
While no legal provision allows for coerced testimony or confessions of defendants
to be used in court, authorities have reportedly engaged in both practices. There
were reports of official coercion to plead guilty despite a lack of evidence, with
promises of reduced sentences to defendants who did so. There were reports of
coercion to plead guilty despite a lack of evidence with promises of reduced
sentences to defendants who did so.
Although the law provides that ordinary criminal cases should be open to the
public, in practice members of the public with no direct involvement in a case were
denied entry to courts. There is no right to confront witnesses and present
evidence, although defense attorneys could sometimes call witnesses and conduct
cross-examinations. Prodemocracy activists generally were able to retain counsel,
but other defendants’ access to counsel was inadequate.
Local civil society groups noted the public was largely unaware of its legal rights,
and there were too few lawyers to meet public needs.
Political Prisoners and Detainees
The government continued to detain and arrest journalists, activists, and critics of
the government and the military. According to civil society groups that use a
definition of political prisoners that includes those who may have engaged in acts
of violence and excludes some charges related to freedom of expression and
religion, there were 50 convicted political prisoners as of October. Another 580
individuals were facing trial for their political views, of whom 179 were detained
and the rest were out on bail, according to the Assistance Association for Political
Prisoners.
On March 19, Aye Maung, chairman of the Arakan National Party, was sentenced
to 20 years in prison for high treason and another two years for defamation of the
state. He was arrested and charged in January 2018 after his public remarks at the
commemoration of the 233rd anniversary of the fall of the Arakan Kingdom--
remarks that allegedly expressed and encouraged support for the rebel AA.
Aung Ko Htway, jailed in March 2018 for defaming the military following an
interview he gave to an international media outlet on his experiences as a former
child soldier, was released in September.
Many former political prisoners experienced significant surveillance and
restrictions following their release, including the inability to resume studies

BURMA 10
undertaken prior to incarceration, secure travel documents, or obtain other
documents related to identity or ownership of land.
Civil Judicial Procedures and Remedies
No specific mechanisms or laws provide for civil remedies for human rights
violations; however, complainants may use provisions of the penal code and laws
of civil procedure to seek civil remedies. Individuals and organizations may not
appeal an adverse decision to regional human rights bodies.
Property Restitution
Under the constitution the state owns all land, although the law allows for
registration and sale of private land ownership rights. Authorities and private-
sector organizations seized land during the year; restitution was very limited,
despite the law. In Shan State communities were further concerned by the
expansion of private-sector investment for coal mining on the seized land. Protests
in September stopped studies for a copper mine in Sagaing Region.
The law provides for compensation when the government acquires land for a
public purpose; however, civil society groups criticized the lack of safeguards in
the law and said that compensation was infrequent and inadequate in such cases.
The government can also declare land unused and assign it to foreign investors or
designate it for other uses.
There is no judicial review of land ownership or confiscation decisions;
administrative bodies subject to political control by the national government make
final decisions on land use and registration. Researchers and civil society groups
said land laws facilitate land confiscation without providing adequate procedural
protections. In some cases advance notice of confiscations was not given.
In 2018 land-law amendments undercut provisions that favored recognition of
traditional land-tenure systems. In late 2018 the Ministry of Agriculture
announced that small holders had six months to register their land or risk becoming
trespassers on their own land. If rigorously enforced, this order could result in
millions of persons losing rights of access to their lands. Awareness of the
amendments remained low in affected communities.
Police arrested farmers during the year for violating the land-use law. In
September a court in Ayeyarwaddy Region sentenced eight farmers, who claimed

BURMA 11
to be the original and uncompensated owners of land seized as vacant and
transferred to a private company, to two years in prison for farming the land.
During the year many other farmers were awaiting trial in similar cases.
Civil society groups raised concerns that the vacant-land law posed a particularly
serious threat to traditional collective land ownership patterns prevalent in areas
inhabited by ethnic minority groups. Ethnic and civil society groups staged
protests during the year in Kachin and Karen States, Mandalay Region, and
elsewhere over the government’s land policies.
Observers were concerned that the law could also be used to prevent displaced
Rohingya from returning to their land or receiving adequate compensation.
Officials stated that burned land would revert to the government and posted signs
in several instances to that effect. Moreover, following the military campaign in
Rakhine State, authorities bulldozed villages, demolished structures, and cleared
vegetation to build security bases and other structures. Because of this and
because the land law also requires that land not used productively within four years
revert to the government, civil society groups saw little progress in returning land
confiscated by the government.
The General Administration Department under the Ministry of the Office of the
Union Government oversees land return. Adequate compensation was not
provided to the many farmers and rural communities whose land was confiscated
without due process during the former military regime, including by the Myanmar
Oil and Gas Enterprise, the Myanmar Ports Authority, and the military itself.
f. Arbitrary or Unlawful Interference with Privacy, Family, Home, or
Correspondence
The law protects the privacy and security of the home and property, but these
protections were poorly enforced. The law does not protect the privacy of
correspondence or other communications, and activists reported authorities
routinely conducted surveillance of civil society organizations’ operations.
Some activists reported the government systematically monitored citizens’ travel
and closely monitored the activities of politically active persons, while others
reported they did not experience any such invasions of privacy. Special Branch
police, official intelligence networks, and other administrative systems (see section
2.d.) were reported agents of such surveillance.

BURMA 12
The law restricts the ability of Buddhist women to marry non-Buddhist men by
imposing a requirement of public notification prior to any such marriage and
allowing for objections to the marriage to be raised in court, although the law was
rarely enforced.
In Rakhine State, local authorities prohibited Rohingya families from having more
than two children, although this was inconsistently enforced. Authorities there also
required Rohingya to obtain a permit to marry officially, a step not required of
other ethnicities. Waiting times for the permit could exceed one year, and bribes
usually were required. Unauthorized marriages could result in prosecution of
Rohingya men under the penal code, which prohibits a man from “deceitfully”
marrying a woman, and could result in a prison sentence or fine.
There were reports of regular, unannounced nighttime household checks in
northern Rakhine State and in other areas.
g. Abuses in Internal Conflict
There were long-running armed internal conflicts across the country. Reports of
killings, disappearances, beatings, torture, forced labor, forced relocations, the use
of child soldiers, excessive use of force, disregard for civilian life, sexual violence,
and other abuses committed by government forces and armed opposition and rebel
groups were common. Within the military, impunity for abuses and crimes
generally continued, although the military took disciplinary action in some cases.
In December 2018 the military declared a four-month unilateral ceasefire covering
Kachin and Shan States; it was extended to September 21. The ceasefire was
partly responsible for a reduction in violence in Kachin State, although fighting,
including military violations of the cease-fire, continued in northern Shan State and
there was a significant upturn in violence in August. Conflict continued in central
and northern Rakhine State between the military and the Rakhine-ethnic AA.
Fighting in Kachin continued throughout the year, resulting in civilian casualties,
credible reports of military abuses of civilians, and the displacement of large
numbers of people; fighting also affected the Paletwa Township in southern Chin
State. In Shan State, clashes continued between and among various groups and the
military, with credible allegations of abuse of civilian populations by both the
military and ethnic armed groups. In most of the southeast, pervasive and
organized violent abuse of civilian populations in ethnic minority areas declined,

BURMA 13
largely due to a number of bilateral cease-fire agreements reached with ethnic
armed groups.
Killings: Military officials reportedly killed, tortured, and otherwise seriously
abused civilians in conflict areas without public inquiry or accountability.
Following ethnic armed groups’ attacks on the military, the military reportedly
often directed its attacks against civilians, resulting in civilian deaths. Some ethnic
armed groups, most notably the Ta’ang National Liberation Army (TNLA),
allegedly killed civilians suspected of being members of rival armed groups. The
AA allegedly killed civilians suspected of providing information to the military.
On September 10, two decapitated male bodies were found in the middle of a
market in Kan Htaung Gyi town in Rakhine State’s Myebon Township. The
incident brought to 13 the number of unsolved murders of civilians in northern
Rakhine State during the year. The military and the AA accused each other of
being responsible.
On August 15, the TNLA, likely with some support from allied ethnic armed
groups, attacked military and police bases, killing 13 security personnel. The
military and TNLA were responsible for artillery and other fire that resulted in the
deaths of civilians, including five civilians (three of them children) killed on
August 31 during fighting near Kutkai. Each side blamed the other for the civilian
deaths.
In September the military announced its court of inquiry would begin court-martial
proceedings against an unspecified number of soldiers for “weakness in following
instructions” in connection with 2017 clashes with the Arakan Rohingya Salvation
Army in Gu Dar Pyin, Rakhine State. A military spokesperson stated the court
martial concerned violations of the military’s rules of engagement and was not
connected to press reports of a mass grave of Rohingya men in Gu Dar Pyin.
Abductions: Government soldiers and nonstate armed groups abducted villagers in
conflict areas. There were credible reports that the military abducted individuals in
Rakhine State in March and kept them incommunicado. In February the AA
abducted civilians from Paletwa, Chin State, and took them into Bangladesh; they
returned the civilians months later to their homes. On September 23, government
soldiers in Shan State reportedly arrested 14 civilians, including four girls, and
forced them to join their patrol, with one civilian ordered to march in front of the
column formation.

BURMA 14
Physical Abuse, Punishment, and Torture: Nongovernmental organization (NGO)
reports provided credible information that the military engaged in torture and
beating of civilians alleged to be working with or perceived to be sympathetic to
ethnic armed groups in Rakhine State. There were also continued reports of forced
labor and forced recruitment by the United Wa State Army (UWSA), the
Restoration Council of Shan State, and the TNLA.
Reports continued that the military forced civilians to carry supplies or serve in
other support roles in conflict areas such as northern Shan, southern Chin and
Rakhine States.
The United Nations, media, and NGOs during the year documented the widespread
use of rape and sexual violence by the military in Rakhine, Kachin, and Shan
States since at least 2011.
Civilians, armed actors, and NGOs operating inside the country and along the
border reported continued landmine use by the military and armed groups.
Child Soldiers: The military and four armed groups--the Kachin Independence
Army, the armed wing of the Kachin Independence Organization; the Karen
National Liberation Army, the armed wing of the Karen National Union; the
TNLA; and the UWSA--were listed in the UN secretary-general’s 2019 report on
Children and Armed Conflict as perpetrators of the recruitment and use of children.
The penalties imposed for recruiting and using child soldiers were not
commensurate with the seriousness of these crimes. In past years most of these
cases reportedly culminated in reprimands, demotions, relocations, fines, or
decreases in pensions, penalties significantly less than those prescribed by criminal
law. Despite military directives prohibiting the use of children, some children
were still recruited. There were reports middlemen helped bypass age verification
procedures to allow the enrollment of underage recruits, sometimes at the request
of the recruits’ families. The Ministry of Defense undertook to investigate military
personnel implicated in recruiting child soldiers. There was, however, no evidence
that the government prosecuted soldiers in civilian courts for recruitment or use of
child soldiers.
The military generally allowed UN monitors to inspect for compliance with
agreed-upon procedures for ending the recruitment of children and identifying and
demobilizing those serving in armed conflict. There were, however, some delays
in securing official permissions, and access to conflict areas was generally denied.

BURMA 15
The government continued to prevent ethnic armed groups from signing joint plans
of action with the United Nations to end the recruitment of child soldiers and to
demobilize and rehabilitate those already serving.
Other Conflict-related Abuse: The government restricted the passage of relief
supplies and access by international humanitarian organizations to conflict-affected
areas of Rakhine, Kachin, and Shan States. The government regularly denied
access to the United Nations, international NGOs, and diplomatic missions,
asserting the military could not ensure their security or by claiming that
humanitarian assistance would benefit ethnic armed group forces. In some cases
the military allowed gradual access as government forces regained control over
contested areas.
As of October there were an estimated 40,000 internally displaced persons (IDPs)
in areas of the country outside government control, primarily in northern Kachin
State. Fighting in Rakhine and Shan States displaced tens of thousands of persons
during the year, compounding the long-term displacement of conflict-affected
communities in these areas. Most of those newly displaced in Shan State,
however, were able to return home during the year. Locally based organizations
had some access to IDPs in areas outside government control, but the military
increased restrictions on their access, including through threats of prosecution.
The military has largely restricted access to IDPs and Rohingya in general in the
conflict-affected areas of Rakhine State to only the Red Cross and the World Food
Program, resulting in unmet humanitarian needs among these IDPs. The
government has not granted the United Nations or other international organizations
humanitarian access to areas in Kachin State outside of military control since June
2016.
More than 107,000 persons remained displaced by conflict in Kachin and Shan
States. In some cases villagers driven from their homes fled into the forest,
frequently in heavily mined areas, without adequate food, security, or basic
medical care (see section 2.d.).
Section 2. Respect for Civil Liberties, Including:
a. Freedom of Expression, Including for the Press

BURMA 16
The constitution provides that “every citizen shall be at liberty in the exercise of
expressing and publishing freely their convictions and opinions,” but it contains
the broad and ambiguous caveat that exercise of these rights must “not be contrary
to the laws enacted for national security, prevalence of law and order, community
peace and tranquility, or public order and morality.” Threats against and arrests of
journalists continued during the year.
Freedom of Expression: Freedom of expression was more restricted than in 2018.
Authorities arrested, detained, convicted, intimidated, and imprisoned citizens for
expressing political opinions critical of the government and the military, generally
under charges of defamation, incitement, protesting without a permit, or violating
national security laws. This included the detentions and trials of activists and
ordinary citizens. The government applied laws carrying more severe punishments
than in the past, including laws enabling years-long prison sentences.
The criminal defamation clause under the telecommunications law was frequently
used to restrict freedom of expression. Several critics of the government and the
military faced charges under this law. On August 29, for example, noted
filmmaker and human rights activist Min Htin Ko Ko Gyi was sentenced to one
year in prison for Facebook posts that were critical of the military’s role in politics;
he also faced other potential charges.
Five members of the Peacock Generation performance troupe were detained
without bail for a satirical performance during the April New Year holiday
criticizing the military’s role in politics. On October 30, five members were found
guilty of defaming the military and were sentenced to one year of labor. As of
November the case for other charges continued.
Military officers brought or sought to bring charges against several prominent
religious figures based on their criticism of the military, including multiple
Buddhist monks and the prominent Kachin Baptist reverend, Hkalam Samson.
Authorities dropped the complaint against Samson, but the cases against at least
two prominent, protolerance monks critical of the military and Bamar Buddhist
ultranationalism, Sein Ti Ta and Myawaddy Sayadaw, remained open as of
November.
A variety of laws were used to censor or prosecute public dissent. On June 19 and
21, the military used a privacy law to press charges against 12 individuals,
including reporters, for allegedly aiding and abetting trespass on seized land in
Kayah State. As of November the case continued.

BURMA 17
Some persons remained wary of speaking openly about politically sensitive topics
due to monitoring and harassment by security services and ultranationalist
Buddhist groups. Police continued to monitor politicians, journalists, writers, and
diplomats.
Press and Media, Including Online Media: Independent media were active and
able to operate, despite many official and unofficial restrictions. The government
continued to permit the publication of privately owned daily newspapers. As of
July authorities approved 46 dailies; however, press freedom declined compared
with 2018, and the security forces detained journalists under laws carrying more
severe sentences than those it used in previous years.
Local media could cover human rights and political issues, including, for example,
democratic reform and international investigations of the 2017 ethnic cleansing in
Rakhine State, although they observed some self-censorship on these subjects.
Official action or threats of such action increased against journalists reporting on
conflict in Rakhine State involving the AA. The government generally permitted
media outlets to cover protests and civil conflict, topics not reported widely in
state-run media.
The military continued to practice zero tolerance of perceived critical media
commentary through prosecution by civil authorities. Members of the ruling party
increasingly prosecuted journalists perceived as critical.
In May the president granted amnesty to two Reuters reporters detained in late
2017 and sentenced in 2018 to seven years in prison under the Official Secrets Act
for their investigation of security forces’ activities in northern Rakhine State.
On September 30, a court ruled a defamation case could again be heard against
Myanmar Now editor in chief Swe Win. Charges were dismissed on July 2 after
the plaintiff, Wirathu, repeatedly failed to appear in court; as of November the case
continued. Swe Win was arrested in 2017 for allegedly sharing a Facebook post
suggesting the monk Wirathu, a prominent Ma Ba Tha (a local Buddhist
organization) figurehead, violated the monastic code of conduct by making
statements commending the 2017 assassination of well known Muslim
constitutional lawyer Ko Ni (see section 1.a.).
The government relaxation of its monopoly and control of domestic television
broadcasting continued, with five private companies broadcasting using Ministry

BURMA 18
of Information platforms. Many media outlets reported the cost of applying for
and maintaining a television channel was prohibitive. The government offered
three public channels--two controlled by the Ministry of Information and one by
the military; the ministry channels regularly aired the military’s content. Two
private companies that had strong links to the previous military regime continued
to broadcast six free-to-air channels. The government allowed the general
population to register satellite television receivers for a fee, but the cost was
prohibitive for most persons outside of urban areas. The military, government, and
government-linked businesspersons controlled the eight privately or quasi-
governmentally owned FM radio stations.
Violence and Harassment: Nationalist groups continued to target journalists who
criticized government policy on intercommunal and Rakhine State issues.
Businesspersons engaged in illegal enterprises, sometimes together with local
authorities, also harassed and threatened journalists reporting on their activities,
including with the threat of legal action. Officials continued to monitor journalists
in various parts of the country.
Censorship or Content Restrictions: Although generally not enforced, laws
prohibit citizens from electronically passing information about the country to
foreign media, exposing journalists who reported for or cooperated with
international media to potential harassment, intimidation, and arrest. There were
no reports of overt prepublication censorship, and the government allowed open
discussion of some sensitive political and economic topics, but incidents of legal
action against publications that criticized the military or the government
heightened concern among local journalists and increased self-censorship.
Self-censorship was common, particularly on issues related to Buddhist extremism,
the military, the situation in Rakhine State, and the peace process. Journalists
reported that such self-censorship became more pronounced after the 2018 trial and
conviction of two Reuters journalists. The government ordered media outlets to
use certain terms and themes to describe the situation in northern Rakhine State
and threatened penalties against journalists who did not follow the government’s
guidance, which exacerbated already high levels of self-censorship on this topic.
Authorities prevented journalists’ access to northern Rakhine State except on
government-organized trips that participants reported to be tightly controlled and
designed to advance the government’s narrative. The government continued to use
visa issuance and shortened visa validities to control foreign journalists, especially
those not based in the country.

BURMA 19
The government censorship board reviews all films to be screened inside the
country. On June 15, the screening of a film critical of the military was abruptly
pulled from the opening night of the Human Rights Human Dignity International
Film Festival. The founder of the festival, Min Htin Ko Ko Gyi, was in jail at the
time and was later convicted of criticizing the military (see section 2.a.).
Journalists continued to complain about the widespread practice of government
informants attending press conferences and other events, which they said
intimidated reporters and the events’ hosts. Informants demanded lists of hosts and
attendees.
Libel/Slander Laws: Military and civilian government officials used broad
defamation statutes to bring criminal charges against journalists, activists, and
ordinary citizens.
In February a Dawei Township court fined the editor of the Thanintharyi Journal
500,000 kyat ($330) over the journal’s 2017 publication of a satirical article about
a regional official. On August 26, six Karenni youths were charged with slander
for calling the Kayah State chief minister a traitor over his support for the erection
of a statue to Aung San Suu Kyi’s father. On November 7, they were sentenced to
six months in prison with labor.
In September a local NLD office in Ayeyarwaddy Region brought charges against
a cartoonist for allegedly defaming the township and the NLD. On September 19,
an NLD official in Mandalay sued two Facebook users, alleging their satiric
memes defamed the regional chief minister.
Internet Freedom
The government did not generally censor online content. The government did,
however, restrict access to the internet. On June 20, the Ministry of Transport and
Communications ordered mobile phone operators to stop mobile internet traffic in
eight townships in northern Rakhine State and in Paletwa Township in southern
Chin State due to “disturbances of peace and use of internet services to coordinate
illegal activities.” The ban was lifted on August 31 in five of the nine affected
townships but remained in effect in four townships in northern Rakhine State as of
November.
The Telecommunications Law includes broad provisions giving the government
the power to temporarily block and filter content, on grounds of “benefit of the

BURMA 20
people.” According to Freedom House, pressure on users to remove content
continued to originate from the government, military, and other groups. The law
does not include provisions to force the removal of content or provide for
intermediary liability, although some articles are vague and could be argued to
cover content removal. Pressure to remove content instead came from the use or
threat of use of other criminal provisions.
The government’s Social Media Monitoring Team reportedly continued to monitor
internet communications without clear legal authority and used defamation charges
to intimidate and detain some individuals using social media to criticize the
military, government officials, or the ruling party. There were also instances of
authorities intimidating online media outlets and internet users. Social media
continued to be a popular forum to exchange ideas and opinions without direct
government censorship, although there were military-affiliated disinformation
campaigns on social media.
Academic Freedom and Cultural Events
Government restrictions on academic freedom and cultural events continued.
The government tightened restrictions on political activity and freedom of
association on university campuses. On February 13, seven students of Yadanabon
University in Mandalay were found guilty of arson and of holding a December
2018 protest without providing proper notification. The students were sentenced to
a total of three months’ in prison with hard labor. The seven students were
prominent members of the Yadanabon Student Union and were involved in
organizing a series of protests beginning on December 28 on Yadanabon
University campus, calling for improved campus security. During the protest
dozens of students burned a mock coffin containing photos of the university rector,
the chief minister of Mandalay Region, the regional minister for electricity, road,
and transportation, and the minister for security and border affairs.
The government generally allowed the informal establishment of student unions,
although among university rectors and faculty there was considerable fear and
suspicion of student unions. Although some student unions were allowed to open
unofficial offices, the All Burma Federation of Student Unions, as in previous
years, was unable to register but participated in some activities through informal
networks.

BURMA 21
There were reported incidents of the government restricting cultural events. There
is a ban on street art.
b. Freedoms of Peaceful Assembly and Association
The constitution provides for the freedoms of peaceful assembly and association,
but the government restricted these rights.
Freedom of Peaceful Assembly
Although the constitution provides the right to peaceful assembly, it was not
always respected in practice. Authorities used laws against criminal trespass as
well as provisions which criminalize actions the government deemed likely to
cause “an offense against the State or against the public tranquility” to restrict
peaceful assembly.
Restrictions remained in place in 11 Rangoon townships on all applications for
processions or assemblies. Some civil society groups asserted these restrictions
were selectively applied and used to prevent demonstrations against the
government or military. Farmers and social activists continued to protest land
rights’ violations and land confiscation throughout the country, and human rights
groups reported the arrest of farmers and supporters. Many reported cases
involved land seized by the former military regime and given to private companies
or persons with ties to the military.
Whether civil society organizations were required to apply for advance permission
before holding meetings and other functions in hotels and other public venues
varied by situation and by government official. Some officials forced venues to
cancel civil society events where such permission was not obtained; others
required civil society organizations to request advance permission from the local
government to meet with diplomats.
Following a peaceful protest in February against the erection of a statue of the
Burmese independence hero (and father of Aung San Suu Kyi) General Aung San
in Loikaw, Kayah State, the local government arrested 55 demonstrators, with
charges of defamation and illegal protest which were later dropped after
negotiations between activists and the local government.
On October 2, the chairwoman of the Karen Women’s Union, Naw Ohn Hla, and
two other activists were convicted and sentenced to 15 days in prison for holding

BURMA 22
an unauthorized Karen Martyr’s Day celebration in Rangoon in August. They had
sought approval from authorities before the commemoration, but it was not granted
because of the use of the term “martyr,” a term the government tended to associate
exclusively with Aung San and the members of his cabinet who were assassinated
alongside him.
Freedom of Association
Although the constitution and laws allow citizens to form associations and
organizations, the government sometimes restricted this right.
In July the State Sangha Maha Nayaka Committee (a government-appointed body
of high-ranking Buddhist monks) again declared Ma Ba Tha an “illegal
organization.” The State Sangha Maha Nayaka Committee had banned Ma Ba Tha
from using that name in 2017. Some local branches of the organization continued
to use the name on their signs in spite of the ban, and as of October no action had
been taken against them.
The law on registering organizations stipulates voluntary registration for local
NGOs and removes punishments for noncompliance for both local and
international NGOs. Some NGOs that tried to register under this law found the
process extremely onerous.
Activists reported that civil society groups, community-based organizations, and
informal networks operated openly and continued to discuss human rights and
other political problems openly. They reported, however, that state surveillance of
such operations and discussions was common and that government restrictions on
meetings and other activity continued during the year.
c. Freedom of Religion
See the Department of State’s International Religious Freedom Report at
https://www.state.gov/religiousfreedomreport/.
d. Freedom of Movement
The law does not protect freedom of internal movement, foreign travel, emigration,
or repatriation. Local regulations limit the rights of citizens to settle and reside
anywhere in the country. By law the president may require the registration of

BURMA 23
foreigners’ movements and authorize officials to require foreigners to register
every change of address exceeding 24 hours.
The government appeared to restrict informally repatriation by maintaining an
opaque “black list” of individuals, including some from the exile community, who
were prohibited from entering the country.
In-country Movement: Regional and local orders, directives, and instructions
restrict freedom of movement.
Restrictions on in-country movement of Rohingya were extensive. Authorities
required the largely stateless Rohingya to carry special documents and travel
permits for internal movement in areas in Rakhine State where most Rohingya
reside. Township officers in Buthidaung and Maungdaw Townships continued to
require Rohingya to submit a “form for informing absence from habitual
residence” for permission to stay overnight in another village and to register on the
guest list with the village administrator. Obtaining these forms and permits often
involved extortion and bribes.
Restrictions governing the travel of foreigners, Rohingya, and others between
townships in Rakhine State varied, depending on township, and generally required
submission of a document known as “Form 4.” A traveler could obtain this form
only from the township Immigration and National Registration Department
(INRD) and only if that person provided an original copy of a family list, a
temporary registration card, and letters from two guarantors. Travel authorized
under Form 4 is generally valid for two to four weeks, but it is given almost
exclusively for medical emergencies, effectively eliminating many opportunities to
work or study. The cost to obtain the form varied from township to township, with
required payments to village administrators or to the township INRD office
ranging from the official amount of 30,000 to more than two million kyats ($20 to
$1,320). Extensive administrative measures are imposed on Rohingya and
foreigners in Rakhine State, which effectively prevented persons from changing
residency.
There were credible reports of hundreds of Rohingya serving prison terms of up to
two years for attempting to travel out of Rakhine State without prior authorization.
In October authorities convicted 30 Rohingya for attempting to travel from
Rakhine State to Rangoon without travel permits. The court sentenced 21 of them
to two years in prison and sent eight children to a detention center. The youngest,
age five, was being held in a Pathein prison with his mother as of November. In

BURMA 24
January seven Rohingya, including a child, from Kyauktaw Township in Rakhine
State were sentenced to two years’ detention for travelling without valid
documents after walking 300 miles to western Bago Region.
Foreign Travel: The government maintained restrictions to prevent foreign travel
by political activists, former political prisoners, and some local staff of foreign
embassies, although such persons reported encountering far fewer delays and
restrictions. Stateless persons, particularly Rohingya, were unable to obtain
documentation necessary for foreign travel.
e. Internally Displaced Persons
As of October an estimated 263,000 individuals were living as IDPs due to
violence in Kachin, Rakhine, and northern Shan states. Some 101,000 Rohingya
IDPs have been displaced since 2012. The UN Office of Coordination for
Humanitarian Affairs estimated that more than 28,000 of the primarily Rohingya
IDPs in Rakhine State have been displaced by armed conflict since January and
that more than 8,000 persons were displaced in northern Shan State at the height of
the violence there in August, although most of these later returned home.
Approximately 128,000 Rohingya remained confined to IDP camps in Rakhine
State following 2012 intercommunal violence; a small number of Kaman and
Rakhine have also lived in IDP camps since 2012. An additional estimated 7,000
Rohingya remained internally displaced following atrocities beginning in 2017 in
northern Rakhine State along with a small number of individuals from other ethnic
groups. Accurate figures were difficult to determine due to continued poor access
to affected areas.
In addition to internal displacement provoked by conflict, a March report by the
UN special rapporteur on human rights in Burma highlighted displacement (as well
as the loss of livelihood) caused by natural resource extraction and environmental
destruction in Kachin, Shan, and Kayin States. The special rapporteur noted
increased human rights abuses associated with militarization around resource
extraction sites prevented IDPs from returning home.
The United Nations and other humanitarian agencies reported significant
deterioration in humanitarian access during the year, and the military blocked
access to IDPs and other vulnerable populations in areas controlled by nonstate
armed groups (see section 1.g., Other Conflict-related Abuse). Access to displaced
persons in or near conflict zones continued to be a challenge, with the military

BURMA 25
restricting access by humanitarian actors seeking to provide aid to affected
communities.
The government restricted the ability of IDPs and stateless persons to move,
limiting access to health services and schooling. While a person’s freedom of
movement generally derived from possession of identification documents,
authorities also considered race, ethnicity, religion, and place of origin as factors in
enforcing these regulations. Residents of ethnic-minority states reported the
government restricted the travel of IDPs and stateless persons.
Some 101,000 Rohingya IDPs lived in Sittwe’s rural camps, where they relied on
assistance from aid agencies. Humanitarian agencies provided access to clean
water, food, shelter, and sanitation in most IDP camps for Rohingya.
f. Protection of Refugees
Abuse of Migrants, Refugees, and Stateless Persons: The government did not
always cooperate with the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) or
other humanitarian organizations in providing protection and assistance to IDPs,
refugees, returning refugees, asylum seekers, and other persons of concern. For
example, the government routinely refused to allow humanitarian organizations
access to Rakhine State and other locations.
Access to Asylum: The law does not provide for granting asylum or refugee
status, and the government has not established a system for providing protection to
refugees. UNHCR did not register any asylum seekers during the year.
g. Stateless Persons
The vast majority of Rohingya are stateless. Following the forced displacement of
more than 700,000 Rohingya to Bangladesh in 2017, up to 600,000 Rohingya were
estimated to remain in Rakhine State. There were also likely significant numbers
of stateless persons and persons with undetermined nationality throughout the
country, including persons of Chinese, Indian, and Nepali descent. Although these
latter groups did not face the same level of official and social discrimination as
Rohingya, they were still subject to the lesser rights and greater restrictions of
associate and naturalized citizenship.
The government recognizes 135 “national ethnic groups” whose members are
automatically full citizens. The law also establishes two forms of citizenship short

BURMA 26
of full citizenship: associate and naturalized. Citizens of these two types are
unable to run for political office; form a political party; serve in the military,
police, or public administration; inherit land or money; or pursue certain
professional degrees, such as medicine and law. Only members of the third
generation of associate or naturalized citizens are able to acquire full citizenship.
The law defines “national ethnic group” only as a racial and ethnic group that can
prove origins in the country dating back to 1823, the year prior to British
colonization. In practice the government has granted or withdrawn “national
ethnic group” status from ethnic groups throughout the country on various
occasions. Because the Rohingya are not on the list, and due to other government
action, they are stateless. Several ethnic minority groups, including the Chin and
Kachin, criticized the classification system as inaccurate.
Some Rohingya are technically eligible for full citizenship. The process involves
additional official scrutiny and in practice requires substantial bribes to
government officials, and even then it does not provide for the rights guaranteed to
other full citizens. Members of other ethnic groups faced similar challenges.
The law does not provide protection for children born in the country who do not
have a “relevant link” to another state.
The government continued to call for Rohingya to apply for National Verification
Cards (NVC), created in 2015. The government claims that these cards are
necessary to apply for citizenship. NGO reports indicated that Rohingya were
pressured or coerced to accept NVCs. For example, there were reported cases of
government officials requiring Rohingya to have an NVC to go fishing or access a
bank account. Many Rohingya expressed the need for more assurances about the
results of the process. Many said they were already citizens and expressed fear the
government would either not affirm their citizenship or would provide a form of
lesser citizenship, thereby formalizing their lack of rights. Some townships in
Rakhine State required Rohingya to identify as “Bengali” to apply for NVCs.
Section 3. Freedom to Participate in the Political Process
The constitution provides citizens limited ability to choose their government
through elections held by secret ballot; the electoral system is not fully
representational and does not assure the free expression of the will of the people.
Under the constitution, active-duty military are appointed to one-quarter of all
national and regional parliamentary seats, and the military has the right to appoint

BURMA 27
the ministers of defense, home affairs--which has responsibility for police, prisons,
and other domestic security matters--and border affairs. The military can also
indefinitely assume power over all branches of the government should the
president declare a national state of emergency. The constitution prohibits persons
with immediate relatives holding foreign citizenship from becoming president.
Amending the constitution requires approval by more than 75 percent of members
of parliament, giving the military effective veto power over constitutional
amendments.
Elections and Political Participation
Recent Elections: Observers considered the 2015 national election to be generally
reflective of the will of the people, notwithstanding some structural shortcomings,
and considered subsequent by-elections in 2017 and 2018 basically free and fair.
Observers raised concerns that 25 percent of seats in parliament were reserved for
unelected military officers; potential Muslim candidates were disqualified by their
political parties on an apparently discriminatory basis; almost all members of the
Rohingya community, many of whom voted in elections prior to 2015, were
disenfranchised; and the government canceled voting in some conflict-affected
ethnic minority areas. The NLD, chaired by Aung San Suu Kyi, won more than 77
percent of the contested 1,150 seats at the state, regional, and union levels in the
2015 election.
Political Parties and Political Participation: Opposition parties and civil society
organizations continued to exercise their rights to assemble and protest. New
political parties were generally allowed to register and compete in elections, which
featured fewer restrictions on party organization and voter mobilization. Only
sporadic interference from government officials was reported. Competition was
skewed in part by the military-backed United Solidarity and Development Party’s
systematic support from the military, whose personnel and their families are
eligible to vote, casting ballots in military barracks in some cases. Moreover, some
legal provisions can be invoked to restrict parties’ operations. The constitution
contains a requirement that political parties be loyal to the state, which carries the
potential for abuse. Laws allow for penalties, including deregistration, against
political parties that accept support from foreign governments or religious bodies,
or that are deemed to have abused religion for political purposes or disrespected
the constitution.
Participation of Women and Minorities: No laws limit the participation of women
and members of minorities in the political process, and they did participate.

BURMA 28
Nevertheless, women and minorities continued to be underrepresented in
government. Aung San Suu Kyi was the only woman in a national cabinet of 24
ministers. Women made up only about 13 percent of national and local elected
legislators. Women were chief ministers of Kayin State and Tanintharyi Region,
although the latter was dismissed in March following accusations of corruption.
As of October, five chief ministers of the seven ethnic states belonged to the
largest ethnic groups of their states, including the chief minister of Rakhine State;
one of two union-level vice presidents belonged to the Chin ethnic minority group
and one belonged to the Mon ethnic group. Ethnic-minority parliamentarians from
ethnic-minority political parties made up about 9 percent of legislators at the
national, state, and regional level; this did not include the numerous ethnic-
minority members of the NLD, or the Union Solidarity and Development Party.
As noncitizens in the view of the government, Rohingya were excluded from the
political process. Most Rohingya-majority areas were represented by an ethnic
Rakhine nationalist party. No Muslim candidate won in 2015, resulting in a
national parliament that for the first time had no Muslim representatives.
Section 4. Corruption and Lack of Transparency in Government
The law provides criminal penalties for corruption by officials, and the government
continued efforts to curb corruption.
Corruption: Corruption remained a problem, particularly in the judiciary. Police
reportedly often required victims to pay substantial bribes for criminal
investigations and routinely extorted money from the civilian population. The
government took some steps to investigate and address corruption of government
officials.
On September 9, the Anti-Corruption Commission charged Aung Zaw, general
manager of the state-owned Burma Pharmaceutical Industry, with bribery for the
improper purchasing of raw materials for the factory. As of November the case
continued. On July 26, Industry Minister Khin Maung Cho was forced to resign
for failing to open a tender process for the procurement of raw materials worth
more than one billion kyats ($660,000) at the same factory.
Financial Disclosure: Public officials were not subject to public financial
disclosure laws. The law requires the president and vice presidents to furnish a list
of family assets to the speaker of the joint houses of parliament, and the law

BURMA 29
requires persons appointed by the president to furnish a list of personal assets to
the president. The government did not make the reports available to the public.
Civil servants cannot accept gifts worth more than 25,000 kyats ($17). The rules
also require civil servants to report all offers of gifts to their supervisors, whether
or not they are accepted.
Section 5. Governmental Attitude Regarding International and
Nongovernmental Investigation of Alleged Abuses of Human Rights
The government did not allow domestic human rights organizations to function
independently. Human rights NGOs were able to open offices and operate, but
there were reports of harassment and monitoring by authorities, and authorities
sometimes pressured hotels and other venues not to host meetings by activists or
other civil society groups.
Foreign human rights activists and advocates, including representatives from
international NGOs, continued to be restricted to short-term visas that required
them to leave the country periodically for renewal. The government continued to
monitor the movements of foreigners and interrogated citizens concerning contacts
with foreigners.
The United Nations or Other International Bodies: The government has not agreed
to the opening of an Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights
(OHCHR) and has not approved visa requests for OHCHR staff.
In August a UN fact-finding mission, established by the UN Human Rights
Council, published two reports on the country: one on sexual and gender-based
violence and the gendered impact of ethnic conflicts and the other on the military’s
economic interests and their relation to human rights abuses. The government
rejected the mandate of the fact-finding mission and the content of its reports and
denied the mission members permission to enter the country.
The government has also refused cooperate with or give the Independent
Investigative Mechanism for Myanmar, created by the UN Human Rights Council,
access to the country.
The government continued to refuse entry to the UN special rapporteur on the
situation of human rights in Myanmar, but permitted the UN secretary-general’s
special envoy on Myanmar, Christine Schraner-Burgener, to open an office in the

BURMA 30
country and to meet with senior officials, including Aung San Suu Kyi and
Commander in Chief Min Aung Hlaing.
The ICRC had access to civilian prisons and labor camps. The government also
allowed the ICRC to operate in ethnic-minority states, including in Shan, Rakhine,
and Kachin States.
Government Human Rights Bodies: The Myanmar National Human Rights
Commission investigated some incidents of human rights abuses. In some cases it
called on the government to conduct investigations into abuses. Its ability to
operate as a credible, independent mechanism remained limited. The commission
supported the development of human rights education curricula, distributed human
rights materials, and conducted human rights training.
The Independent Commission of Enquiry for Rakhine State, formed by the
government in July 2018, continued its investigations but had not released any
findings as of November. Previous government-led investigations into reports of
widespread abuses by security services against the Rohingya in northern Rakhine
State in 2016 yielded no findings of responsibility by security forces and were
criticized by international observers as deeply flawed.
Section 6. Discrimination, Societal Abuses, and Trafficking in Persons
Women
Rape and Domestic Violence: Rape is illegal but remained a significant problem,
and the government did not enforce the law effectively. Spousal rape is not a
crime unless the wife is younger than 14. Police generally investigated reported
cases of rape, but there were reports police investigations were not sensitive to
victims. Civil society groups continued to report police in some cases verbally
abused women who reported rape, and women could be sued for impugning the
dignity of the perpetrator.
On July 6, an estimated 6,000 demonstrators protested the alleged sexual assault in
May of a two-year-old girl at a nursery school in Nay Pyi Taw and over concerns
about the transparency of the trial. Thousands of Facebook users changed their
profile pictures to the silhouette of a girl to demand “Justice for Victoria,” the
pseudonym of the victim. On July 9, the leader of the campaign was arrested for
Facebook posts “defaming” the police officers investigating the case. Both cases
continued as of November.

BURMA 31
Domestic violence against women, including spousal abuse, remained a serious
problem. Abuse within families was prevalent and considered socially acceptable.
Spousal abuse or domestic violence was difficult to measure because the
government did not maintain comprehensive statistics and victims typically did not
report it, although the government attempted to document cases, and reported cases
were on the rise. The law prohibits committing bodily harm against another
person, but there are no laws specifically against domestic violence or spousal
abuse unless the wife is younger than 14. Punishment for violating the law
includes sentences ranging from one year to life in prison in addition to possible
fines. Overlapping and at times contradictory legal provisions complicated
implementation of these limited protections.
Sexual Harassment: The penal code prohibits sexual harassment and imposes a
maximum of one year’s imprisonment and a fine for verbal harassment and a
maximum of two years’ imprisonment and a fine for physical contact. There was
no information on the prevalence of the problem because these crimes were largely
unreported. Local civil society organizations reported police investigators were
not sensitive to victims and rarely followed through with investigations or
prosecutions.
Coercion in Population Control: There were no reports of coerced abortion or
involuntary sterilization. A 2015 law, however, contains provisions that if
enforced could impose coercive birth-spacing requirements. Under the law the
president or the national government may designate “special regions” for health
care following consideration of factors such as population, natural resources, birth
rates, and food availability. Once a special region is declared, the government may
create special health-care organizations to perform various tasks, including
establishing regulations related to family-planning methods. The government has
not designated any such special regions since the law’s enactment.
A two-child local order issued by the government of Rakhine State pertaining to
the Rohingya population in two northern townships remained in effect, but the
government and NGOs reported it was not consistently enforced (see section 1.f.).
Discrimination: By law women enjoy the same legal status and rights as men,
including property and inheritance rights and religious and personal status, but it
was not clear the government enforced the law. The law requires equal pay for
equal work, but it was not clear the formal sector respected this requirement.
NGOs reported some sectors, such as the garment industry, did not comply.

BURMA 32
Poverty affected women disproportionately. The law governing hiring of civil
service personnel states that nothing shall prevent the appointment of men to
“positions that are suitable for men only,” with no further definition of what
constitutes positions “suitable for men only.”
Customary law was widely used to address issues of marriage, property, and
inheritance; it differs from the provisions of statutory law and was often
discriminatory against women.
Children
Birth Registration: The law automatically confers full citizenship to children of
two parents from one of the 135 recognized national ethnic groups and to children
who met other citizenship requirements. Moreover, the government confers full
citizenship to second-generation children of both parents with any citizenship, as
long as at least one parent has full citizenship. Third-generation children of
associate or naturalized citizens can acquire full citizenship.
A prominent international NGO noted significant rural-urban disparities in birth
registration. In major cities (e.g., Rangoon and Mandalay), births were registered
immediately because registration is required to qualify for basic public services
and to obtain national identification cards. In smaller towns and villages, birth
registration often was informal or nonexistent. For the Rohingya community, birth
registration was a significant problem (see section 2.d.). The Advisory
Commission on Rakhine State noted in its interim report that nearly one-half of all
residents in Rakhine State lacked birth documentation.
A birth certificate provides important protections for children, particularly against
child labor, early marriage, and recruitment into the armed forces and armed
groups. Sometimes a lack of birth registration complicated access to public
services in remote communities.
Education: By law, education is compulsory, free, and universal through the fourth
grade (up to age 10). This leaves children ages 10 through 13 vulnerable to child
labor, since they are not required to attend school but are not legally permitted to
work, as the minimum age for work is 14. The government continued to allocate
minimal resources to public education, and schools charged informal fees.
Schools were often unavailable in remote communities and access to them for
internally displaced and stateless children also remained limited.

BURMA 33
Child Abuse: Laws prohibit child abuse, but they were neither adequate nor
enforced. NGOs reported corporal punishment was widely used against children.
The punishment for child abuse is a maximum of two years’ imprisonment or a
maximum fine of 10,000 kyats ($6.60). There was anecdotal evidence of violence
against children occurring within families, in schools, in situations of child labor
and exploitation, and in armed conflict. The Ministry of Social Welfare, Relief,
and Resettlement continued its child protection programs in partnership with
UNICEF to improve data collection, develop effective laws, provide psychosocial
assistance, and combat trafficking. Violence in Rakhine, Shan, and Kachin States
exposed many children to an environment of violence and exploitation.
Early and Forced Marriage: The law stipulates different minimum ages for
marriage based on religion and gender. The minimum age for Buddhists is 18,
while the minimum age for non-Buddhists is 16 for boys and 15 for girls. Child
marriage still occurred, especially in rural areas. There were no reliable statistics
on forced marriage.
Sexual Exploitation of Children: Children were subjected to sex trafficking in the
country, and a small number of foreign child-sex tourists exploited children. The
law does not explicitly prohibit child-sex tourism, but it prohibits pimping and
prostitution, and the penal code prohibits sex with a minor younger than 14. The
penalty for the purchase and sale of commercial sex acts from a child younger than
18 is 10 years’ imprisonment. The law prohibits child pornography and specifies a
minimum penalty of two years’ imprisonment and a fine of 10,000 kyats ($6.60).
On July 23, the Child Rights Law was enacted; it provides for one to seven years’
imprisonment, a fine of one million to two million kyats ($660 to $1,320), or both
for sexual trafficking or forced marriage. If a victim is younger than 14, the law
considers the sexual act statutory rape. The maximum sentence for statutory rape
is two years’ imprisonment when the victim is between the ages of 12 and 14 and
10 years to life imprisonment when the victim is younger than 12. On March 25,
the penal code was amended; the penalty for rape against a girl younger than 12 is
imprisonment for life or for a term of 20 years.
The country’s antitrafficking in persons law requires a demonstration of force,
fraud, or coercion to constitute a child-trafficking offense.
Displaced Children: The mortality rate for internally displaced children in conflict
areas was significantly higher than in the rest of the country (see section 2.d.). The
United Nations estimated that 53 percent of the 128,000 IDPs in Rakhine State

BURMA 34
were children; the vast majority of this population was Rohingya. The United
Nations estimated that 46 percent of the 100,000 IDPs in Kachin State and 48
percent of the 9,000 IDPs in Shan State were children.
International Child Abductions: The country is not a party to the 1980 Hague
Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction. See the
Department of State’s Annual Report on International Parental Child Abduction at
https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/International-Parental-Child-
Abduction/for-providers/legal-reports-and-data/reported-cases.html.
Anti-Semitism
There was one synagogue in Rangoon serving a small Jewish congregation. There
were no reports of anti-Semitic acts.
Trafficking in Persons
See the Department of State’s Trafficking in Persons Report at
Persons with Disabilities
The law prohibits discrimination against persons with physical, sensory, hearing,
intellectual, and mental disabilities. The law directs the government to ensure that
persons with disabilities have easy access to public transportation. The
government did not effectively enforce these provisions.
Civil society groups reported that children with disabilities attended school through
secondary education at a significantly lower rate than other persons; many never
attended school due to stigma and lack of any accommodation for their needs.
Persons with disabilities reported stigma, discrimination, and abuse from civilian
and government officials. Students with disabilities cited barriers to inclusive
education as a significant disadvantage.
Military veterans with disabilities received official benefits on a priority basis,
usually a civil service job at pay equivalent to rank, but both military and ethnic-
minority survivors of conflict in rural areas typically did not have access to
livelihood opportunities or affordable medical treatment. Official assistance to
civilian persons with disabilities in principle included two-thirds of pay for a

BURMA 35
maximum of one year for a temporary disability and a tax-free stipend for
permanent disability. The law providing job protection for workers who become
disabled was not implemented.
National/Racial/Ethnic Minorities
Wide-ranging governmental and societal discrimination against minorities
persisted, including in areas such as education, housing, employment, and access to
health services. Ethnic minorities constituted 30 to 40 percent of the population.
The seven ethnic minority states comprised approximately 60 percent of the
national territory, and significant numbers of minorities also resided in the
country’s other regions.
International observers noted significant wage discrepancies based on religious and
ethnic backgrounds were common.
Burmese remained the mandatory language of instruction in government schools.
The government’s official education plan does not cover issues related to mother-
tongue instruction, but ethnic languages have been taught as extra subjects in
government schools since 2013. Outside of Mon State, however, progress has
been limited due to resource constraints, the nonstandardization of regional
languages, a lack of educational material in minority languages, and varying levels
of interest. In schools controlled by armed ethnic groups, students sometimes had
no access to the national curriculum.
Tension between the military and ethnic minority populations, while somewhat
diminished in areas with cease-fire agreements, remained high, and the military
stationed forces in some ethnic groups’ areas of influence and controlled certain
cities, towns, and highways. Ethnic armed groups, including the Kachin
Independence Army, the Karen National Union, and the AA, pointed to the
presence of large army contingents as a major source of tension and insecurity.
Reported abuses included killings, beatings, torture, forced labor, forced
relocations, and rapes of members of ethnic groups by government soldiers. Some
groups also committed abuses (see section 1.g.).
The name Rohingya refers to a predominantly Muslim ethnic group that claims to
have lived in what is now Rakhine State for generations. In 2016 the government
began to refer to the group as “Muslims in Rakhine State.” Many military and
government officials, however, continued to use the term “Bengali,” which the
Rohingya consider pejorative as it suggests they are not from Burma. The

BURMA 36
“Bengali” term is also used on identification documents, including as the person’s
race on his or her citizenship card if he or she was naturalized.
The Rohingya faced severe discrimination based on their ethnicity and sometimes
their religion. Most Rohingya faced extreme restrictions on their ability to travel;
use health-care services; engage in economic activity (see section 7.d.); obtain an
education; register births, deaths, and marriages (see section 2.d.); freely practice
their faith; and participate in political processes (see section 3). Most of those
displaced in 2012 remained confined to semipermanent camps with severely
limited access to education, health care, and livelihoods.
The government required Rohingya to receive prior approval for travel outside
their village of residence and prohibited them from working as civil servants,
including as doctors, nurses, or teachers. Authorities in northern Rakhine State
forced Rohingya to work and arbitrarily arrested them. Authorities required
Rohingya to obtain official permission for marriage and limited the registration of
children to two per family, although local enforcement of the two-child policy was
inconsistent. NGOs reported the government resumed issuing birth certificates to
Rohingya newborns in northern Rakhine State, although Rohingya born in the last
two decades generally did not have birth certificates.
Rohingya were restricted in their ability to construct houses or religious buildings.
Authorities continued to prevent Rohingya from accessing mosques in Rakhine
State.
The military and other security forces committed widespread atrocities against
Rohingya villagers starting in 2017 that were documented during the year,
including extrajudicial killings, rape, torture, arbitrary arrest, and burning of
hundreds of villages, religious structures, and other buildings. These atrocities and
associated events have forced more than 700,000 Rohingya to flee to Bangladesh
as of October and constituted ethnic cleansing against the Rohingya.
Acts of Violence, Discrimination, and Other Abuses Based on Sexual
Orientation and Gender Identity
Consensual same-sex sexual activity remains illegal under the penal code, which
contains a provision against “unnatural offenses” with a penalty of a maximum of
10 years’ imprisonment and a fine. Laws against “unnatural offenses” apply
equally to both men and women, but were rarely enforced. Lesbian, gay, bisexual,
transgender, and intersex (LGBTI) persons reported that police used the threat of

BURMA 37
prosecution to extort bribes. While the penal code was used more for coercion or
bribery, LGBTI persons, particularly transgender women, were most frequently
charged under so-called shadow and disguise laws. These laws use the
justification that a person dressed or acting in a way that is perceived as not being
in line with their biological gender is in “disguise.” According to a local NGO,
transgender women reported higher levels of police abuse and discrimination than
other members of the LGBTI community.
In March 2018 authorities in Rangoon used the “unnatural offenses” law to charge
an openly gay restaurant owner for allegedly sexually assaulting a male member of
his staff. As of November the case continued.
Political reforms in recent years made it easier for the LGBTI community to hold
public events and openly participate in society, yet discrimination, stigma, and a
lack of acceptance among the general population persisted. There were reports of
discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity in employment.
LGBTI persons reported facing discrimination from medical-care providers.
HIV and AIDS Social Stigma
There were continued reports of societal violence and discrimination, including
employment discrimination, against persons with HIV/AIDS. Negative incidents,
such as exclusion from social gatherings and activities; verbal insults, harassment,
and threats; and physical assaults continued to occur. Laws that criminalize
behaviors linked to an increased risk of acquiring HIV/AIDS remain in place,
directly fueling stigma and discrimination against persons engaged in these
behaviors and impeding their access to HIV prevention, treatment, and care
services.
High levels of social stigma and discrimination against female sex workers and
transgender women hindered their access to HIV prevention, treatment, and social
protection services. Police harassment of sex workers deterred the workers from
carrying condoms.
Other Societal Violence or Discrimination
Anti-Muslim sentiment and discrimination persisted. Members of Buddhist
nationalist groups, including members of Ma Ba Tha, continued to denigrate Islam
and called for a boycott of Muslim businesses and the establishment of “Muslim-
free” villages.

BURMA 38
Muslim communities complained about unequal treatment by police, pressures to
practice Islam in private, difficulty in obtaining citizenship cards, close monitoring
of their travel or denials of travel requests by local governments, and restrictions
on educational opportunities. In addition, some Muslims reported discrimination
by private parties in renting housing.
Anti-Muslim hate speech was prevalent on social media, in particular on Facebook,
the most popular social media platform in the country. Independent reporting
indicated that the military, using false accounts, was also responsible for
generating and promulgating hate-speech content.
Multiple sources noted that restrictions on Muslims and Christians impeded their
ability to pursue higher education and assume high-level government positions;
Muslims also were unable to invest and trade freely.
Section 7. Worker Rights
a. Freedom of Association and the Right to Collective Bargaining
The law provides for the right of workers to form and join independent unions,
bargain collectively, and conduct legal strikes. The law permits labor
organizations to demand the reinstatement of workers dismissed for union activity,
but it does not explicitly prohibit antiunion discrimination in the form of demotions
or mandatory transfers, nor does it offer protection for workers seeking to form a
union. The law does not provide adequate protection for workers from dismissal
before a union is officially registered.
Laws prohibit civil servants and personnel of the security services and police from
forming unions. The law permits workers to join unions only within their category
of trade or activity, and the definition of trade or activity lacks clarity. Basic labor
organizations must have a minimum of 30 workers and register through township
registrars with the Chief Registrar’s Office of the Ministry of Labor, Immigration,
and Population (Ministry of Labor). Township labor organizations require a
minimum of 10 percent of relevant basic labor organizations to register; regional or
state labor organizations require a minimum of 10 percent of relevant township
labor organizations. Each of these higher-level unions must include only
organizations within the same trade or activity. Similarly, federations and
confederations also require a minimum number of regional or state labor
organizations (10 percent and 20 percent, respectively) from the next lower level in

BURMA 39
order to register formally. The law permits labor federations and confederations to
affiliate with international union federations and confederations.
The law provides for voluntary registration for local NGOs, including NGOs
working on labor issues. Organizations that choose to register are required to send
organizational bylaws and formation documents to the government. Broader
restrictions on freedom of assembly remained in place (see section 2.b.).
The law gives unions the right to represent workers, to negotiate and bargain
collectively with employers, and to send representatives to a conciliation body or
conciliation tribunal. Union leaders’ rights to organize, however, are only
protected after the official registration of the union. The law does not contain
detailed measures regarding management of the bargaining process, such as
requiring bargaining to be in good faith or setting parameters for bargaining or the
registration, extension, or enforcement of collective agreements. The National
Tripartite Dialogue Forum (NTDF), with representatives from government,
business, and labor unions, met three times during the year. The NTDF consults
with parliament on revising legislation on labor.
The law stipulates that disputes in special economic zones be settled in accordance
with original contracts and existing laws. The government appointed a labor
inspector for each such zone and established zonal tripartite committees
responsible for setting wage levels and monitoring the ratio of local and foreign
labor.
In May parliament passed an amended law on the settlement of labor disputes;
however, the implementing regulations remained under draft. The law continues to
provide the right to strike in most sectors, with a majority vote by workers,
permission of the relevant labor federations, and detailed information and three
days’ advance notice provided to the employer and the relevant conciliation body.
The law does not permit strikes or lockouts in essential services. For “public
utility services” (including transportation; cargo and freight; postal; sanitation;
information, communication, and technology; energy; petroleum; and financial
sectors), lockouts are permitted with a minimum of 14 days’ notice provided to the
relevant labor organizations and conciliation body. Strikes in public utility
services require generally the same measures as in other sectors, but with 14 days’
advance notice and negotiation between workers and management before the strike
takes place to determine maintenance of minimum service levels. The law
prohibits strikes addressing problems not directly relevant to labor issues.

BURMA 40
The amended law no longer defines complaints as “individual” or “collective,” but
as “rights-based” or “benefits-based.” A “rights-based” dispute includes violations
of labor laws, whereas a “benefits-based” dispute pertains to working conditions.
The type of dispute determines the settlement procedure. Under the amended law,
“rights-based” disputes do not go through a conciliation process or an arbitration
proceeding, but go directly to court proceedings. The amended law significantly
increases fines for labor violations, but it eliminates prison terms as punishment for
violations.
Labor groups continued to report labor organizations’ inability to register at the
national level, a prerequisite for entering labor framework agreements with
multinational companies, due to the registration requirements under the law. In
addition, the International Labor Organization (ILO), labor activists, and media
outlets continued to report employers firing or engaging in other forms of reprisal
against workers who formed or joined labor unions. Trade unions reported cases
in which criminal charges were filed against workers for exercising their right to
strike, and trade union members were arrested and charged with violating peaceful
assembly laws when holding demonstrations regarding labor rights generally.
Labor organizations also reported that local labor offices imposed unnecessary
bureaucratic requirements for union registration that were inconsistent with the
law.
Workers and workers’ organizations continued to report they generally found the
Ministry of Labor to be helpful in urging employers to negotiate, but there were
consistent reports of employers engaging in forms of antiunion discrimination.
b. Prohibition of Forced or Compulsory Labor
Laws nominally prohibit all forms of forced or compulsory labor, although it is
allowed for use by the military and in penal institutions. Laws also provide for the
punishment of persons who impose forced labor on others. The government did
not effectively enforce the law.
The law provides for criminal penalties for forced labor violations; penalties differ
depending on whether the military, the government, or a private citizen committed
the violation. The penalties are insufficient to deter forced labor.
The government established an interim complaints mechanism under the authority
of the President’s Office with the aim of having a more fully developed mechanism

BURMA 41
at a later date. The ILO and unions expressed concerns that the government’s
mechanism does not provide for protections for victims.
The ILO reported the number of complaints of forced labor was decreasing.
Reports of forced labor occurred across the country, including in conflict and
cease-fire areas, and the prevalence was higher in states with significant armed
conflict.
The military’s use of forced labor in Rakhine, Kachin, and Shan States remained a
significant problem, according to the ILO. Forced labor reports included forced
portering and activities related to the military’s “self-reliance” policy. Under this
policy, military units are responsible for procuring their own food and labor
supplies from local villagers--a major factor contributing to forced labor and other
abuses.
Although the military and the government received complaints logged by the
complaints mechanism, no military perpetrators have been tried in civilian court;
the military asserted that commissioners and other ranks were subjected to military
justice.
Prisoners in the country’s 48 labor camps engaged in forced labor (see section 1.c.,
Prison and Detention Center Conditions).
The ILO did not receive any verified reports of forced labor in the private sector.
Domestic workers remain at risk of domestic slavery.
c. Prohibition of Child Labor and Minimum Age for Employment
The law does not prohibit all of the worst forms of child labor. In July parliament
passed the Child Rights Law, which set the minimum age at 14 for work in certain
sectors, including shops, establishments, and factories; the law establishes special
provisions for “youth employment” for those older than 14. There is, however, no
minimum age for work for all sectors in which children were employed, including
agriculture and informal work. Some sector-specific laws identify activities that
are prohibited for children younger than 18. The law prohibits employees younger
than 16 from working in a hazardous environment, and the government has

BURMA 42
prepared a hazardous work list enumerating occupations in which child labor is
specifically prohibited.
Trained inspectors from the Factories and General Labor Laws Inspection
Department monitored the application of these regulations, but their legal authority
only extends to factories. In addition, inspectors were hindered by a general lack
of resources.
The Ministry of Labor worked with other ministries to collect better data on
existing child labor and continued a campaign directed at parents to raise
awareness of the risks of child labor and provide information on other education
options available to children. The Ministry of Labor engaged with the Ministry of
Education on two programs: one to bring children out of the workplace and put
them in school, the other to support former child soldiers’ pursuit of classroom
education or vocational training. The Labor Ministry supported vocational schools
to train young workers for jobs in nonhazardous environments.
The ILO noted the widespread mobilization and recruitment of children for use in
armed conflict. Penalties under the law and their enforcement for other child labor
violations were insufficient to deter violations.
The government did not effectively enforce the law. Child labor remained
prevalent and highly visible. Children were at high risk, with poverty leading
some parents to remove them from schools before completion of compulsory
education. In cities children worked mostly as street vendors or refuse collectors,
as restaurant and teashop attendants, and as domestic workers. Children also
worked in the production of garments.
Children often worked in the informal economy, in some instances exposing them
to drugs and petty crime, risk of arrest, commercial sexual exploitation, and
HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted infections (also see section 6).
Children were vulnerable to forced labor in teashops, agriculture, and begging. In
rural areas children routinely worked in family agricultural activities, occasionally
in situations of forced labor.
Also see the Department of Labor’s Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor
report at https://www.dol.gov/agencies/ilab/resources/reports/child-labor/findings
and the Department of Labor’s List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced
Labor at https://www.dol.gov/agencies/ilab/reports/child-labor/list-of-goods.

BURMA 43
d. Discrimination with Respect to Employment and Occupation
Labor laws and regulations do not specifically prohibit employment
discrimination.
Women remained underrepresented in most traditionally male-dominated
occupations (mining, forestry, carpentry, masonry, and fishing) and were
effectively barred from certain professions.
There were reports government and private actors practiced anti-Muslim
discrimination that impeded Muslim-owned businesses’ operations and undercut
their ability to hire and retain labor, maintain proper working standards, and secure
public and private contracts. There were reports of discrimination based on sexual
orientation and gender identity in employment, including the denial of promotions
and firing of LGBTI persons. Activists reported job opportunities for many openly
gay and lesbian persons were limited and noted a general lack of support from
society as a whole. Activists reported that in addition to general societal
discrimination, persons with HIV/AIDS faced employment discrimination in both
the public and private sectors, including suspensions and the loss of employment
following positive results from mandatory workplace HIV testing.
e. Acceptable Conditions of Work
The official minimum daily wage was above the poverty line. The minimum wage
covers a standard eight-hour workday across all sectors and industries and applies
to all workers except for those in businesses with fewer than 15 employees. The
law requires the minimum wage to be revised every two years. Labor unions and
activists criticized the May 2018 raise in the minimum wage as too small for
workers to keep up with the rising cost of living.
The law requires employers to pay employees on the date their salary is due for
companies with 100 or fewer employees. For companies with more than 100
employees, the employer is required to pay employees within five days from the
designated payday. Overtime cannot exceed 12 hours per workweek, should not
go past midnight, and can exceed 16 hours in a workweek only on special
occasions. The law also stipulates that an employee’s total working hours cannot
exceed 11 hours per day (including overtime and a one-hour break). The law
applies to shops, commercial establishments, and establishments for public
entertainment.

BURMA 44
The law sets the terms and conditions required for occupational safety, health, and
welfare. It was not clear if workers could remove themselves from situations that
endanger their health or safety without jeopardizing their employment.
The Ministry of Labor’s Factories and General Labor Laws Inspection Department
oversees labor conditions in the private sector. The government did not effectively
enforce the law. The number of labor-law inspectors and factory inspectors was
insufficient to address occupational safety and health standards, wage, salary,
overtime, and other issues adequately. In some sectors other ministries regulated
occupational safety and health laws (e.g., the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock,
and Irrigation). Workers’ organizations alleged government inspections were rare
and often announced with several days’ notice that allowed factory owners to bring
facilities--often temporarily--into compliance. Corruption and bribery of
inspectors reportedly occurred.
The public sector was reasonably likely to respect labor laws; frequent violations
occurred in private enterprises. Workers continued to submit complaints to
relevant government agencies and the dispute settlement mechanism.
Several serious industrial accidents occurred during the year. In April, for
example, more than 50 miners died in an accident at a jade mine.

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https://burmese.voanews.com/a/us-state-department-hr-report-burma/5325155.html?ltflags=mai&fbclid=IwAR2vngbNO1n3J1aduP5OfcWedcQgzMPJ… 1/3
ျမန္မာ
ကမာၻလံုးဆိုင္ရာ ကန္အစီရင္ခံစာထဲက ျမန္မာလူ႔အြခင့ေ္အရး ေအျခေအန
12 မတ္၊ 2020
ြဗီအိုေအ (ျမန္မာပုိင္း)
(Zawgyi / Unicode)
ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံမွာ အြသင္ေဆာင္ ပါလီမန္ဒီမိုေကရစီစနစ္ က်င့္သံုးေေနပမယ့္လည္း သိသာထင္ရွားတဲ့ လူ႔အြခင့ေ္အရး
ခ်ိဳးေဖာက္မႈေြတ ရွိေနတုန္းဘဲလို႔ ေအမရိကန္ႏိုင္ငံျခားေရးဌာနက ႏွစ္စဥ္ထုတ္ျပန္တဲ့ လူ႔အြခင့ေ္အရး အစီရင္ခံစာမွာ
ေဖာ္ျပထားပါတယ္။
လံုၿခဳံေရးတြပ္ဖဲေ႕ြတက တရားစီရင္ျခင္း မရွိဘဲ ဥေပဒမဲ့ သတ္ျဖတ္တာ၊ လူေေြတပ်ာြက္သားေအာင္ လုပ္ေဆာင္တာ၊
ညႇဥ္းပမ္း ႏွိပ္စက္တာ၊ အဓမၼျပဳက်င့္တာ အျပင္ တျခား လိင္ပိုင္းဆိုင္ရာ ေစာ္ကားမႈေြတ က်ဴးြလန္တာ၊ အစိုးရက ဥ
ေပဒမဲ့ ဖမ္းဆီးထိန္းသိမ္းတာ၊ အသက္အႏၲရာယ္ ျဖစ္ေစႏိုင္တဲ့ ႏွစ္ရွည္ေထာင္ဒဏ္ေြတ ခ်မွတ္အျပစ္ေပးတာ၊ ပုဂၢိဳ
လ္ေရး ြလတ္လြပ္ခင့္ေြတကို အဓမၼ ခ်ိဳးေဖာက္တာ၊ တရားစီရင္ေရး စနစ္ကို ဝင္ေရာြက္စက္ဖက္တာ၊ ြလတ္လြပ္စာေျ
ပာဆိုြခင့္ကို ျပင္းထြန္စာ ကန႔္သတ္ ခ်ဳပ္ခ်ယ္တာနဲ႔ သတင္းမီဒီယာ သမားေြတကို ဥေပဒမဲ့ ဖမ္းဆီး ထိန္းသိမ္းတာ၊ ၿငိ
မ္းခ်မ္းြစာ စုေဝးဆႏၵျပသူေြတကို ဖမ္းဆီး ထိန္းသိမ္းတာ အပါအဝင္ ြလတ္လြပ္စာ စုေဝးြခင့္နဲ႔ စီတန္းလွည့္လြည္ခင့္ကို
ကန႔္သတ္ ခ်ဳပ္ခ်ယ္တာ၊ ြလတ္လြပ္စာ ကိုးြကြယ္ခင့္ကို ျပင္းထြန္စာ ကန႔္သတ္ ခ်ဳပ္ခ်ယ္တာ၊ ြလတ္လြပ္စာ ြသားလာြခ
င့္ကို ကန႔္သတ္ ခ်ဳပ္ခ်ယ္တာ၊ အစိုးရအရာရွိေြတက အက်င့္ပ်က္ျခစားမႈေြတ က်ဴးြလန္တာ၊ အသက္မျပည့္ေသးတဲ့
ေကလးငယ္ေြတကို တပ္သားသစ္အျဖစ္ စုေဆာင္းတာ၊ လူေမွာင္ခိုကူးတာ၊ လူမ်ိဳးတခု၊ ဘာသာတရားတခုခုကို ပစ္မွ
တ္ထားၿပီး ၿခိမ္းေျခာက္ အၾကမ္းဖက္တာ၊ လိင္တူျခင္းဆက္ဆံသူေြတကို ျပစ္ဒဏ္ခ်မွတ္ႏိုင္တဲ့ ဥေပေဒြတ ခ်မွတ္ျပဌာ
န္းတာ စတဲ့ လူ႔အြခင့ေ္အရး ခ်ိဳးေဖာက္မႈေြတ ဆက္လက္ ျဖစ္ေပေၚေနၾကာင္း ေအမရိကန္ႏိုင္ငံျခားေရး ဌာနရဲ႕ အစီရ
င္ခံစာမွာ အက်ယ္တဝင့္ ေဖာ္ျပထားပါတယ္။
ရခိုင္ျပည္နယ္အြတင္း ြမတ္ဆလင္ ႐ိုဟင္ဂ်ာေြတ ေအပၚ ဖိႏွိပ္ခ်ဳပ္ခ်ယ္မႈ ျဖစ္ေပေၚနတာေြတကိုလည္း အစီရင္ခံစာမွာ
ထည့္ြသင္း ေဖာ္ျပထားပါတယ္။
ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံမွာ အြသင္ေဆာင္ ပါလီမန္စနစ္ကို က်င့္သံုးၿပီး ြဖဲ႕စည္းပံုအရ သမၼတကို လႊတ္ေတာ္က ေြ႐းခ်ယ္တယ္
ဆိုေပမယ့္လည္း လႊတ္ေတာ္အြတင္း တေပ္မတာ္သား ကိုယ္စားလွယ္ ၂၅ ရာခိုင္ႏႈန္း ပါဝင္ေနတာ ၊ ကာြကယ္ေရး၊ ျပ
ည္ထဲေရးနဲ႔ နယ္စပ္ေဒသ လံုၿခဳံေရးဝန္ႀကီးဌာန စတဲ့ ေအရးပါတဲ့ ဌာေနြတကို စစ္တပ္က ေြ႐းခ်ယ္ခန႔္အပ္ေနဆဲ ဆို
တာကိုလည္း အစီရင္ခံစာမွာ ေဖာ္ျပထားပါတယ္။
စစ္တပ္က က်ဴးြလန္ခဲ့တဲ့၊ က်ဴးြလန္ေနဆဲျဖစ္တဲ့ ျပစ္မႈေြတကို အျပစ္ေပးေအရးယူျခင္း မရွိတာ၊ တခါတရံမွာ ျပစ္မႈ
က်ဴးြလန္တဲ့ အရာရွိေြတကို အစိုးရက ေအရးယူေပမယ့္လည္း ျပစ္မႈနဲ႔ က်ခံရတဲ့ ျပစ္ဒဏ္ မမွ်တ တာေြတ ျဖစ္ေနတ
ယ္လို႔ ဆိုပါတယ္။

3/12/2020
တိုင္းရင္းသားလက္နက္ကိုင္ အြဖဲေ႕ြတဘက္ကလည္း လူသတ္တာ၊ အသက္မျပည့္ေသးတဲ့ ေကလးငယ္ေြတကို စစ္
တိုက္ခိုင္းတာ၊ ေကလးငယ္ေြတနဲ႔ အသက္ျပည့္ၿပီး သူေြတကို လုပ္အားေပးခိုင္းေစတာ၊ တိုြက္ပဲေဒေသြတမွာ ရွိေနတဲ့
အရပ္သားျပည္သူေြတကို အကာြကယ္ေပးဖို႔ ပ်ြက္ကက္တာ စတဲ့ လူ႔အြခင့ေ္အရး ခ်ိဳးေဖာက္မႈေြတ က်ဴးြလန္ေေနၾ
ကာင္းလည္း ေအမရိကန္ႏိုင္ငံျခားေရး ဌာနရဲ႕ လူ႔အြခင့ေ္အရး အစီရင္ခံစာမွာ ေဖာ္ျပထားပါတယ္။
(Unicode)

3/12/2020
ကမ္ဘာလံုးဆိုင်ရာ ကန်အစီရင်ခံစာထဲက ြမန်မာလူ့အခွင့်အေရး အေြခအေန
ြမန်မာနိုင်ငံမ အသွင်ေဆာင် ပါလီမန်ဒီမိုကေရစီစံနစ် ကျင့်သံုးေနေပမယ့်လည်း သိသာထင်ရ တဲ့ လူ့
အခွင့်အေရးချိုးေဖာက်မေတွ ရေနတုန်းဘဲလို့ အေမရိကန်နိုင်ငံြခားေရးဌာနက စ်စဉ်ထုတ်ြပန်တဲ့ လူ့အခွင့်အေရး
အစီရင်ခံစာမ ေဖာ်ြပထားပါတယ်။
လံုြခံုေရးတပ်ဖွဲ့ေတွက တရားစီရင်ြခင်း မရဘဲ ဥပေဒမဲ့ သတ်ြဖတ်တာ၊ လူေတွေပျာက်သွားေအာင် လုပ်ေဆာင်တာ၊
ညဉ်းပမ်း ပ်စက်တာ၊ အဓမ္မြပုကျင့်တာ အြပင် တြခား လိင်ပိုင်းဆိုင်ရာ ေစာ်ကားမေတွ ကျူးလွန်တာ၊ အစိုးရက
ဥပေဒမဲ့ ဖမ်းဆီးထိန်းသိမ်းတာ၊ အသက်အန္တရာယ် ြဖစ်ေစနိုင်တဲ့ စ်ရည်ေထာင်ဒဏ်ေတွ ချမတ်အြပစ်ေပး
တာ၊ ပုဂ္ဂိုလ်ေရး လွတ်လပ်ခွင့်ေတွကို အဓမ္မ ချိုးေဖာက်တာ၊ တရားစီရင်ေရး စနစ်ကို ဝင်ေရာက်စွက်ဖက်တာ၊
လွတ်လပ်စွာေြပာဆိုခွင့်ကို ြပင်းထန်စွာ ကန့်သတ် ချုပ်ချယ်တာနဲ့ သတင်းမီဒီယာ သမားေတွကို ဥပေဒမဲ့ ဖမ်းဆီး
ထိန်းသိမ်းတာ၊ ြငိမ်းချမ်းစွာ စုေဝးဆန္ဒြပသူေတွကို ဖမ်းဆီး ထိန်းသိမ်းတာ အပါအဝင် လွတ်လပ်စွာ စုေဝးခွင့်နဲ့
စီတန်းလည့်လည်ခွင့်ကို ကန့်သတ် ချုပ်ချယ်တာ၊ လွတ်လပ်စွာ ကိုးကွယ်ခွင့်ကို ြပင်းထန်စွာ ကန့်သတ် ချုပ်ချယ်
တာ၊ လွတ်လပ်စွာ သွားလာခွင့်ကို ကန့်သတ် ချုပ်ချယ်တာ၊ အစိုးရအရာရေတွက အကျင့်ပျက်ြခစားမေတွ
ကျူးလွန်တာ၊ အသက်မြပည့်ေသးတဲ့ ကေလးငယ်ေတွကို တပ်သားသစ်အြဖစ် စုေဆာင်းတာ၊ လူ မ င်ခိုကူးတာ၊
လူမျိုးတခု၊ ဘာသာတရားတခုခုကို ပစ်မတ်ထားြပီး ြခိမ်းေြခာက် အြကမ်းဖက်တာ၊ လိင်တူြခင်းဆက်ဆံသူေတွကို
ြပစ်ဒဏ်ချမတ်နိုင်တဲ့ ဥပေဒေတွ ချမတ်ြပဌာန်းတာ စတဲ့ လူ့အခွင့်အေရး ချိုးေဖာက်မေတွ ဆက်လက် ြဖစ်ေပါ်ေန
ေြကာင်း အေမရိကန်နိုင်ငံြခားေရး ဌာနရဲ့ အစီရင်ခံစာမ အကျယ်တဝင့် ေဖာ်ြပထားပါတယ်။
ရခိုင်ြပည်နယ်အတွင်း မွတ်ဆလင် ရိုဟင်ဂျာေတွ အေပါ် ဖိပ်ချုပ်ချယ်မ ြဖစ်ေပါ်ေနတာေတွကိုလည်း
အစီရင်ခံစာမ ထည့်သွင်း ေဖာ်ြပထားပါတယ်။
ြမန်မာနိုင်ငံမ အသွင်ေဆာင် ပါလီမန်စနစ်ကို ကျင့်သံုးြပီး ဖွဲ့စည်းပံုအရ သမ္မတကို လတ်ေတာ်က ေရွးချယ်တယ်
ဆိုေပမယ့်လည်း လတ်ေတာ်အတွင်း တပ်မေတာ်သား ကိုယ်စားလယ် ၂၅ ရာခိုင်န်း ပါဝင်ေနတာ ၊
ကာကွယ်ေရး၊ ြပည်ထဲေရးနဲ့ နယ်စပ်ေဒသ လံုြခံုေရးဝန်ြကီးဌာန စတဲ့ အေရးပါတဲ့ ဌာနေတွကို စစ်တပ်က ေရွးချယ်
ခန့်အပ်ေနဆဲ ဆိုတာကိုလည်း အစီရင်ခံစာမ ေဖာ်ြပထားပါတယ်။
စစ်တပ်က ကျူးလွန်ခဲ့တဲ့၊ ကျူးလွန်ေနဆဲြဖစ်တဲ့ ြပစ်မေတွကို အြပစ်ေပးအေရးယူြခင်း မရတာ၊ တခါတရံမ ြပစ်မ
ကျူးလွန်တဲ့ အရာရေတွကို အစိုးရက အေရးယူေပမယ့်လည်း ြပစ်မနဲ့ ကျခံရတဲ့ ြပစ်ဒဏ် မမတ တာေတွ ြဖစ်ေန
တယ်လို့ ဆိုပါတယ်။
တိုင်းရင်းသားလက်နက်ကိုင် အဖွဲ့ေတွဘက်ကလည်း လူသတ်တာ၊ အသက်မြပည့်ေသးတဲ့ ကေလးငယ်ေတွကို
စစ်တိုက်ခိုင်းတာ၊ ကေလးငယ်ေတွနဲ့ အသက်ြပည့်ြပီး သူေတွကို လုပ်အားေပးခိုင်းေစတာ၊ တိုက်ပွဲေဒသေတွမ ရ
ေနတဲ့ အရပ်သားြပည်သူေတွကို အကာကွယ်ေပးဖို့ ပျက်ကွက်တာ စတဲ့ လူ့အခွင့်အေရး ချိုးေဖာက်မေတွ ကျူးလွန်
ေနေြကာင်းလည်း အေမရိကန်နိုင်ငံြခားေရး ဌာနရဲ့ လူ့အခွင့်အေရး အစီရင်ခံစာမ ေဖာ်ြပထားပါတယ်။

2019 country reports on human rights practices burma united state of america state department human right report

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2019 country reports on human rights practices burma united state of america state department human right report